lecture 22 thursday 3/27/08 blowout velocity cstr explosion batch reactor explosion
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 22 Thursday 3/27/08
Blowout VelocityCSTR Explosion
Batch Reactor Explosion
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CSTR with Heat Effects
Energy Balance for CSTRs
Equation (8-9)
(page 476)
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(page 593)
dT
dt
FA0
N iCPi
G T R T
G T rAV H Rx
R T CPS1 T T0 Ta
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At Steady State
dTdt
dNA
dt0
rAV FA0X
G T R T 0
HRx FA0X FA0 iCPiT T0 UA T Ta 0
Solving for X
Solving for T
X iCPi
T T0 UAFA0
T Ta
HRx XEB
T FA0X HRx UATa FA0 iCPi
T0
UAFA0 iCPi
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dT
dt
FA0
N iCPi
G T R T
G T rAV H Rx
R T CPS1 T T0 Ta
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Mole Balance
A B
V FA0X rA
rA kCA
CACA0 1 X
V FA0XkCA0 1 X
CA00XkCA0 1 X
k X1 X
Rate Law
Stoichiometry
Combine
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V FA0XkCA0 1 X
CA00XkCA0 1 X
k X1 X
X k1 k
Ae E RT
1Ae E RT
G T X HRx Ae E RT
1Ae E RT HRx
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Mole Balance
Rate Laws
Stoichiometry
Isothermal Design
Heat Effects
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Mole Balance
Rate Laws
Stoichiometry
Isothermal Design
Heat Effects
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H2O
N2O
Gas
200°F
510°F
Liquid
X
Ta0
NH4NO3 N2O 2H2O
Ta
T0 200FmA0 310lb h
17%H2O
83%NH4NO3
NH4NO3
M 500 lb
P
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Safety in Chemical Reactors
H2O
N2O
Gas
200°F
510°F
Liquid
X
Ta0
NH4NO3 N2O 2H2O
Ta
T0 200FmA0 310lb h
17%H2O
83%NH4NO3
NH4NO3
M 500 lb
P
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Then rearranging Equation (9-8)
dTdt
rAV HRx
Qg FA0 i Hi Hi0 UA T Ta
Qr
NiCPi
Qg Qr
NiCPi
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Complete conversion FA = 0
Ý Q FA0CPAT T0 FA0B HB g HB0 rAVHRx FAHAvap NACPA
dT
dt
rAV HRx Qg
FA0 CPAT T0 B HB g HB0
Qr1 FAHVap UA T Ta
Qr 2
NACPA
dT
dt
Qg Qr1 Qr2 NACPA
dTdt
Batch Reactors with Heat Effects
Single Reactions
Multiple Reactions
Risk Rupture
dTdt
Qg Qr
NiCPi
Qr1 UA T Ta
Qg rA HRx
Qg rA HRx
Qr2 Ý m vapHvap
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Reactor Mole Balance Summary
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Keeping MBAs Away From Chemical Reactors
The process worked for 19 years before they showed up!!
Why did they come????
What did they want????
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NO2
NH2
NO2
Cl
+ 2NH3 + NH4Cl
ONCB + Ammonia Nitroanaline + Ammonium Chloride
Nitroaniline Synthesis Reaction
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To Crystallizing Tanks
Autoclave175 oC
~550 psi
NH3 Separation
FilterPress
NH3 in H2O
ONCB
O-Nitroaniline Product Stream
“fast” Orange
Nitroaniline Synthesis Process
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Old
3 kmol ONCB43 kmol Ammonia
100 kmol WaterV = 3.25 m3
Nitroaniline Synthesis Reactor
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Batch Reactor, 24 hour reaction time
Management said: TRIPLE PRODUCTION
NO2
NH2
NO2
Cl
+ 2NH3 + NH4Cl
ONCB + Ammonia Nitroanaline + Ammonium Chloride
Same Nitroaniline Synthesis Reaction
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New9 kmol ONCB
33 kmol Ammonia
100 kmol WaterV = 5 m3
MBA Style Nitroaniline Synthesis Reactor
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Monsanto Accident
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9:55t = 0
10:40 10:50 midnight 12:18
Isothermal Operation
Cooling Restored
200
175
400
Tem
pera
ture
o C
Temperature-time trajectory
fuse
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pWWpBBpAA
rxA
CNCNCN
DHVrTTUA
dt
dT
00
0 ))(()(
p
rg
NC
dt
dT
9:55t = 0
10:40 10:50 midnight 12:18
Isothermal Operation
Cooling RestoredQr = 0
200
175
400
Tem
pera
ture
o C
Temperature-time trajectory
fuse
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CSTR multiple reactions
))((
:reactions multiplefor
0)()())((
0 )( :27-8 Eq
))(1(CR
))((-G
0)(R-G
0)(1
:NLE Ae1
Ae
00
Q
0
P0
/
/
g
rxijijg
Q
aPiirxA
AASa
C
rx
RTE
RTE
HVrQ
TTUATTCFHVr
VrXFWTTUAQ
TTk
XH
tf
Xfk
kXX
r
- =0
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Example
Mole balance)
Rates) net rates, relative rates, rate laws…..
Stoichiometry)
Energy Balance)
)())(
)(
exp
exp
)(
)(
)(
)(
32 )2(
2 )1(
000
2211
0000
1
2
11222
1
1
11111
0
0
0
0
2
1
aPBBPAAr
ArxAArxAg
rg
DD
CC
BB
AA
TTR
E
CC
TTR
E
AA
DDDD
CCCC
BBBB
AAAA
Arx
Arx
TTUATTCFCFQ
VHrVHrQ
QQtf
FC
FC
FC
FC
kk
kk
VrFFFf
VrFFFf
VrFFFf
VrFFFf
ΔHDCA
ΔHCBA
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FA0
FI0 A
)()()(
))((
gasses) are CB, in vat,A (only
2 02
000
000
2234
aBBBPAAr
rxAAg
PAA
rg
Pii
rg
CCCC
BBBB
AAAA
TTUAHHTTCFQ
HVrQ
CN
CN
t
T
VrFFt
NVrFF
t
NVrFF
t
N
CBAONHNONH
If the flow rate shut off, the temperature will rise (possibly to point of explosion!)