lecture 2 – introduction to neurophysiology research ilan dinstein
TRANSCRIPT
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- Lecture 2 Introduction to Neurophysiology research Ilan Dinstein
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- What is the cause of autism?
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- Dendrites Axon Cell body
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- Neural activity
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- Modularity
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- Where is autism in the brain? What is different in autism
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- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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- Anatomy - Separating tissues 1T1T2T2T
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- Anatomy Cortical thickness
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- Anatomy Cortical folding
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- Anatomy white matter Tractography Fiber volume Fiber length
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- Brain function Neurovascular coupling
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- Vasculature
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- Changes in oxygenated blood Heeger et. al. 2002
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- fMRI experiment
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- Experimental results In fMRI we always compare measures over time
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- Imitation of facial expression Mirror system areas in autism Dapretto, Nat. Neurosci. 2006 Control > Autism
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- Functional connectivity Just, Brain 2004
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- During sleep
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- Energy consumption The brain utilizes 20% of the bodys energy during rest. Fox M. & Raichle M. Nat. Neurosci. 2007
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- Task or rest?
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- Synchronization during rest/sleep
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- Functional connectivity
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- Differences across groups
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- Electroencephalogram Control > ASD
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- Electroencephalogram Control > ASD
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- Electroencephalogram Control > ASD ERP analysis P 100
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- EEG coherence Control > ASD Similarity of activity across electrodes.
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- EEG and epilepsy Spence, Pediatrics Res 2009 Control > ASD Epileptiform activity Epileptic seizure
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- Post mortem studies Brain slices: Control > ASD
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- Post mortem studies Cellular morphology Control > ASD
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- Post mortem studies Neural numbers and organization Control > ASD
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- Genetics Control > ASD
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- DNA sequencing Control > ASD
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- Identify meaningful mutation Control > ASD Substitution Deletion Insertion
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- Determine the function of the gene What is the function of the protein that the gene encodes? Is it involved in neural transmission? Bourgeron 2009
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- Create a genetically modified animal model Control > ASD Compare animals with extremely similar genetics except for a specific modification.
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- Test animal behavior and physiology Control > ASD