lecture 2 basic separation concepts (1) - cheric section boilup l reboiler separation by phase...
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Lecture 2. Lecture 2. ( )( )Basic Separation Concepts (1)Basic Separation Concepts (1)
[Ch. 1][Ch. 1][Ch. 1][Ch. 1]
• General Separation Techniques
- Separation by phase creation
- Separation by phase addition
- Separation by barrier
- Separation by solid agentSeparation by solid agent
- Separation by external field or gradient
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General Separation TechniquesGeneral Separation Techniques
• Separation by phase creation C t d h th t i i i ibl ith th f d h– Create a second phase that is immiscible with the feed phase
– Distillation, crystallization
• Separation by phase additionSeparation by phase addition– Introduce a second phase in the form of a solvent– Solvent extraction
• Separation by barrier– Restrict and/or enhance the movement of certain chemical species– Membrane separationMembrane separation
• Separation by solid agent – Add solid particles that act directly or as inert carriers for separation– Adsorption
• Separation by force field or gradient A l l fi ld f i– Apply external fields of various types
– Centrifugation
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Separation by Phase Addition or CreationSeparation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Energy-separating agent (ESA)
- Heat transfer (heating, cooling)
- Shaft work can be involved together
• Mass-separating agent (MSA)
- May be partially immiscible with one or more of speciesMay be partially immiscible with one or more of species
- May be completely miscible with a liquid mixture
• Disadvantages of MSA
- Need for an additional separator to recover the MSA for recycle
N d f MSA k- Need for MSA makeup
- Possible contamination of the product with the MSA
- More difficult design proceduresMore difficult design procedures
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Separation by Phase Addition or CreationSeparation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Partial condensation / Partial vaporization • Flash vaporization(Heat transfer) (Pressure reduction)
V
(Heat transfer) (Pressure reduction)
V
LV/L
L
ESA(Energy-separating agent)
LL L
Recovery of heavy hydrocarbon components from gas mixtures Recovery of water from sea water
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Separation by Phase Addition or Creation Separation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Distillation(H t t f ti
- When the volatility difference among i t ffi i tl l(Heat transfer or sometimes
work transfer)species are not sufficiently large
- Most widely used industrial separation technique
C d- Multiple contact between counter
current flow of V/L in trays (stages)
Condenser
L
Rectifying section
Reflux
V/L
Rectifying section
Stripping sectionBoilup
L
Reboiler
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Separation by Phase Addition or Creation Separation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Extractive distillationLiquid solvent (MSA) and Heat transfer (ESA)
- When the volatility difference among species are so smallamong species are so small (more than 100 trays are required)
- MSA is used to increase volatility difference (reducing the number
MSA
L
difference (reducing the number of trays)
- Minimize MSA loss (recycling)
V/L
- Separation of acetone (b.p. 56.5℃) and ethanol (b.p. 78.4℃)
L
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Separation by Phase Addition or CreationSeparation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Reboiled absorptionReboiled absorption Liquid absorbent (MSA) and Heat transfer (ESA)
- When condensation of vapor i t il li h d
V
is not easily accomplished
- Removal of ethane and lower molecular hydrocarbons from
MSA (L)(absorbent)
molecular hydrocarbons from LPG V/L
L
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Separation by Phase Addition or CreationSeparation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Absorption Liquid absorbent (MSA)
• StrippingStripping vapor (MSA)Liquid absorbent (MSA) Stripping vapor (MSA)
V V
MSA (L)L
V
MSA (V)
L L
MSA (V)
Separation of CO2 from combustion product using ethanolamine
Removal of light ends from naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil
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Separation by Phase Addition or Creation Separation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Refluxed stripping (Steam distillation)Stripping vapor (MSA)
• Reboiled strippingH t t f
V
Stripping vapor (MSA) and Heat transfer (ESA)
Heat transfer
L/V
L
/
MSA
V/L
L
MSA
L L
Separation of products from delayed coking Recovery of amine absorbent
L
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Separation by Phase Addition or Creation Separation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Azeotropic distillation Liquid entrainer (MSA) and Heat transfer (ESA)
- When minimum-boiling
Recycle MSA
When minimum boiling azeotropes are formed
- Recovery of acetic acid from water using n butyl acetate
L
Makeup MSA water using n-butyl acetate as an entrainer to form an azeotrope with water
V/L
Makeup MSA
L
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Separation by Phase Addition or Creation Separation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Liquid – liquid extraction Liquid solvent (MSA)
• Liquid-liquid extraction (two-solvent)Liquid solvents (MSA1 & MSA2)
L1
Liquid solvent (MSA) L
Liquid solvents (MSA1 & MSA2)
MSA (L) MSA1 (L)
L
L1MSA2 (L)
L2 L
Recovery of aromaticsUse of propane and cresylic acid as solvents to separate paraffins from aromatics and naphthenes
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Separation by Phase Addition or Creation Separation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Drying • Evaporation • Crystallization • DesublimationHeat transfer (ESA) Heat transfer (ESA) Heat transfer (ESA) Heat transfer (ESA)
V (V)
V V(V)
( )
L/(S) S
LV
L L
L SS
Removal of water from PVC
Evaporationof water from water + urea
Crystallization ofhigh purity silicon for semiconductor
Recovery ofphthalic anhydridefrom nonwater + urea for semiconductor from non-condensible gas
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Separation by Phase Addition or CreationSeparation by Phase Addition or Creation
• Leaching (Liquid-solid extraction) • Foam fractionationLiquid solvent Gas bubbles (MSA)
S LV
MSA (L)L
L (foam)
Detergent tend to
MSA (g)
rise with gas bubble
S
Extraction of sugar using hot water Recovery of detergent from waste
L
Extraction of sugar using hot water Recovery of detergent from waste solutions
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Water Treatment Using Foam FractionationWater Treatment Using Foam Fractionation
Floatation
Contact
Combination
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Separation by Barrier Separation by Barrier
• Use of microporous/nonporous membrane as semipermeableb ibarriers- Microporous membrane: different diffusion rates through pores- Nonporous membrane: differences in both solubility in the membrane
and diffusion rate through the membrane
• Membrane materials: Natural fibers, synthetic polymers, ceramics, metals, liquid filmsmetals, liquid films
• Fabrication of membranemembrane
: Flat sheets, tubes, hollow fibers, spiral-wound sheetssheets
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Separation by Barrier Separation by Barrier
• Osmosis • Reverse osmosis • DialysisOsmosis Reverse osmosis DialysisNonporous membrane Nonporous membrane Porous membrane Concentration gradient Pressure gradient Concentration gradient,
Pressure gradientPressure gradient
L L
L L
solventL
solvent
L
smallersolute
Desalination of sea waterRecovery of caustic
L L
from hemicellulose
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Separation by Barrier Separation by Barrier
• Microfiltration • Ultrafilration • PervaporationMicroporous membrane Microporous membrane Nonporous membrane
Pressure gradient Pressure gradient Pressure gradientPressure gradient Pressure gradient Pressure gradient
L L L
L L L
L
solvent
L
solvent
V
gas (evaporation)
Separation of whey from cheese
Separation of azeotropic mixtures
Removal of bacterial from drinking water
L
(retention of molecules: 0.02 - 10 m)
(retention of molecules: 1 - 20 nm)
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Separation by Barrier Separation by Barrier
• Gas permeation • Liquid membrane• Gas permeation • Liquid membraneNonporous membrane Liquid membrane
Pressure gradient Pressure gradientg g
V V/L
Vgas mixture
/
V/L
V
gasliquid layer
Hydrogen enrichment Removal of hydrogen sulfide
V V/L
y g y g
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Liquid Membrane TypesLiquid Membrane Types
Bulk liquid membrane Emulsion liquid membrane
Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane
Thin sheet supported liquid membrane
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Separation by Solid Agent Separation by Solid Agent
• Solid mass-separating agent F f l t i l ki– Form of a granular material or packing
• Saturation Periodical regeneration is required – Batchwise or semicontinuous operationBatchwise or semicontinuous operation
pore
Molecular sieve Silica gelActivated carbon
Packed columns
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Separation by Solid Agent Separation by Solid Agent
• Adsorption • Chromatography • Ion exchange• Adsorption • Chromatography • Ion exchangeSolid adsorbent Solid adsorbent or liquid
adsorbent on solid supportResin with ion-active sites
V/L V/L V/L L L
S ti f l D i li ti fP ifi ti f
V/L V/L L
Separation of xyleneisomers and ethylbenzene
Demineralization of water (removing calcium ions)
Purification of p-xylene
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Separation by External Field or Gradient Separation by External Field or Gradient
• Different degrees of response of molecules and ions to
• Centrifugation
forces and gradients
- Force field or gradient: Centrifugal force fieldPressure field separation according to molecular weight
- Example: Separation of uranium isotopes,separation of plasma from blood
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Separation by External Field or Gradient Separation by External Field or Gradient
• Thermal diffusion
- Force field or gradient: Thermal gradient- Example: Separation of uranium isotopes
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Separation by External Field or Gradient Separation by External Field or Gradient
• Electrolysis
- Force field or gradient: Electrical force field- Example: Concentration of heavy water (D2O)
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Separation by External Field or Gradient Separation by External Field or Gradient
• Electrodialysis
- Force field or gradient: Electrical force field and membrane
- Transport salt ions from one solution through ion-exchange membranes to another solution under the influence of an applied electric potential difference
- Example: Desalinization of sea water
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Separation by External Field or Gradient Separation by External Field or Gradient
• Electrophoresis
- Force field or gradient: Electrical force field- Example: Recovery of hemicelluloses
-Using different migration velocities of charged colloidal or suspended pspecies in an electric field
-Application : Biochemicals
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Separation by External Field or Gradient Separation by External Field or Gradient
• Field-flow fractionation
- Force field or gradient: Laminar flow in force field- An electrical or magnetic field or thermal gradient is established
perpendicular to a laminar-flow fieldperpendicular to a laminar flow field
Micromolecular and colloidal materials