lecture 17 evolutionary perspective.pptubc-emotionlab.ca/...17-evolutionary-perspective.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Psychology 305A: Lecture 17
Evolutionary Perspective
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Happy Halloween!
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Evolutionary Perspective
• How do heritable traits get passed on? • Why do humans have some of the traits
we have? • Why are men and women different? • Why do humans have individual
differences in social behavior and personality?– Weakest point of evolutionary perspective
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Evolutionary Perspective
• We are biologically programmed to engage in behaviors that facilitate survival and reproduction– e.g. eating, sex, fighting enemies, cooperating with friends
• These behaviors maximize the likelihood that our genes will be passed down to the next generation
• Natural selection is the process by which adaptive behaviors are selected– People with genes for adaptive behaviors live to pass
these genes on• The result is a human nature that reflects behaviors
that have been adaptive throughout evolutionary history
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Evolutionary Perspective
• To study personality from an evolutionary perspective, think about how personality traits might be adaptive– Does a particular trait increase your likelihood of
survival? (Natural Selection)– Does a particular trait increase your likelihood of
finding a mate and reproducing? (Sexual Selection)
– Does a trait influence the likelihood that your relatives will survive (Inclusive Fitness)
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Inclusive Fitness
• Explains behaviors that seem maladaptive– Altruism, self-sacrifice
• Prediction: more altruism toward kin than non-kin• Evidence supports this, at least in self-report
– Other examples of seemingly maladaptive behaviors –which may be partly due to genes--that might benefit our family members?
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Evidence for the Evolutionary Perspective on Personality
• Humans across cultures and non-human primates show similar social behaviors– Attachment (parent-child & pair bonding)– Affiliation, need to belong– Coalitions– Status hierarchies– Competition for resources– Emotion expressions– Sexual jealousy
• All of these behaviors promote survival and reproduction
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Evidence for the Evolutionary Perspective on Personality
• Human and non-human primates show similar social behaviors– Attachment (parent-child & pair bonding)– Affiliation, Need to belong– Coalitions– Status hierarchies– Competition for resources– Emotion expressions– Sexual jealousy
• All of these behaviors promote survival and reproduction
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Evidence for Evolutionary Perspective: Universal Emotions
SadnessHappinessFear
DisgustAngerSurprise
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Why are emotion expressions adaptive?
• Send messages that can save lives of sender and receiver (natural selection and inclusive fitness)
• Fear– “Don’t attack!”
• Happy– “I’m friendly”
• Sad: – “I need comfort”
• Disgust: – “This food will make you sick”
• Anger: – “I’m going to attack!”
• Surprise– “Look over there!”
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Are there other universal emotion expressions?
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Why would a pride expression be adaptive?
• Occurs after success, so may communicate success to others– “I’m a successful person who deserves
high status”
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Pride RecognitionForced-Choice Test
“Circle the emotion that best matches the emotion expressed by the person in the photo”:
Surprise Pride Happiness No emotion
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“Which emotion is being expressed in this photo?” ____________________
Pride RecognitionOpen-Ended Test
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Manipulating Components of the Expression
Manipulating Components of the Expression
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The Pride Expression
89% Pride Recognition
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Why is it adaptive for pride to look like this?
• Head and neck tilted slightly back– Look above others– Approach oriented
• Expanded posture– Dominance– Draws attention
• Slight smile– Social cohesion– Individual remains within the group
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• Ekman and colleagues (1969)– Studied isolated Fore tribe in Papua New
Guinea• Need to study pride in isolated culture
But, is pride universal?
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Burkina Faso
Is Pride Universal?
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Burkina Faso StudySubsistence farmersMost practice traditional religions
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Burkina Faso StudyIlliterateNo educationUnable to speak French (national language)
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George W. Bush: 0% Tom Cruise: 0% Tony Blair: 0%
Michael Jordan: 0% David Beckham: 0%
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25President Campore: 69% Thomas Sankara: 51%
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Selon vous, laquelle des émotion la personne avait quand la photo a été prise? Choisissez une émotion seulement. [cocher une réponse]
Colère Dégoût Peur Content Fier Triste
Surpris Avoir Honte Autre emotion:______ Je ne sais pas
Burkina Faso Study
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Could they recognize pride?
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Mea
n R
ecog
nitio
n R
ate
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
57%
Chance
Pride Recognition
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Pride Recognition is Comparable to Other Emotions
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
88%
62% 57%
48% 47%
34% 33%
Chance
Happy Surprise Pride Sad Disgust Anger Fear
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But, recognition was lower than in Western cultures
• Complicated procedure– Difficulty of translation – Illiterate participants must remember
response options– Novelty of task
• Previous research on preliterate cultures– Very low recognition rates: 30-50% in some
samples
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Next Class• Evolutionary Approach Part 2• Chapter 12 (Cognitive Approach) will NOT
be on Exam 4!
• Exam 4 on FRIDAY