lecture 15 fish behavior...learning & cognition • change in behavior based on experience –...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 15 Fish Behavior
1. Reproduction
2. Migration
3. Symbiosis
4. Predation
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Behavioral ecologySelection keeps a watchful eye… …organisms behave in ways that maximize their fitness
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Parental care
Some form of defense or manipulation of eggs or young
• 90 families include species that provide care
• 31% Biparental care, 69% uniparental care• most common caregiver male
• External fertilizers 89%, Internal fertilizers 11%• External: 90% male care• Internal: 86% female care
• Male care likely evolved to insure no other males fertilize eggs…
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HermaphroditesWhy change sex?
Increased fitness• change sex when, at a given size, the reproductive
success of the other gender becomes higher
• females limited by number of gametes produced, males limited by number of matings• sex change theory predicts it best to be male when
small and female when large
However, sex change also depends on ecologies of individual species…
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Protogynous Hermaphrodites
Juvenile
Female
Male
- almost universal in wrasses (Labridae)
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Embiotoca jacksoni, E. lateralisBlack surfperch, Striped surfperch
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Embiotoca jacksoni
Embiotoca lateralis
Female
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ber o
f offs
prin
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Fixed Action PatternsFixed Action Patterns: stereotypical innate
behavior. The organism will carry it out almost no matter what, even if it doesn’t seem appropriate.
Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus
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Fixed Action Patterns Male three spined stickleback: attacks other
males with red bellies – attacks anything red
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Learning & Cognition
• Change in behavior based on experience– e.g., Habituation, Imprinting, Conditioning:
Pavlov
• Cognition – The connection between nervous system
function and behavior– Consciousness and awareness
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Halichoeres garnotiYellowhead wrasse
Use of a rock as an anvil Coyer, 1995
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Tool Use in Fishes
Orange-dotted tuskfishChoerodon anchorago
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Learning in Archerfish
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Migration
• Spatial orientation and mapping– Migration: Piloting, orientation
(directional headings), navigation (relative location)
– The role of learning in migration– (magnetite, light, etc..)
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Daily MigrationThe deep scattering layer
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Migration
complex migration patterns
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Migration
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Spawning migration
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Tagging Great White Sharks
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http://topp.org/features/fab_flight_white_shark
A white shark tagged with both acoustic (front) and pop-up satellite (rear) tags. The acoustic tag is detected when the shark swims within 250 m of a listening station, while the pop-up satellite tag records information about location, temperature and depth – and relays it to the laboratory when the tag releases itself from the shark.
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Weng et al. 2007
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Weng et al. 2007
White Sharks by the Season
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Symbiosis
• Fish - Fish
• Fish - Invertebrates
• Fish - Other vertebrates
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Trumpetfish / herbivores
Symbiosis Fish-Fish
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Symbiosis Fish-Fish
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Alternative Strategies
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Clownfishes / Anemones
Symbiosis Fish- Inverts
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Pearlfishes and their hosts…
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Goby and Ghost Shrimp
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Symbiosis Fish-other verts
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Predation
Two different categories of predators have evolved
• Speed to overtake prey
• Minimal aerobic effort – deceptive tactics
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The Need for Speed
Over take prey with speed
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Predationlie and wait – sometimes involves deception