lecture 12 (2009 web) - plant sciences home 12 (2009).pdf · lecture 12 • carbon assimilation in...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 12Lecture 12
• Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis(Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle)
• Regulation Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis
• Synthesis of other carbohydrates
• The Pentose Phosphate PathwayPentose Phosphate Pathway
![Page 2: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CARBOHYDRATES
p. 21
Glucose
Lactate
Ribose-5-P
Oxaloacetate
Amino acids
Ketonebodies
Cholesterol
Fatty acids
ATPNADHPyruvateGlucose-6-PGlycogen Acetyl-CoA
NADPH NADH
LIPIDSPROTEINS
The The ““PowertrainPowertrain”” of Human Metabolism (Overview)of Human Metabolism (Overview)
OtherCarbohydrates
GNGGNG
![Page 3: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CARBOHYDRATES
p. 21
Glucose
Lactate
Ribose-5-P
Oxaloacetate
Amino acids
Ketonebodies
Cholesterol
Fatty acids
ATPNADHPyruvateGlucose-6-PGlycogen Acetyl-CoA
NADPH NADH
LIPIDSPROTEINS
The The ““PowertrainPowertrain”” of Human Metabolism (Overview)of Human Metabolism (Overview)
OtherCarbohydrates
GNGGNG
![Page 4: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
GLC-6-PGLC
ATP ADP
CH2OH
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
ATP ADP
CH2OPO32-
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
CH2OPO32-
O
CH2OH
H
HC
OH
CH2OPO32-
+
NAD+
NADH
H
C
OH
CH2OPO32-
OOPO3
2-
ATP ADP
H
C
OH
CH2OPO32-
O
H
C
OPO32-
CH2OH
OC
OPO32-
CH2
OC
O
CH3
O
ATP ADP
DHAP
G-3-P
1,3 bisPGA3-PGA2-PGAPEPPYR
1 2 3 4
5
6
78910
H O
OHH
OHH
OH
CH2OHH O
OHH
OHH
OH
CH2OPO32-
ATP ADP
1 2
O3POH2C
OH
CH2OH
HOH H
H OHO
O3POH2C
OH
CH2OPO32-
HOH H
H OHO
ATP ADP
3
Ringform
O
F-1,6-bisP
+ H+
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1,6
2,53,4
Haworthprojection
HPO42-
-O-O-O-O
F-6-P
H2O
OH OH
2 Molecules
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
GLC-6-PGLC
ATP ADP
CH2OH
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
ATP ADP
CH2OPO32-
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
CH2OPO32-
O
CH2OH
H
HC
OH
CH2OPO32-
+
NAD+
NADH
H
C
OH
CH2OPO32-
OOPO3
2-
ATP ADP
H
C
OH
CH2OPO32-
O
H
C
OPO32-
CH2OH
OC
OPO32-
CH2
OC
O
CH3
O
ATP ADP
DHAP
G-3-P
1,3 bisPGA3-PGA2-PGAPEPPYR
1 2 3 4
5
6
78910
H O
OHH
OHH
OH
CH2OHH O
OHH
OHH
OH
CH2OPO32-
ATP ADP
1 2
O3POH2C
OH
CH2OH
HOH H
H OHO
O3POH2C
OH
CH2OPO32-
HOH H
H OHO
ATP ADP
3
Ringform
O
F-1,6-bisP
+ H+
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1,6
2,53,4
Haworthprojection
HPO42-
-O-O-O-O
F-6-P
H2O
OH OH
2 Molecules
p. 25
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis:: ByBy--pass reactions and enzymespass reactions and enzymes
3. By3. By--passpass 2. By2. By--passpass
1. By1. By--passpass
![Page 5: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Go’ = 0.9 kJ mol-1G = - 25 kJ mol-1
Go’ = +32 kJ mol-1G = + 23 kJ mol-1
First By-pass Reaction (Summary)
PyrPyr KinaseKinase
OAAOAA
Pyr PEP
+ATPCO2
+GTPCO2
Does not workDoes not work
PEPPEPCarboxykinaseCarboxykinase
PyruvatePyruvateCarboxylaseCarboxylase
![Page 6: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
StoichiometryStoichiometry of Glycolysisof Glycolysis ((G ca. G ca. -- 63 kJ mol63 kJ mol--11))
1 1 GlcGlc + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD++
2 2 PyrPyr + + 2 ATP2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H22OO
2 2 PyrPyr + + 4 ATP4 ATP + + 2 GTP2 GTP + 2 NADH + 6 H+ 2 NADH + 6 H22O O
1 1 GlcGlc + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 2 NAD+ 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 2 NAD++ + 6 Pi+ 6 Pi
StoichiometryStoichiometry of of GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis ((G ca. G ca. --16 kJ mol16 kJ mol--11))
Extra Cost of Extra Cost of GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis: : 4 ATP per glucose4 ATP per glucose
![Page 7: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
GlucoseGlucose
G6P F6P F1,6BP PEP Pyr
MitochondriaMitochondria
NAD+
NADH
Pyr
OAA
PEP
NAD+
Shared (reversible) reactionsShared (reversible) reactions
GlycolysisGlycolysis--specificspecific
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis--specificspecific
LactateLactate
LactateLactateGlucoseGlucose
CytosolCytosol
BloodBlood
FruFru--1,61,6--BPBPPhosphatasePhosphatase
GlcGlc--66--PPPhosphatasePhosphatase
LiverLiver
![Page 8: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
-KetoglutarateFumarate
IsocitrateMalate
CitrateOxalaoacetate
(+) ADP(-) ATP, NADH, Citrate, Succinyl-CoA
(+) ADP, NAD+
(-) ATP, NADH
(+) AMP(-) ATP, NADH, Succinyl-CoA
(+) AMP, NAD+, CoA(-) ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
PEPPEP
LactateLactate
GlucoseGlucose
TCA Cycle
Reciprocal Regulation of Reciprocal Regulation of GlycolysisGlycolysis and and GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Pyr Kinase
PC
PEP-CK
(+) allosteric activation(-) allosteric inhibition
![Page 9: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
-KetoglutarateFumarate
IsocitrateMalate
CitrateOxalaoacetate
(+) ADP(-) ATP, NADH, Citrate, Succinyl-CoA
(+) ADP, NAD+
(-) ATP, NADH
(+) AMP(-) ATP, NADH, Succinyl-CoA
(+) AMP, NAD+, CoA(-) ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
(+) Acetyl(+) Acetyl--CoACoA((--) ADP) ADP
ActivtationActivtation of of GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis at at ““First ByFirst By--passpass””
PEPPEP
LactateLactate
((--) ADP) ADP
GlucoseGlucose
TCA Cycle
(+) allosteric activation(-) allosteric inhibition
![Page 10: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
-KetoglutarateFumarate
IsocitrateMalate
CitrateOxalaoacetate
(+) ADP(-) ATP, NADH, Citrate, Succinyl-CoA
(+) ADP, NAD+
(-) ATP, NADH
(+) AMP(-) ATP, NADH, Succinyl-CoA
(+) AMP, NAD+, CoA(-) ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
p. 49
PEPPEP
GlucoseGlucose
TCA Cycle
Activation of GlycolysisGlycolysis at “Pyruvate Kinase Reaction”
Pyr Kinase
(+) F1,6BP(+) F1,6BP((--) ATP) ATP((--) ) AlanineAlanine
(+) allosteric activation(-) allosteric inhibition
![Page 11: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PyruvatePyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
-KetoglutarateFumarate
IsocitrateMalate
CitrateOxalaoacetate
(+) ADP(-) ATP, NADH, Citrate, Succinyl-CoA
(+) ADP, NAD+
(-) ATP, NADH
(+) AMP(-) ATP, NADH, Succinyl-CoA
(+) AMP, NAD+, CoA(-) ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
PEPPEP
LactateLactate
GlucoseGlucose
TCA Cycle
Reciprocal Regulation of Reciprocal Regulation of GlycolysisGlycolysis and and GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Pyr Kinase
PC
PEP-CK
(+) allosteric activation(-) allosteric inhibition
![Page 12: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
p. 63
Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate
ATPADP + HPO43-
Pyr kinase
(+) Acetyl CoA (-) ADP
(+) F1,6BP(-) ATP(-) Alanine
OAAPEP CK PC
(-) ADP
Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate
ATPADP + HPO43-
Pyr kinase
(+) Acetyl CoA (-) ADP
(+) F1,6BP(-) ATP(-) Alanine
OAAPEP CK PC
(-) ADP
Reciprocal RegulationReciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis and of Glycolysis and GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis((FirstFirst byby--pass)pass)
GlycolysisGlycolysis
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
(+) allosteric activation(-) allosteric inhibition
![Page 13: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
p. 63
GlycolysisGlycolysis
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Reciprocal RegulationReciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis and of Glycolysis and GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis((SecondSecond byby--pass)pass)
Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP
ATP
H2OHPO43-
ADP + HPO43-
PFK-1
FBPase
(+) Citrate (-) AMP(-) F2,6BP
(+) F2,6BP(+) AMP(-) ATP(-) Citrate
Glucose Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP
ATP
H2OHPO43-
ADP + HPO43-
PFK-1
FBPase
(+) Citrate (-) AMP(-) F2,6BP
(+) F2,6BP(+) AMP(-) ATP(-) Citrate
Glucose
(+) allosteric activation(-) allosteric inhibition
![Page 14: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
GLC-6-PGLC
ATP ADP
CH2OH
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
ATP ADP
CH2OPO32-
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
CH2OPO32-
O
CH2OH
H
HC
OH
CH2OPO32-
+
DHAP
G-3-P
1 2 3 4
5
Ringform
O
F-1,6-bisP
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6Haworthprojection
F-6-P
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
GLC-6-PGLC
ATP ADP
CH2OH
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
ATP ADP
CH2OPO32-
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
CH2OPO32-
O
CH2OH
H
HC
OH
CH2OPO32-
+
DHAP
G-3-P
1 2 3 4
5
Ringform
O
F-1,6-bisP
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6Haworthprojection
F-6-P
GlycolysisGlycolysis
FF--2,62,6--bisPbisP
FF--2,62,6--bisP functions only as an allosteric effector!bisP functions only as an allosteric effector!
ATP
ADP H2O
Pi
Activity of Activity of bifunctionalbifunctional enzyme is reciprocally controlled enzyme is reciprocally controlled (hormones, metabolites)(hormones, metabolites)
Bifunctional Enzyme FF--2,62,6--bisPbisPPhosphatasePhosphatase
FF--66--P 2P 2--kinasekinase(PFK(PFK--2)2)
“Dead-end” metabolite
![Page 15: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
F6P Concentration
PFK
-1 A
ctiv
ity No allostericeffector
High Citrate or high ATP
+ F2,6BPHigh AMP + F2,6BP
Phosphofructokinase-1
F6P Concentration
PFK
-1 A
ctiv
ity No allostericeffector
High Citrate or high ATP
+ F2,6BPHigh AMP + F2,6BP
Phosphofructokinase-1
p. 64
![Page 16: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
p. 64
F1,6BP Concentration
FBP
ase
Act
ivity No allosteric
effector
High AMP or high F2,6BP
High Citrate
Fructose Bisphosphatase
F1,6BP Concentration
FBP
ase
Act
ivity No allosteric
effector
High AMP or high F2,6BP
High Citrate
F1,6BP Concentration
FBP
ase
Act
ivity No allosteric
effector
High AMP or high F2,6BP
High Citrate
Fructose Bisphosphatase
![Page 17: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
p. 63
GlycolysisGlycolysis
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Reciprocal RegulationReciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis and of Glycolysis and GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis((SecondSecond byby--pass)pass)
Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP
ATP
H2OHPO43-
ADP + HPO43-
PFK-1
FBPase
(+) Citrate (-) AMP(-) F2,6BP
(+) F2,6BP(+) AMP(-) ATP(-) Citrate
Glucose Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP
ATP
H2OHPO43-
ADP + HPO43-
PFK-1
FBPase
(+) Citrate (-) AMP(-) F2,6BP
(+) F2,6BP(+) AMP(-) ATP(-) Citrate
Glucose
![Page 18: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP
PFK-1
FBPase
(+) Citrate(-) AMP(-) F2,6BP
(+) F2,6BP(+) AMP(-) Citrate
Glucose-6-P
Flux Control by Substrate CyclesSubstrate Cycles
![Page 19: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP
PFK-1
FBPase
(+) Citrate(-) AMP(-) F2,6BP
(+) F2,6BP(+) AMP(-) Citrate
Glucose-6-P
+ 80%
- 80%
Flux Control by Substrate CyclesSubstrate Cycles
![Page 20: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
GlucoseGlucose
G6P F6P F1,6BP PEP Pyr Pyr
OAA
PEP
F1,6BPaseF1,6BPase
G6PaseG6Pase
PyrPyr KinaseKinase
PCPC
PEPPEP--CKCK
TCATCACycleCycle
AcetylAcetyl--CoACoAHexokinaseHexokinase
PFKPFK--11
F2,6BP
2. By2. By--passpass
ReciprocalReciprocal regulation by:regulation by:
•• F2,6BP (F2,6BP (activactiv. . // inhibinhib..))•• ATP (ATP (inhibinhib.. / / activactiv..))•• Citrate (Citrate (inhibinhib.. / / activactiv..))•• OtherOther
1. By1. By--passpass
Reciprocal Reciprocal regulation by:regulation by:
•• ATP (ATP (inhibinhib.. / / activactiv..))
3. By-pass
Hexokinase(Cytosol)
G6Pase(Endoplasmicreticulum)
Regulation
![Page 21: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Feedback Control (“Acceptor Control”)
Glucose
Lactate
ATPNADHPyruvateGlucose-6-PGlycogen Acetyl-CoA
ADPPFK-1PK PDH
CSIDH
KGA-DH ETC
Allosteric ActivationAllosteric Activation
Allosteric InhibitionAllosteric Inhibition
![Page 22: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CARBOHYDRATES
p. 21
Glucose
Lactate
Ribose-5-P
Oxaloacetate
Amino acids
Ketonebodies
Cholesterol
Fatty acids
ATPNADHPyruvateGlucose-6-PGlycogen Acetyl-CoA
NADPH NADH
LIPIDSPROTEINS
Synthesis of Other CarbohydratesSynthesis of Other Carbohydrates
OtherCarbohydrates
GNGGNG
![Page 23: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Activation of Sugars for BiosynthesisActivation of Sugars for Biosynthesis
1. Sugar phosphate + NTP NDP-Sugar + Pyrophosphate (PPi)
HOWEVERHOWEVER, the first reaction is sequentially coupled to the hydrolysis o, the first reaction is sequentially coupled to the hydrolysis of f PPiPPi2. Pyrophosphate (2. Pyrophosphate (PPiPPi) + H) + H22O O 2 Phosphate (2 Pi)2 Phosphate (2 Pi)
GlucoseGlucose--11--P + UTP P + UTP UDPUDP--Glucose + Glucose + PPiPPi (see page 37)
NDPNDP--Group:Group: -- NNucleoside ucleoside DDiiPPhosphatehosphate is typically UDP or ADPis typically UDP or ADP
-- NDPNDP--sugar formation is sugar formation is irreversible irreversible ((PPiPPi hydrolysis)hydrolysis)
-- Serves as a Serves as a ““recognition tagrecognition tag”” for biosynthesesfor biosyntheses
-- Facilitates Facilitates substrate bindingsubstrate binding
-- Excellent Excellent leaving groupleaving group in in nucleophilicnucleophilic reactionsreactions
![Page 24: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
O
OH OPO32-
OH
OH
CH2OH
O O
OHOHH
HN
N
O
O
OPO
O-PO
O-
O O
OHOHH
HN
N
O
O
OPO
O-PO
OO-
O
OHOH
OH
CH2OH
O O-P
O
O-
P
O
-O
O-
Pyrophosphate (PPi) UDP-Glc
+
+
-D-Glc-1-P
OPO
-OO-
25
UTP
26
2 x Phosphate (Pi)
H2O
p. 37
Source of UDPSource of UDP--GlucoseGlucose
![Page 25: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
p. 65
O O
OHOHH
HNN
O
OOP
O
O-PO
OO-
OOH
OHOHCH2OH
H O HH
OHH
OH
CH2OHH O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OHH O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
HO O O O
Reducing "end"
14
Primer
UDP-Glucose
O
OHHO
HO
CH2OH
H O
OH
HH
OHH
OH
CH2OHH O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OHH O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OHH O
OH
OHH
OH
CH2OH
O O O14
Amylose
UDP
H+
Glycogen and Starch BiosynthesisGlycogen and Starch Biosynthesis
![Page 26: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Branching Enzyme
1234567
123
4567
Glycogen or Starch (Amylopectin)
p. 65
Glycogen and Starch BiosynthesisGlycogen and Starch Biosynthesis
![Page 27: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
GlucoseGlucose GlcGlc--66--PP
GlucoseGlucose
CytosolCytosol
BloodBlood
Glc-1-P
UDPUDP-Glc
GlycogenGlycogen
Glycogen Glycogen SynthaseSynthase
To GlycolysisTo Glycolysis
Glycogen Glycogen PhosphorylasePhosphorylase
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle LiverLiver
UTPUTP
PPiPPi2Pi2Pi
![Page 28: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
p. 66
Cellulose BiosynthesisCellulose Biosynthesis(1(14) 4) glycosidicglycosidic bondsbonds
![Page 29: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
p. 66
Cellulose BiosynthesisCellulose Biosynthesis
![Page 30: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
p. 66
Cellulose Biosynthesis
![Page 31: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cellulose Biosynthesis
![Page 32: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
O O
OHOH
HN
N
O
O
OPO
O-PO
OO-
OHO
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
O
HO
HO
OH
CH2OH
H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
O
OH O
OH
OH
CH2OH
glucosyl
galactosyl OH
Glucose
UDP-Galactose
UDP
Lactose
+
+
p. 67
Lactose BiosynthesisLactose Biosynthesis
![Page 34: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
p. 67
Sucrose BiosynthesisSucrose Biosynthesis
H O
OH
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
2-O3POH2C
CH2OHHOH H
H OHO
H O
OH
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
HOH2C
CH2OHHOH H
H OHO
glucosyl
fructosyl
glucose (1 2) fructose
Sucrose Phosphate Sucrose
O O
OHOHH
HN
N
O
O
OPO
O-PO
OO-
O
OHOH
OH
CH2OH
UDP-Glucose
2-O3POH2C
CH2OHHOH H
H OHO
H2O
UDP
Fructose-6-P
![Page 35: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
CARBOHYDRATES
p. 21
Glucose
Lactate
Ribose-5-P
Oxaloacetate
Amino acids
Ketonebodies
Cholesterol
Fatty acids
ATPNADHPyruvateGlucose-6-PGlycogen Acetyl-CoA
NADPH NADH
LIPIDSPROTEINS
The The ““PowertrainPowertrain”” of Human Metabolism (Overview)of Human Metabolism (Overview)
OtherCarbohydrates
PPPPPP
![Page 36: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The PentosePentose--Phosphate PathwayPhosphate Pathway (PPP)
or
The HexoseHexose--monophosphatemonophosphate ShuntShunt
![Page 37: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway: FunctionsFunctions
1. Production of NAD1. Production of NADPPHH
3. Biosynthesis/degradation of 3. Biosynthesis/degradation of other sugarsother sugars
(C(C33 CC44 CC55 CC66 CC7 7 sugars) sugars)
2. Biosynthesis and degradation of 2. Biosynthesis and degradation of riboseribose
Determined by cell-specific needs for NADPH, ATP, sugars
![Page 38: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Roles for NADRoles for NADPPHH
1.1. ReductantReductant in in biosyntheticbiosynthetic reactionsreactions(e.g., fatty acid synthesis, steroid synthesis)(e.g., fatty acid synthesis, steroid synthesis)
4. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 4. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., innate immune response)(e.g., innate immune response)
3. Regulation of 3. Regulation of redoxredox homeostasishomeostasis(e.g., erythrocytes, detoxification reactions)(e.g., erythrocytes, detoxification reactions)
2. Separation of catabolic and anabolic steps2. Separation of catabolic and anabolic steps(e.g., in (e.g., in cytosolcytosol: : low NADHlow NADH, but , but high NADhigh NADPPHH))
![Page 39: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway: ReactionsReactions(Cytosol)
1. Oxidation Phase 1. Oxidation Phase (C(C66 CC55 + CO+ CO22))
2. 2. IsomerizationIsomerization Phase Phase (C(C55 CC55))
3. Rearrangement Phase 3. Rearrangement Phase (xC(xC55 yCyC66))
![Page 40: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
p. 68
Phase 1: Oxidative ReactionsPhase 1: Oxidative Reactions
H O
OHH
OHH
OH
CH2OPO32-
H O
OHH
OHH
OH
CH2OPO32-
O
HCOO-
OHHHOOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
HCOO-
OHOOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
HHC OH
OOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
NADP+ NADPH + H+
+
Glc-6-P 6-P-Glucono--lactone 6-P-Gluconate
Ribulose-5-P (Ru5P)
OH
H2O
CO2
NADP+ NADPH + H+
Phase I
Phase II
1 32
GlcGlc--66--P P DehydrogenaseDehydrogenase
LactonaseLactonase
66--PhosphogluconatePhosphogluconateDehydrogenaseDehydrogenase
![Page 41: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
6 Glc6 Glc--66--PP 6 Ru6 Ru--55--PP + 6 CO2 + 12 NADPH12 NADPH
Phase 1: Oxidative Reactions (Summary)Phase 1: Oxidative Reactions (Summary)
6 Ru6 Ru--55--PP
6 Pentoses
(30 Carbons)(30 Carbons)
5 Glc5 Glc--66--PP
5 Hexoses
(30 Carbons)(30 Carbons)
TrioseTriose
TetroseTetrose
PentosePentose
HexoseHexose
HeptoseHeptose
Phases 2 and 3: Phases 2 and 3: IsomerizationIsomerization and Rearrangement Reactions (Preview)and Rearrangement Reactions (Preview)
![Page 42: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
p. 68
Phase 2: Phase 2: IsomerizationIsomerization ReactionsReactions
Ribulose-5-P (Ru5P)
HHC OH
OOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
HC OOHOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
HHC OH
OOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
HHC OH
OHHOOHH
CH2OPO32-
H
Ribose-5-P Xylulose-5-P (Xu5P)Ru5P Ru5P
Phase II
4 5
PhosphopentosePhosphopentoseIsoIsomerasemerase
PhosphopentosePhosphopentoseEpiEpimerasemerase
![Page 43: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TransketolaseTransketolase
p. 68
Phase 3: CarbonPhase 3: Carbon--transfer or Rearrangement Reactionstransfer or Rearrangement Reactions
TransketolaseTransketolase
TransaldolaseTransaldolaseH
HC OH
OHHOOHH
CH2OPO32-
Xu5P R5P
HHC OH
OHHOOHH
Sedoheptulose-7-P
+ + C OHOHH
CH2OPO32-
GA3P
CH2OH
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
OOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
H
Erythrose-4-P (E4P)
+
OOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
H
+
HHC OH
OHHOOHH
CH2OPO32-
Xu5P
CH2OH
O
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OPO32-
+C OHOHH
CH2OPO32-
HC OOHOHHOHH
CH2OPO32-
H
OHOHH
H
CH2OPO32-
6 7
6
GA3PE4P F6P
Phase III
F6P
CC33
CC55
CC55
CC55
CC66
CC66
![Page 44: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Phase 3: CarbonPhase 3: Carbon--transfer Reactions (Summary)transfer Reactions (Summary)
2 Xu5P2 Xu5P + R5PR5P 2 F6P2 F6P + GA3PGA3P
4 Xu5P4 Xu5P + 2 R5P2 R5P 4 F6P4 F6P + 2 GA3P2 GA3P
2 Rounds
5 Glucose5 Glucose--66--PP
GluconeogensisGluconeogensis
![Page 45: Lecture 12 (2009 web) - Plant Sciences Home 12 (2009).pdf · Lecture 12 • Carbon assimilation in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • Regulation of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis • Synthesis](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022022505/5abd5caa7f8b9ac0598bc782/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Overall Stoichiometry of Pentose Phosphate Pathway
1 Glc-6-P + 12 NADP+ + 7H2O 6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 12H+ + Pi
Overall Stoichiometry of Glycolysis/PDH/TCA Cycle
1 Glc + 6 H2O + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD 6 CO2 + 10 NADH + 10H+ + 2 FADH2
(plus 4 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation)
6 Glc-6-P + 12 NADP+ + 6H2O 6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 12H+ + 4 F6P + 2 GA3P
6 Glc-6-P + 12 NADP+ + 7H2O 6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 12H+ + Pi + 5 Glc-6-P