LECTURE 1Introduction to Anatomy

Methods & Types of Anatomy

1. Microscopic: with magnificationa. cytology: internal structure of cells

“cyto” = cell“ology” = study of

b. histology: study of tissues2. Developmental: changes in form between conception and maturity

-both microscopic and gross anatomy-early months = “embryology”

Methods & Types of Anatomy

3. Comparative: anatomical organization of different animal types-may reflect evolutionary relationships or divergencee.g. vertebrates - share several characteristics found in Phylum Chordata

4. Gross: visible to unaided eye-approaches: a) surfaceb) regional - superficial + internal structures

within a defined area of the bodyc) systemic - structure of major organ systems as a whole-organs function together to produce coordinated

effects

11 organ systems

1. skeletal2. articular3. muscular4. digestive5. respiratory6. urinary7. reproductive8. circulatory9. nervous10. integumentary11. endocrine

Regional Anatomy: the abdomen and pelvis -division of abdominopelvic region into 4 quadrants

-however - can divide further into 9 abdominopelvic regions

Organizational Levels

1. Atomic – elemental composition: 4 major elements within the body- C, N, O and H (99% of the total number of atoms within the body)

Organizational Levels

2) Molecular - molecular composition of the body using these atoms

- 67% of our bodies is water

3. Cellular level

4. Tissue level

5. Organismal level: reflects interactions among organ systems-when functioning normally the internal environment is relatively stable at all levels (i.e. cellular, tissue etc...)-this state is known as “homeostasis”

“homeo” = unchanging“stasis” = standing

-each level is related-e.g. changes in chemical level may affect the activityof the cell which in turn affects the tissue etc....

Organizational Levels

Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical landmarks:-anatomical position: erect

-lying down face up = supine-lying down face down = prone

****all landmarks must be considered with respect to anatomical position****

Anatomical directions

Anatomical Planes & Sections

-transverse plane: right angles to the long axis of the body at the umbilicus-divides into superior & inferior sections-any section along this plane = transverse section

-frontal or coronal plane: parallel to the long axis-divides into anterior and posterior regions-any section along this plane = coronal section

-sagittal plane: parallel to the long axis -divides into right and left regions-any section along this plane = sagittal section-into even R & L halves = midsagittal section

Body Cavities:

Body Cavities: