LECTURE 4

PLAGIARISM

Mazhar Hussain

Dept of Computer Science

ISP,Multan

Mazhar.hussain@isp.edu.pk

RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

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ROAD MAP

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Introduction

Chosing your research problem

Chosing your research advisor

Literature Review

Plagiarism

Variables in Research

Construction of Hypothesis

Research Design

Writing Research Proposal

Writing your Thesis

Data Collection

Data Representation

Sampling and Distributions

Paper Writing

Ethics of Research

It means that you are falsely claiming that the

work is your own

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PLAGIARISM

According to the Merriam-Webster

Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means

To steal and pass off (the ideas or

words of another) as one's own

To use (another's production) without

crediting the source

To commit literary theft

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PLAGIARISM

Intentional

Copying whole papers, paragraphs,

sentences or phrases without

acknowledgement

Unintentional

Splicing phrases from other writers into

your work without acknowledgement

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IF….

You have included the

words and ideas of others

in your work that you

neglected to cite

You have had help you

wouldn’t want others to

know about

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PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMICS - EXCUSES

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It’s okay if I don’t get caught!

I was too busy to write that paper!

(Job, big game, too much homework!)

My teachers expect

too much!

My parentsexpect “A”s!

This assignment

was BORING!

Everyone does it!

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PLAGIARISM - LIMITS

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Source: Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

PLAGIARISM – LIMITS

Copying a paragraph verbatim from a source without

any acknowledgement

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Copying a paragraph & making small changes - e.g.

replacing a few verbs, replacing an adjective with a

synonym

Copying and pasting a paragraph by using sentences

of the original but omitting one or two and putting

one or two in a different order, no quotation marks

Composing a paragraph by taking short phrases from

a number of sources & putting them together using

words of your own to make a coherent whole

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You can “borrow” from the

works of others in your

own work!

USE THREE STRATEGIES

Quoting

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

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To blend source materials in with your own,

making sure your own voice is heard.

QUOTING

Use quotations when:

You want to add the power of an author’s words to

support your argument

You want to disagree with an author’s argument

You want to preserve special or elegant language

You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view

Giving definitions etc.13

Quotations are the exact words of an author,

copied directly from a source, word for word.

Quotations must be cited!

QUOTING

Don’t string quotes together or put them back to

back.

Example (don’t do this…)

Better…

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John Smith said, “children can be very obstinate if you don’t give

them what they want,” but then stated that “adults can be

equally obstinate and act like children.” Rosy Campo refutes

this, “Both children and adults have a tendency to be obstinate

regardless of the situation.”

John Smith and Rosy Campo are on differing sides of the

argument that children and adults can be stubborn whether

you appease them or not.

PARAPHRASING

Like quotations, paraphrased material must be

followed with in-text documentation and cited on

your Works-Cited page.

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Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of

an author, putting his/her thoughts in your own

words. When you paraphrase, you rework the

source’s ideas, words, phrases, and sentence

structures with your own.

PARAPHRASING

Paraphrase when:

You plan to use information on your document and wish to avoid plagiarizing

You want to avoid overusing quotations

You want to use your own voice to present information

Change both the vocabulary and the sentence structure to free yourself from the author’s voice.

Paraphrased material looks very convincing in a research paper; it shows that the writer understands her sources well enough to express them in her own voice. 16

SUMMARIZING

Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources.

Summarize when: You want to establish background or offer an overview of a

topic

You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic

You want to determine the main ideas of a single source 17

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of

one or several writers into your own words,

including only the main point(s). Summaries are

significantly shorter than the original and take a

broad overview of the source material.

SUMMARIZING

Should be comprehensive but concise.

For example, a 15-page article may be summarized

in a paragraph or two.

The purpose of the summary/abstract is to give

scholars a “preview” of the material covered in the

article and let them decide whether they will take

the time to read it.

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SUMMARIZING VS. PARAPHRASING

Unlike a summary, a paraphrase does not

condense material; it includes both main points

and supporting details.

Thus, your paraphrase will be about the same

length as the original passage.

Therefore you would not paraphrase an entire 15

page article, but you could paraphrase an

important sentence or paragraph.

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AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

Quotation Marks – If you need to use what someone else

has written or write their exact words and put them in

quotation marks

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Paraphrase

Never use someone else's words and sentence structure –

substituting synonyms would not do either

Write everything in your own words as you understand it

Go through the required reading material and then put it

all away when you start writing

Summarize – Main idea of several authors in your own

words

CITE RIGHT

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Clearly indicate what comes from where

'According to Professor so-and-so....' or

'Professor so-and-so states that....'

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

Check for Plagiarism:

Plagiarism Software

Online Tools

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Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ways-to-avoid-plagiarism.html

TURN IT IN – ORIGINALITY REPORT

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TURN IT IN – ORIGINALITY REPORT

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Do I have

to cite

everything?

DO I NEED TO CITE EVERYTHING?

Facts that are widely known, or

Information or judgments considered “common

knowledge”

Do NOT have to be cited.

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Common

Knowledge

NO

EXAMPLES OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE

John Adams was the second president of the US

The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on

December 7, 1941

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If you see a fact in three or more sources,

and you are fairly certain your readers

already know this information, it is likely to

be “common knowledge.”

But when in doubt, cite!

EXAMPLES OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE

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Common – When the Civil War was

– When Texas became part of U.S.

Needs citation– Opinion about Civil War

– Disputable fact or not commonly known- i.e. when humans first came to the Americas

Even if you had to look up the information, but most people wouldn’t have had to, then it is considered “common knowledge,” but I still highly encourage you to cite EVERYTHING- even encyclopedias…

WHAT TO CITE?

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Did youthink of

it?

No.

Yes.

Is itcommon

knowledge?

No.

Yes.

Cite it. Do not cite it.

IS IT PLAGIARISM

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Gray wolf (Canis lupus).

© Jeff Lepore/Photo Researchers

Wolf. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 31,

2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

<http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=79400>

Should we or shouldn’t we protect

the gray wolf?By Ima Lamb

Eng 110Apr. 1, 2004

Your title page:You find:

Yes! You need to credit the

source of images and

other media as well as

text.

REAL LIFE CONSEQUENCES

New York Times senior reporter Jayson Blair forced

to resign after being accused of plagiarism and

fraud.

“The newspaper said at least 36 of the 73 articles he

had written had problems calling the deception a

"low point" in the newspaper's history.”

31“New York Times Exposes Fraud of Own Reporter.” ABC News Online.

12 May, 2003.

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/newshour_index.html

REAL LIFE CONSEQUENCES

Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato)

Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy

Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for plagiarism in his columns

Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin,

Kearns left television position and stepped down as Pulitzer Prize judge for “lifting” 50 passages for her 1987 book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis) 32

PLAGIARISM CASES - PAKISTAN

HEC Plagiarism Policy

The handbook of plagiarism

Available on HEC website

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When in dobut

Cite it !!!

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The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) employs the hop

count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by

implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path

from the source to a destination. The maximum number of hops

allowed for RIP is 15. This hop limit, however, also limits the size

of networks that RIP can support. A hop count of 16 is considered

an infinite distance and used to deprecate inaccessible,

inoperable, or otherwise undesirable routes in the selection

process.

Originally each RIP router transmitted full updates every 30

seconds. n most current networking environments, RIP is not the

preferred choice for routing as its time to

converge and scalability are poor compared to EIGRP, OSPF,

or IS-IS. RIP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its

transport protocol, and is assigned the reserved port number 520.

PARAPHRASE AND GIVE A TITLE

SUMMARY

Plagiarism

Accidental

Intentional

How to avoid:

Quotation

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

Plagiarism checking tools

Common knowledge

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REFERENCES

The handbook of Plagiarism, Robert A. Haris

What is Plagiarism, Jiaheng Lu, Renmin

University of China

Plagiarism, Michael Lorenzen, LIB 197

www.plagiarism.org

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The material in these slides is based on the following resources.