Lecture 0: Lecture 0: A Short and Condensed History A Short and Condensed History

of Computingof Computing

earliest computing earliest computing devices designed to devices designed to aid numeric aid numeric computationcomputation

abacus, first abacus, first developed in developed in Babylonia over 5,000 Babylonia over 5,000 years agoyears ago

Origins of Digital ComputersOrigins of Digital Computers

William Schickard William Schickard (1592–1635), (1592–1635), mechanical calculatormechanical calculator

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal (1623–(1623–1662), addition and 1662), addition and subtraction decimal subtraction decimal calculatorcalculator

G. W. F. Leibniz (1646–G. W. F. Leibniz (1646–1716), “Stepped 1716), “Stepped Reckoner,” full-featured Reckoner,” full-featured calculator,calculator,(“Leibniz wheel” for (“Leibniz wheel” for multiplication)multiplication) PascalinePascaline

Early Calculating MachinesEarly Calculating Machines

first true pioneer of first true pioneer of modern digital computing modern digital computing machinesmachines

built two prototype built two prototype calculating machinescalculating machines

Difference EngineDifference Engine

Analytical EngineAnalytical Engine

Charles Babbage (1791–1871)Charles Babbage (1791–1871)

Charles BabbageCharles Babbage Analytical MachineAnalytical Machine

He was explicitly inspired by Jacquard’s use of He was explicitly inspired by Jacquard’s use of punch cards to control a machine.punch cards to control a machine.

Unfortunately the only way to build it was using Unfortunately the only way to build it was using rods and gears and it was never made to work.rods and gears and it was never made to work.

In addition, it was powered by STEAM !In addition, it was powered by STEAM !

automated both the automated both the computation of tables computation of tables and their printingand their printing

employed the method employed the method of differences to of differences to calculate polynomialscalculate polynomials

special-purpose special-purpose calculating machinecalculating machine

Babbage’s Difference EngineBabbage’s Difference Engine

World’s First ProgrammerWorld’s First Programmer

Ada King, daughter Ada King, daughter of Lord Byron of Lord Byron wrote the wrote the programs for the programs for the Difference Engine, Difference Engine, thus making her thus making her the first the first programmerprogrammer

…….ever.ever

Designed the first, Designed the first, general-purpose general-purpose digital computing digital computing devicedevice

Unfortunately his Unfortunately his ideas and achieve-ideas and achieve-ments were lost on ments were lost on his successorshis successors

Legacy of BabbageLegacy of Babbage

1880-1901 The Birth of the Modern 1880-1901 The Birth of the Modern Mechanical CalculatorMechanical Calculator

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Early Pocket CalculatorsEarly Pocket Calculators

Claude Shannon 1916-2001Claude Shannon 1916-2001 In 1937, Claude Shannon introduces the concept of binaryIn 1937, Claude Shannon introduces the concept of binary logic for use in creating digital computing machineslogic for use in creating digital computing machines

In 1948 he publishes In 1948 he publishes “A mathematical theory of “A mathematical theory of communication”communication” which sets forth the principals for encoding which sets forth the principals for encoding information so that it might be transmitted electronicallyinformation so that it might be transmitted electronically

He is affectionately thought of as theHe is affectionately thought of as the Father of the modern information ageFather of the modern information age

designed the “Z” series of designed the “Z” series of automatic general-purpose automatic general-purpose computing machinescomputing machines

electro-mechanical electro-mechanical devicesdevices

binary internal encodingbinary internal encoding

Z3 (1941) was Z3 (1941) was programmed using programmed using punched 35mm filmpunched 35mm film

Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)

led the WWII led the WWII research group that research group that broke the code for broke the code for the Enigma machinethe Enigma machine

proposed a simple proposed a simple abstract universal abstract universal machine model for machine model for defining defining computabilitycomputability

devised the “Turing devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AIhypothesis” for AI

Alan M. Turing (1912–1954)Alan M. Turing (1912–1954)

The Enigma MachineThe Enigma Machine

Invented in 1918, it Invented in 1918, it was the most was the most sophisticated code sophisticated code system of its day, and system of its day, and was a priority of the was a priority of the Allies to decipher Allies to decipher before D-Day so that before D-Day so that they could be certain they could be certain that they had fooled that they had fooled the Germans about the Germans about the Invasion of Francethe Invasion of France

constructed an electronic computing constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messagesGerman coded messages

Alan Turing and his ColossusAlan Turing and his Colossus

IBM Harvard Mark I- 1944IBM Harvard Mark I- 1944

The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator after installation at Harvard Calculator after installation at Harvard University, 1944. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 University, 1944. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts, tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts, including 72 accumulators and 60 sets of including 72 accumulators and 60 sets of rotary switches rotary switches

John W. Mauchly (1907–1980) and J. Presper John W. Mauchly (1907–1980) and J. Presper Eckert (1919– ) headed the ENIAC team at the Eckert (1919– ) headed the ENIAC team at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Moore School of Engineering, University of PennsylvanniaPennsylvannia

ENIACENIAC ( (EElectronic lectronic NNumerical umerical IIntegrator ntegrator AAnd nd CComputer), the first electronic general-purpose omputer), the first electronic general-purpose digital computerdigital computer

commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic firing tablesfiring tables

Mauchly and EckertMauchly and Eckert

noted for massive noted for massive scale and redundant scale and redundant designdesign

decimal internal decimal internal codingcoding

operational in 1946operational in 1946

ENIACENIAC

• manual programming of boards, manual programming of boards, switches, and switches, and “function table”“function table”

ENIACENIAC

Early Computer Programming was slow, tedious and repetitious

Von Neumann visits the Moore School in 1944Von Neumann visits the Moore School in 1944

prepares a draft for an automatic programmable prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device (later called EDVAC)device (later called EDVAC)

““stored program” conceptstored program” concept

publishes ideas (with Goldstine and Burks) in publishes ideas (with Goldstine and Burks) in 19461946

designed the IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies) designed the IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies) machine which became operational in 1951machine which became operational in 1951

John Von Neumann (1903–John Von Neumann (1903–1954)1954)

““stored program”stored program”

serial uniprocessor serial uniprocessor designdesign

binary internal binary internal encodingencoding

CPU–Memory–I/O CPU–Memory–I/O orgranizationorgranization

““fetch-decode-fetch-decode-execute” instruction cycleexecute” instruction cycle

Von Neumann ArchitectureVon Neumann Architecture

The First real “Computer Scientist” 1906-1992The First real “Computer Scientist” 1906-1992 Invented the first Compiler because she was Invented the first Compiler because she was

tired of doing it by hand. Vastly improved tired of doing it by hand. Vastly improved programming speed and efficiencyprogramming speed and efficiency

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first commercial first commercial general-purpose general-purpose computer systemcomputer system

delivered in 1951delivered in 1951

used to forecast the used to forecast the 1952 presidential 1952 presidential electionelection

UNIVAC IUNIVAC I

Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller over timeover time

Four different Four different generations of tube generations of tube computer circuits computer circuits showing the reduction showing the reduction in size over several in size over several generations of generations of systems during the systems during the 1950’s1950’s

Early Bell Labs Transistor 1947 / 1952Early Bell Labs Transistor 1947 / 1952

“The most important invention of the 20th century…”

What was the first thing What was the first thing that we built with this that we built with this

miraculous new miraculous new technology?technology?

A hearing aid ! ….1953A hearing aid ! ….1953

Zenith Royal-T “Tubeless” hearing aid. 3” tall, 2.5” widexdftrd

A prehistoric iPod?

Followed immediately by the Followed immediately by the first “pocket radio” in 1954first “pocket radio” in 1954

Jack Kilby - Invents the Jack Kilby - Invents the Integrated Circuit at TI….1957Integrated Circuit at TI….1957

      

            

First commercial use of the IC was in a pocket calculator - 1961

built using solid-state built using solid-state circuitrycircuitry

family of computer family of computer systems with backward systems with backward compatibilitycompatibility

established the standard established the standard for mainframes for a for mainframes for a decadedecade

1960’s….IBM System/3601960’s….IBM System/360

Gordon Bell, Father of the Minicomputer, Digital Gordon Bell, Father of the Minicomputer, Digital Equipment CorporationEquipment Corporation

Developed the first Developed the first “Mini” computers “Mini” computers 1960-831960-83

Brought computing to Brought computing to small businessessmall businesses

Created major Created major competition for IBM, competition for IBM, UNIVAC, who only built UNIVAC, who only built Mainframes at the Mainframes at the timetime

““minicomputers”minicomputers”

offered mainframe offered mainframe performance at a performance at a fraction of the costfraction of the cost

PDP-8 introduced at PDP-8 introduced at $20,000! Vs. $1M for $20,000! Vs. $1M for a Mainframea Mainframe

DEC PDP seriesDEC PDP series

IBM fights back!IBM fights back!

IBM 1130, their IBM 1130, their “small” computer, “small” computer, designed to designed to compete with compete with DEC’s minisDEC’s minis

First developed in the First developed in the late 1970’slate 1970’s

high-performance high-performance systems used for systems used for scientific applicationsscientific applications

advanced special advanced special purpose designspurpose designs

Control Data Corporation, Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, NEC, IBM Cray Research, NEC, IBM and othersand others

Specialized SupercomputersSpecialized Supercomputers

Intel 4004 Microprocessor - Intel 4004 Microprocessor - 19721972

First commercially First commercially available micro-available micro-processor – first used processor – first used in a programmable in a programmable calculatorcalculator

This technology made This technology made the personal computer the personal computer possiblepossible

Contained 2300 Contained 2300 transistors and ran at transistors and ran at 100 khz100 khz

MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors

all-in-one designs, all-in-one designs, performance/price performance/price tradeoffstradeoffs

aimed at mass audiencesaimed at mass audiences

personal computerspersonal computers

workstationsworkstations

Desktop and Portable ComputersDesktop and Portable Computers1975-1975-

Altair 8080, the first kit micro Altair 8080, the first kit micro computer…1975computer…1975

Bill Gates Altair VideoBill Gates Altair Video

Developed in the family garage, Steve Developed in the family garage, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the First Apple Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the First Apple

Computer 1976Computer 1976

Radio Shack TRS-80, 1978Radio Shack TRS-80, 1978 The first plug and The first plug and

play personal play personal computer available computer available at retailat retail

Programmed in Programmed in BASICBASIC

Very successfulVery successful Very affordableVery affordable Limited commercial Limited commercial

softwaresoftware Created a cottage Created a cottage

industryindustry

The Apple II - 1978The Apple II - 1978

The first commercially The first commercially available Appleavailable Apple

Initially sold to Wall St. Initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted bankers who wanted the Spread-sheet the Spread-sheet program called program called Visicalc which ran on Visicalc which ran on the Apple IIthe Apple II

Put Apple on the MapPut Apple on the Map

The Osborne 1 - 1981The Osborne 1 - 1981

The first “portable” The first “portable” personal computerpersonal computer

Came with lot’s of Came with lot’s of software bundledsoftware bundled

Only weighed Only weighed about 40 lbs and about 40 lbs and sold for $1795sold for $1795

Note the large 5” Note the large 5” screen!screen!

IBM PC - 1982IBM PC - 1982

IBM’s first PCIBM’s first PC Signaled a significant Signaled a significant

shift for the giant shift for the giant manufacturermanufacturer

Established a new Established a new standard which is still standard which is still being built on todaybeing built on today

Operating system Operating system written by Bill Gates & written by Bill Gates & Co. at MicrosoftCo. at Microsoft

                        

The Computer Company that The Computer Company that Wasn’t, XeroxWasn’t, Xerox

Many of the innovations that became part Many of the innovations that became part of the Personal Computer scene were of the Personal Computer scene were actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto Research Center)Research Center)

Xerox was never able to successfully Xerox was never able to successfully exploit those innovations that included the exploit those innovations that included the mouse, graphic user interface and the mouse, graphic user interface and the concept of WYSIWYG,concept of WYSIWYG,

(What you see is what you get)(What you see is what you get)

Apple MacIntosh - 1984Apple MacIntosh - 1984

First PC with GUI First PC with GUI interfaceinterface

Adopted from the Adopted from the work that was done at work that was done at XeroxXerox

Designed to be a Designed to be a computer appliance computer appliance for “Real People”for “Real People”

Introduced at the Introduced at the 1984 Superbowl1984 Superbowl

VideoVideo

MacIntosh 1984 Superbowl AdMacIntosh 1984 Superbowl Ad

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYecfV3ubP8

1984 MacIntosh Ad1984 MacIntosh Ad

Directed by Ridley Scott Directed by Ridley Scott • (Alien, Blade Runner)(Alien, Blade Runner)

Cost $1.5 MCost $1.5 M Shown ONCE during ‘84 Superbowl at Shown ONCE during ‘84 Superbowl at

a cost of $500Ka cost of $500K Considered to be the best TV ad ever!Considered to be the best TV ad ever! Launched the Mac in grand style!Launched the Mac in grand style! http://www.uiowa.edu/~commstud/http://www.uiowa.edu/~commstud/

adclass/1984.apple_ad.movadclass/1984.apple_ad.mov

Just Some of the Companies that defined Just Some of the Companies that defined the Personal Computer Business early onthe Personal Computer Business early on

XeroxXerox IBMIBM CommodoreCommodore Texas InstrumentTexas Instrument OsborneOsborne MITSMITS AT&TAT&T CompaqCompaq

ToshibaToshiba HitachiHitachi SinclairSinclair Hewlett PackardHewlett Packard SonySony AppleApple MicrosoftMicrosoft SWTPSWTP

Year Name Performance Memory Price Price/Performance(adds/sec) (KB) (dollars) (vs. UNIVAC)

1951 Univac I 1,900 48 1,000,000 11964 IBM S360 500,000 64 1,000,000 2631965 PDP-8 330,000 4 16,000 10,8551976 Cray-1 166,000,000 32,768 4,000,000 21,8421981 IBM PC 240,000 256 3,000 42,1051991 HP9000/750 50,000,000 16,384 7,400 3,556,188

How do they rate in cost and performance?How do they rate in cost and performance?

Comparison ShoppingComparison Shopping

• In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 24 months (i.e., grow exponentially with time).

• Amazing visionary – million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s.

– 2300 transistors, 1 MHz clock (Intel 4004) - 1971

– 42 Million, 2 GHz clock (Intel P4) - 2001

– 140 Million transistor (HP PA-8500)

Moore’s Law

Source: Intel web page (www.intel.com)

Clock FrequencyClock FrequencyLead microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 yearsLead microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years

P6

Pentium ® proc486

38628680868085

8080

80084004

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Fre

qu

ency

(M

hz)

2X every 2 years

Courtesy, Intel

Growth Speed of Key Technologies Growth Speed of Key Technologies Obeys Moore’s LawObeys Moore’s Law

Today’s Price/PerformanceToday’s Price/Performance Over 3 Billion adds per second costs less than $1000Over 3 Billion adds per second costs less than $1000

Memory is measured in Megabytes/Gigabytes….not Memory is measured in Megabytes/Gigabytes….not KilobytesKilobytes

Magnetic Storage is measured in Gigabytes, not Megabytes Magnetic Storage is measured in Gigabytes, not Megabytes or Kilobytes…soon to be Terabytesor Kilobytes…soon to be Terabytes

Communications speeds are measured in Megabits per Communications speeds are measured in Megabits per second, not Kilobits or even lowersecond, not Kilobits or even lower

And so it continues !!!And so it continues !!!

Web Resources for Computing Web Resources for Computing HistoryHistory

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/thttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/t http://www.digitalcentury.com/http://www.digitalcentury.com/

encyclo/update/comp_hd.html encyclo/update/comp_hd.html http://www.hitmill.com/computers/http://www.hitmill.com/computers/

computerhx1.htmlcomputerhx1.html

Questions?Questions?