lectia 10 - pronumele. racism

7/30/2019 LECTIA 10 - Pronumele. Racism

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LECIA 10

Pronumele.Racism

Pronumele nlocuiesc substantive. Cele ase tipuri de adjective (calitativ, posesiv, interogativ,cantitativ, demonstrativ, distributiv) prezentate n Lec ia 9 au forme pronominale. Ele urmeaz n general reguli identice. Exist de asemenea i pronume personale i reflexive.

A. Adjective calificative + one / ones1. nlocuiete un substantiv care a fost men ionat mai devreme (adic are func ie de

pronume):I wont lend you my new laptop. You can borrow my old one.My brother missed his train. He caught the next one instead.

2. superlativele i culorile pot fi folosite singure:

Melissa is the best(dancer).Dont wear your blue shoes. The black(ones) look better.That painting is the most valuable (one) in the museum.

B. Pronumele posesive form: (sg) mine, your, his / hers; (pl) ours, yours, theirs. Utilizare pronumele posesive nlocuiesc adjectivele posesive. Substantivul care lipse te a fost men ionat mai nainte.

This is my book. This book is mine.Were using his card, not her card. Were using his, not hers.

NOT: Of yours nseamn one of your + substantiv.

of mine nseamn one of my + substantiv etc.John is a friend of ours. = John is one of our friends.

C. Pronume interogative form: who, whom, whose, what, which. Utilizare:

Persoane Lucruri

subiect who whatwhich which

complement whom, who whatwhich which

posesiv whose

NOT: Pronumele interogative sunt invariabile. Ele au o singur form.Who is that girl on TV?Who are those men at the door?

n engleza formal whom este folosit ca i complement obiect direct. Engleza vorbit l folose te pe who.

Whom did you see? (formal)Who did you see? (informal)

D. Pronume cantitative form: much, many, little, few, some, any, none. Utilizare:

1. many i few nlocuiesc substantive numrabile; much i little nlocuiesc substantivenenumrabile:


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Many showed up but only afew were lucky get into the club.He didnt spend much (money). In fact he spent very little.

2. none se folose te n propozi ii afirmative pentru a exprima nega ia: If all friends were like you, Id rather have none.

Britney hates high heels. She wears none.

ATEN IE! Some, any, no se combin cu -one, -body, -thing formnd cuvintele compuse:someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing.Aceste pronume urmeaz acelea i reguli.

Does anyone want to accompany me?They sawsomethingstrange at the gas station.

Nothinghappened, I swear.

E. Pronumele demonstrative form: this, that, these i those. Utilizare:1. pronumele demonstrative se acord n numr cu substantivul pe care l nlocuiesc:

This (cheeseburger) is mine. Thatis his.These (cheeseburgers) are mine. Those are his.

2. this, these se refer la obiecte din preajma vorbitorului. That, those se refer la obiecteaflate mai departe de vorbitor:

This (one) is here, that(one) is there.

F. Pronumele distributive form: each, all, everyone / everybody, everything, both, either,neither. Utilizare:

1. each nseamn considera i individual i urmeaz un verb la singular; allnseamnconsidera i mpreun i urmeaz un verb la plural:

Each chose the film he preferred.Allare welcome.

2. each, all, both i either / neitherpot fi urmate de OF + substantiv / pronume:Each of the boys / us felt ashamed.All of the students / you are invited to the club.Both of his grandparents / them are still living.Either of you / Neither of the men can go.

G. Pronume personale form:

subiect complementI meyou you

he/ she/ it him/ her/ itwe usyou youthey them

Utilizare:1. toate verbele limbii engleze (cu excep ia imperativelor) TREBUIE s aib subiect

pronominal:They dislike being called different.DAR: Come here!


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2. complementele pronominale (directe sau indirecte) urmeaz o prepozi ie sau verbul:I spoke to herimmediately after the news broke.We saw them kissing on the sofa.He gave heran engagement ring.

3. you and one sunt folosite impersonal cu sensul de everyone, no one sau anyone. Oneare un aspect formal. You este mai frecvent n engleza vorbit:You / one should respect the basic liberties of others. (= Everyone should respectthe basic liberties of others.)You / one cannot enter that lab. (= No one can enter that lab.)

4. they este folosit impersonal cu sensul de lumea spune, se zice:

They say hes slightly deranged. (= People say hes slightly deranged.)

5. it + be se folose te: pentru lucruri sau fiin e cu genul necunoscut:

Wheres my book?It is on the shelf.Look at that dog!Its chewing your shoes.

cu un substantiv / complement pronominal pentru a se referi la persoane:Whos at the door? Its Roxanne.Who was yelling on the phone? Was ithim? No, it was me.

n expresii despre vreme, temperatur, timp, date, distan e:Its cold outside.What time is it?Its nine oclock.

Its the 4th of July.How faris itto Dallas?Its ten miles.

H. Pronume reflexive form:singular plural

myself ourselvesyourself yourselves

himself/ herself/ itself themselves

Utilizare:1. cu verbe reflexive. Cele mai frecvente verbe reflexive sunt: to enjoy oneself, to amuse

oneself, to help oneself, to hurt oneself, to trouble oneself, to cut oneself, to wash

oneselfetc.

He must have hurt himselfduring the game, he is bleeding.Please helpyourselfto the buffet!

NOT: Multe verbe care sunt n mod normal reflexive n alte limbi NU sunt reflexive nenglez. Astfel de verbe sunt: to wash, to dress, to comb, to shave, to meetetc.

Alice and Alex met last year.He shaved his beard.

2. cu func ie de complemente prepozi ionale: She looked at herselfin the mirror.Why are you so angry with yourself?


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3. pentru ntrire:The president himselfattended the summit.The queen herselfmade the decision.

NOT: By + pronume reflexiv nseamn de unul singur. Un pronume reflexiv folosit cu

un verb nereflexiv nseamn fr ajutorul nimnui.I live by myself. = I live alone.I fixed it myself. = I fixed it without any help.

EXERCI II

1. Alege i rspunsul corect:

1. They / them helped we / us install the software.2. I / me saw you / your waiting for the bus this morning.3. It / he is the first day of spring.4. She / her decided to go with they / them.5. Why are you / he interested in she / her?6. We / us spoke to he / him yesterday.

2. Alege i un cuvnt compus din lista de mai jos i completa i spa iile; unele cuvinte pot fifolosite de mai multe ori.

somebody someone something

anybody anyone anything

nobody no one nothing

1. Im thirsty! Is there to drink?2. The boss has important to tell you. You must call him right away.3. The vet says there is wrong with your dog. Hes perfectly healthy.4. The door bell is ringing. Theres at the door.5. exciting ever happens to me!6. ever tells me what is going on. Its so frustrating!7. Didnt call to thank you?8. Theres in the safe. Its quite empty!9. There is waiting at the moment. You can go it now.10. Shall I make them for dinner? They havent had to

eat since last night.

3. A eza i cuvintele n ordinea corect .

1. is writing/she/him/a love letter2. enjoyed/I/them/telling/about it3. is interesting/it/to listen/to him4. you/cant/to him/it/give?

5. likes/he/her/calling


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6. you/dont/fix/why/for us/it?7. it/cleaned/we/for him

8. will repair/they/it/for us9. sent/we/to them/it10. please/it/give/to him

VOCABULAR

Racism

1.The fight against racism.

A. Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most important leaders of the American civil rightsmovement. King was a Baptist minister and also became a civil rights activist early in hiscareer. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 inMontgomery, Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation. The boycottstarted when Rosa Parks was arrested after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man.She was sitting in the fifth row (the first row that blacks could occupy). Soon, all of the first

four rows were filled up, and a white man walked on. Since blacks and whites could not be inthe same row, the bus driver wanted all of the blacks to move. Parks refused to do so and was

practically dragged off of the bus. When found guilty she appealed de decision and fought forher rights. As a result, Rosa Parks is considered one of the pioneers of the civil rightsmovement.

Martin Luther King Jr.s efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered hisI Have a Dream speech, where he presented the civil rights movement to the public.

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its

creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, thatall men are created equal.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they willnot be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts toend segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violentmeans. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.

B. Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela is a former freedom fighter who became the first president of South-Africa inthe post-apartheid period. His ambition as a child was to study law and make a contributionto the freedom movement in South Africa.


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The African National Congress (ANC formed in South Africa in 1912) was an association ofyoung blacks, whose aim was to improve the situation for black people in the whole of Africa.They wanted to represent the millions of working people in the towns and countryside whohad no vote and no power.

During the 1950s, Mandela was banned from working as a lawyer and was often arrested andimprisoned. From 1962, he spent 27 years in detention before he was released on 11 th

February 1990. After being sentenced, he said this:

I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I

have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all people live

together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live

for and to achieve. But if necessary, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

In 1991, the ANC held its first national conference inside South Africa after being banned fordecades. Mandela was elected president of the ANC. In 1993, he agreed to accept the Nobel

Peace Prize on behalf of all the South Africans who suffered to bring peace to the nation. Hewas president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

3. Do you know some of the most important articles in the Declaration of Human Rights?Fill in the gaps in the articles below with the words in italics.

law protection rights

Declaration reason brotherhood

equal conscience security

discrimination free servitude

slavery liberty

Article 1.

All human beings are born .. and equal in dignity and ... They areendowed with .. and and should act towards one another in aspirit of .

Article 3.

Everyone has the right to life, . and of person.

Article 4.

No one shall be held in or .; slavery and the slave tradeshall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 7.

All are before the law and are entitled without any to equalprotection of the .. All are entitled to equal against anydiscrimination in violation of this and against any incitement to suchdiscrimination.


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3. Follow the clues forAcross and Down to fill in the crossword.

Across1. ...... is one of the fundamental principles behind Human Rights.3. Many ...... during war have their human rights violated.7. The human ...... are a collection of freedoms and liberties.8. Freedom of ...... is a human right that is often contested by authoritarian regimes.9. All people are entitled to have their rights protected by the ......

Down2. The UN is the ...... organization that ensures that human rights are observed everywhere.4. ...... International is a very well-known organization fighting for human rights.

5. ...... is the most important inalienable human right.6. Sometimes, the violation of human rights is only solved in ......

lectia 10 - pronumele. racism

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