lec 4 - part 2 identification & dna fingerprinting

8/9/2019 Lec 4 - Part 2 Identification & DNA Fingerprinting

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Lecture 4 - Part II: Identifcation &

DNA Fingerprinting

Atty Molly Cr Abiog, MDCollege o La!

"ni#er$ity o Cordillera$



G. Identifcation o Blood & BloodStains

% For Di$puted Parentage ' Paternity orMaternity(

A Di$puted Paternity )ay Ari$e:% *+en t+e !ie co))itted adultery & +u$band

denied to be t+e at+er o t+e c+ild

*+en a c+ild !a$ born out o la!ul !edloc &)ot+er clai)ed $o)eone to be t+e at+er but

t+e at+er #e+e)ently denie$ it. In a clai) or $upport or rig+t o $ucce$$ion o

t+e alleged illegiti)ate c+ild

Legal Importance of the Study of Blood:



Legal I)portance o t+e /tudy o0lood

0 Di$puted Maternity )ay Ari$e:

% In ca$e o allegation o interc+ange o baby or ac+ild in a +o$pital or nur$ery +o)e, eit+er

accidentally or deliberately In ca$e$ o !ay!ard or $tray c+ildren being

clai)ed by t!o or )ore !o)en

. For o!ner$+ip o dead etu$ or ne!ly born c+ildound in $treet tra$+



Legal I)portance o t+e /tudy o0lood

Deter)ination o t+e appro5i)ate ti)et+e cri)e !a$ co))itted

6 Deter)ination o t+e place oco))i$$ion o t+e cri)e

7 Deter)ination o t+e pre$ence ocertain di$ea$e



Proble)$ to be An$!ered in t+e 0lood85a)

% Deter)ine !+et+er t+e $tain i$ due to blood

I due to blood, deter)ine !+et+er +u)anorigin or not

. I +u)an origin, !+at group doe$ it belong9

4 Doe$ it belong to t+e per$on in ue$tion9

Manner, degree & condition o t+e article

!+ic+ +a#e been $tained6 Age o t+e $tain



0iologic 85a)ination$

; 0iologic 85a)ination$

1 Precipitin <e$t; Deter)ine !+et+er t+e blood i$ o +u)an origin

or not

; 0lood =rouping$

1 A0> 0lood group$

1 ?+ group



Blood Grouping:

Inheritance Patterns o ABO Blood Groups:

=roup oParent$

=roup oC+ildren

85clu$ionCa$e

> 5 >

> 5 A

> 5 0

A 5 A

A 5 0

0 5 0> 5 A0

A 5 A0

0 5 A0

A0 5 A0

>

>, A

>, 0

>, A

>, A, 0, A0

>, 0A, 0

A, 0, A0

A, 0, A0

A, 0, A0

A, 0, A0

0, A0

A, A0

0, A0

-

A, A0>, A0

>

>

>



Blood Grouping:

; /ignifcance o t+e <e$t

1 May $ol#e di$puted parentage

'paternity and )aternity(1 A po$iti#e re$ult i$ not conclu$i#e t+at

t+e one in ue$tion i$ t+e o@$pring,but a negati#e i$ conclu$i#e t+at +e i$not t+e c+ild o t+e alleged parent$



Dierential Characteristics oBlood ro Dierent Sources

% Artifcial 0lood1 0rig+t $carlet in color

1 Lea#e$ t+e blood #e$$el !it+ pre$$ure1 ig+ o5ygen content

Benou$ 0lood

1 Dar red in color1 Doe$ not $pill ar ro) t+e !ound

1 Lo! o5ygen content




. Men$trual 0lood

1 Doe$ not clot

1 Acidic in reaction o!ing to )i5ture!it+ #aginal )ucou$

1 >n )icro$copic e5a)ination, t+ere

are #aginal epit+elial cell$1 Contain$ large nu)ber oDeoderlein$ bacillu$




4 Man$ or *o)an$ 0lood1 No )et+od a#ailable yet to di@erentiate

a )an$ blood ro) a !o)an$ blood

C+ild$ 0lood1 At birt+, it i$ t+in and $ot co)pared !it+

t+at o an adult

1?ed blood cell$ are nucleated and e5+ibitgreater ragility

1 ?ed blood cell$ count )ore t+an an adult



!. ID"#$I%ICA$IO# O% !AI A#D%IB"S

; Part$ o t+e +air:

1 Cuticle - outer layer o +air

1 Corte5 or )iddle layer - longitudinalfber$ bearing t+e pig)ent

1 Medulla or core- contain$ air bubble$

and $o)e pig)ent$; Di$tinction o +u)an +air ro) ani)al+air



Legal I)portance o t+e /tudy oFiber$

% Cotton fber$

Fla5 fber$

. e)p fber$4 Abaca Fiber$

ute fber$

6 *ool fber$7 /il fber$

E Linen fber$



Di@erentiate Begetable ro) Ani)al Fiber$

% Ignition te$t

C+e)ical te$t$ u$ing Nitric Acid

. Picric acid te$t4 Millon$ ?eagent$ te$t

/oaed in <annic acid

6 eated !it+ %G Na>



Identifcation o air & Fiber$

; Di@erence$ bet!een air Forcibly85tracted and Naturally /+ed air:

1I +air root i$ orcibly e5tracted, bulb i$irregular !it+ undulating $urace toget+er!it+ e5cre$cence$ o di@erent $+ape$ and$iHe$

1 Naturally $+ed +air +a$ rounded e5tre)ity,a $)oot+ $urace & $+o!$ $ign$ o atrop+icor atty degeneration e$pecially in elderly



Legal I)portance o t+e /tudy oair

1 8$ti)ation o Age ba$ed on t+e air:

;air o c+ildren1 Fine, $+ort, and defcient o pig)ent$ and, a$ a

rule, de#oid o )edulla

;Adole$cent age1 air )ay appear at t+e pubi$

1 air on $calp beco)e$ long, !iry and t+ic

;>lder people1 Color u$ually !+ite or gray !it+ )ared

ab$orption o pig)ent$ and degenerati#ec+ange$



I DNA FIN=8?P?IN<IN=



I. D#A %I#G"PI#$I#G

; A )ore recent )et+od oidentifcation i$ t+roug+ a per$on$

DNA, reerred oten a$ D#Afngerprinting becau$e o it$irreutable !ay o identiying a

per$on, )uc+ lie a fngerprint



I DNA 'Deo5yribonucleic Acid (Analy$i$

; Pronounced: ' dee(o)*(r*e(+o(ne,(-lee(ic acid

; %orensic science is not /ustD#A anal*sis

; #ot all orensic issues can +e

resol0ed +* D#A anal*sis



1hat is D#A2

;D#A

1C+e)ical $ub$tance !+ic+)ae$ up our c+ro)o$o)e$and control$ all in+eritabletrait$ 'ie eye, +air, $in color(

1Di@erent or e#ery indi#iduale5cept identical t!in$



1hat is D#A2

; D#A

1 Found in all cell$ !it+ a nucleu$

'!+ite blood cell$, $ot ti$$ue cell$,bone cell$, +air root cell$, and$per)atoHoa(

1 al o t+e indi#idual$

DNAc+ro)o$o)e$ co)e ro) t+eat+er, t+e ot+er +al ro) t+e)ot+er



*+at i$ DNA9

1 DNA $trand$ are )ade o our '4(di@erent building bloc$, A<C=

; A connect$ !it+ <, = connect$ !it+ C; Four building bloc$ and t+eir

$euence in DNA )ae$ up t+e letter$o t+e genetic code

1 An indi#idual$ DNA re)ain$ t+e$a)e t+roug+out +i$ lie



*+at i$ DNA9

1 In $pecifc region$ on a DNA$trand eac+ per$on +a$ a uniue

$euence o building bloc$ orgenetic code

1 It i$ a per$on$ uniue genetic

code t+at allo!$ $cienti$t$ toidentiy an indi#idual to t+ee5clu$ion o all ot+er$



C+aracteri$tic$ o DNA

; 8ac+ per$on +a$ a uniue DNA profle

; 8ac+ per$on$ DNA i$ t+e $a)e in all

+i$ or +er cell$; An indi#idual$ DNA profle re)ain$ t+e$a)e t+roug+out lie

; Mo$t DNA i$ t+e $a)e ro) per$on to

per$on; /o)e DNA #arie$ ro) per$on to

per$on



1!A$ IS D#A A#D !O1 DO"S I$1O32

; <+eoretically, !+ere#er a per$on i$, +ei$ continually $+edding o@ +i$ DNA in$o)e or) o biological $peci)en $uc+a$ $ali#a, blood, urine, $!eat, and e#en$e)en and #aginal Juid

; No )atter +o! )inute t+e a)ount, t+i$

can be collected and becau$e o it$uniuene$$ !ill identiy t+e $ource ro)!+ence it ca)e



DNA Fingerprinting

; 0rieJy, t+e procedure in#ol#e$ taing a DNApattern $euence ro) a +u)an cell,cutting it !it+ an enHy)e t+at recogniHe$ a

di$tincti#e $ite; <+roug+ electrop+ore$i$, t+ere i$ $eparationo t+e$e rag)ent$ by $iHe

; <+en t+i$ i$ probed !it+ a piece oradioacti#e DNA a$ a re$ult o !+ic+ band$

!ill appear, corre$ponding to t+e lengt+ ot+e$e rag)ent$, appearing lie a bar codelie t+e co))ercial product$ $old in$uper)aret$



DNA Fingerprinting

; DNA typing i$ a !ell-e$tabli$+ed tool ort+e identifcation o +u)an re)ain$

; It i$ $uc+ a po!erul tool t+at it i$re$orted to regularly and e$pecially!+en t+e traditional )et+od$ oidentifcation +a#e not yielded po$iti#ere$ult$



DNA Fingerprinting

; /ince DNA i$ relati#ely re$i$tant todeco)po$ition, e$pecially in bone$, t+i$)et+od can be u$eul in condition$ o

incineration, rag)entation ordeco)po$ition !+ere ideal $peci)en$can no longer be obtained



DNA Fingerprinting

; > t+e )any tec+niue$ o DNAanaly$i$, t+e )itoc+ondrial DNA ')tDNA( analy$i$ i$ t+e )o$t e@ecti#eidentifcation alt+oug+ tec+nically t+e)o$t c+allenging



DNA Fingerprinting

; In diKcult ca$e$, t+e po$$ibility oe5tracting u$eul DNA i$ ar better t+atnuclear DNA

; In#ol#e$ t+e $tudy o a relati#ely $)alla)ount o DNA ound in t+e cytopla$)o +u)an cell



DNA Fingerprinting

; It con$i$t$ o a $ingle $trandpre$ent in eac+ )itoc+ondrion,

!+ic+ i$ re$pon$ible or aerobic)etaboli$) o t+e cell

; In contra$t to a $ingle copy o

nuclear DNA per cell, t+ere are+undred$ to t+ou$and$ o copie$ o)itoc+ondrial DNA per cell



o! doe$ DNA $ol#e$ cri)e9

; DNA Profling

1 Deter)ine$ t+e e5act genotype o a

DNA )ultiple1 Di$tingui$+e$ one +u)an being ro)

anot+er by identiying a DNA2barcode3 uniue to e#ery indi#idual



DNA Identifcation Application$

; /e5ual a$$ault

; o)icidal and #iolent cri)e$

; 85culpate !rongly accu$ed $u$pect$; Identiy $erial cri)e$

; Identiy +u)an re)ain$

; /e5 o@ender tracing

; Parentage te$ting



DNA Parentage <e$tingApplication$

; C+ild $upport enorce)ent

; Cri)inal paternity

; Identiy +u)an re)ain$

; in$+ip and $ibling analy$i$

; <!in Hygo$ity



Non-oren$ic "$e$ o DNAMet+od$

; =enetic and ot+er di$ea$ediagno$i$

; ?are, endangered and e5tinctani)al$ re$earc+

; Identiy !ar ca$ualtie$

; i$torical identifcation i$$ue$



D#A Parentage e0idencesources:

Paternity Maternity

Fre$+ cord blood

0lood abortu$Prenatal $a)ple$

/ali#a 'buccal $!ab$(

Abandoned

/!itc+edidnapped inant$



Po$$ible ?e$ult$ o DNA Analy$i$

; ")clusion

1 D#A profle ro the e0idence

saple does not atch theprofle o the suspect4s reerencesaple

1 Suspect is e)cluded as a source

o the e0idence




; Inclusion

1 D#A profle o the reerence

saple atches that o thee0idence saple

1 Suspect is included as a potentialsource o the e0identiar* D#A




; Inconclusi0e

1 #ot possi+le to deterine i the

saples are the sae1 5a* arise ro saple

degradation6 containation7 orailure to o+ser0e soe part o

the protocol



8#identiary I$$ue$ inForen$ic DNA Analy$i$ & <e$ting

; Ad)i$$ibility

; 8#identiary !eig+t

; ?eading and under$tanding DNAanaly$i$ report

; Pre$enting and )aing t+e report

ad)i$$ible



ando 5atch Pro+a+ilit*

; /tati$tical e5pre$$ion o t+e$ignifcance o t+e profle )atc+

; Probability t+at an innocentindi#idual, unrelated to t+e $u$pectand c+o$en rando)ly ro) t+e

population, !ill )atc+ t+e DNAprofle taen ro) t+e cri)e$a)ple



8i-elihood atio

; /tati$tical e5pre$$ion o t+e$ignifcance o t+e profle )atc+

; <+e ratio o t+e probability t+at t+eDNA profle in t+e e#idence $a)pleco)e$ ro) t+e $u$pect, and t+e

probability t+at t+e DNA ca)ero) a rando), unrelated per$on



Pre$enting DNA & Maing itAd)i$$ible

; "$e o e5pert !itne$$ te$ti)ony

; Integrity o t+e $a)ple'$(

; C+ain o cu$tody

; Interpretation o re$ult$ andprobabilitie$

; ?ele#ance

; Co)petence



Pre$er#ation o DNA e#idence:

; Air dry 'no +eat( all $tain$ or $!ab$

; /tore roHen in paper bag$

; <i$$ue $tored roHen are preerably!it+out pre$er#ati#e$ 'or)alin ore)bal)ing Juid(

; ?erigerate liuid blood up to e!!ee$ reeHe or long ter) $torage



F>?8N/IC 8P8?<a$ Con$ultant or *itne$$:

; Co)ple5 $cientifc, )edical ortec+nical a$$i$tance

; 8#aluation o t+e ca$e; Literature re$earc+

; Ad#i$e coun$el about t+e di$co#ery

o e#idence



C>N/"L<AN< #$ *I<N8//

; Con$ultant pro#ide$ ad#ice inpreparing a ca$e and )ay beco)e

an ad#ocate; 85pert !itne$$ di$cu$$e$ act$ and

pro#ide$ obOecti#e opinion$ ba$ed

on act$ and $+ould not be anad#ocate



C>N/"L<AN< #$ *I<N8//

; “If the law made you a witnessremain a man of science. You have

no victim to avenge, no guilty orinnocent person to ruin or save.You must bear within the limits of

science.” (Paul H. roussard, !hairof "orensic #edicine , $orbonne,%&')



DNA e5pert !itne$$ te$ti)ony

; Proe$$ional ualifcation ande5perti$e

; ?eliability o t+e DNA te$tingproce$$

; ?eliability o t+e laboratory it$el

; Interpretation o t+e re$ult$ o t+eDNA te$t



Foren$ic Medicine

; A oren$ic $cienti$t !it+appropriate education, training

and e5perience i$ t+e per$on be$tualifed to

1 interpret $cientifc e#idence

1 or) a conclu$ion about it, and1 pro#ide an opinion about it$

$ignifcance in t+e conte5t o t+e ca$e



0a$e /euence & ?eplication



=enetic Factor

lec 4 - part 2 identification & dna fingerprinting

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