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Chapter 11

Cardiovascular Disease,Diabetes, and Cancer:Reducing Your Risks

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Canada

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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Canada 12-2

Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Leading cause of death in Canada

3rd leading cause of premature death under

age 75

Death rates from CVD are declining:

Medical advances

Educational programs

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Types of Cardiovascular Diseases

Arteriosclerosis

Narrowing or hardening of arteries

Atherosclerosis:

Fatty substances in lining of artery

Plaque may block blood flow

Affected by Fluctuations in blood pressure

Cholesterol and triglycerides

Cigarette smoking

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Coronary Heart Disease Myocardial infarction (MI)

Coronary thrombosis

Collateral circulation

Congenital Heart Disease:1 in 125

children

Angina Pectoris

Ischemia

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Stroke

Figure 12.2: CommonBlood Vessel Disorders.

StrokeBlood

supply tobrain is

interrupted

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Hypertension

Essential hypertension (most common)

Secondary hypertension

Arrhythmias

Irregularity in heartbeat (fast, slow)

Can be triggered by caffeine, nicotine

Congestive Heart Failure

Heart muscle is damaged or overworked

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Controlling Your Risks forCardiovascular Diseases

Risks You Can Control (fig 12-3 in text)

Cigarette Smoking

Exercise Dietary Intake and Obesity (Type 2 Diabetes)

Certain drug therapy (ERT, ASA)

Risks You Cannot Control

Heredity, Sex, Age, Race

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Women and Cardiovascular Disease

Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women

First sign is usually uncomplicated anginapectoris (chest discomfort rather than pain)

Women decline major procedures more oftenthan men (social stigma, gender bias)

Symptoms more vague than in men

Pain in neck, jaw, or arms Heaviness in shoulders, back, pit of stomach

Feeling out of breath, tired, sweating, nausea

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New Weapons Against Heart Disease

Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery Bypass has longer recovery time

Angioplasty may not last long

Low-dose aspirin may be beneficial

Thrombolysis

Injection that dissolves clot

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Diabetes: Incidence and Mortality

Characterized by high levels of blood sugar

Rates almost doubled between 1996/97 and 2005;estimated that 4.9% of Canadians have diabetes

Type 1: autoimmune disease that destroys the cells

that make insulin Type 2: insulin production is deficient or the body isunable to utilize all the available insulin

90-95% of all diabetes cases

linked to obesity and physical inactivity

Gestational: develops during pregnancy but maypredispose to later type 2 diabetes

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Understanding Risk Factors

Familial

Age

Mothers of babies weighing more than 4 kg

African Canadians, First Nations, and Inuuit

Controlling Diabetes Insulin drugs

Lifestyle changes: weight, diet, physical activity

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Complications Associated with Diabetes:

CVD

Eye disease and blindness

Kidney disease

Amputations

Pregnancy complications

Flu- and pneumonia-related deaths

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Cancer Incidence and Mortality

Introduction

>150,000 new cases in Canada diagnosed

>70,000 deaths

Mortality declining for males & women under age 70

Types of Cancer malignant, benign

Classifications of Cancer

Carcinomas

Sarcomas

Lymphomas

Leukemia

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What Causes Cancer? External factors

Environmental - carcinogens

Internal Factors

Spontaneous errors during cell

reproduction (oncogenes andprotooncogenes)

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Biological Factors

Occupational and Environmental Factors

Asbestos, nickel, arsenic, etc

Radioactive substances, ionizing radiation

Social and Psychological Factors

Stress, negative emotions

Chemicals in Food

Nitrates, pesticide & herbicide residues

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Smoking

Leading cause of preventable death in the

world

In Canada - nearly 1 in 5 deaths annually

Obesity

More common among people overweight Risk increases as obesity increases

High BMI and death rates for certain cancers

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Types of Cancer

Breast Cancer: risk increases with age

Prevention

recognition of early symptoms

physical activity

regular self examination & mammography

Treatment

many options: lumpectomy, mastectomy,radiation, chemotherapy

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Figure 11.5: Selected Surgical Procedures for Diagnosed Breast Cancer

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Types of Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Most common cancer in males today

Estimated 20,7000 Canadian men werediagnosed in 2006 (~4,200 deaths)

Colon and Rectum Cancer 40+ with family history are at increased risk

Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectalbleeding, etc.

Testicular Cancer

Ages 17-34 at greatest risk

Cause unknown

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Types of Cancer

Figure 11.6: Testicular Self-Exam

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Types of Cancer

Skin Cancer

Common: basal or squamous cell skincancers

Virulent: malignant melanoma

ABCD Rule about melanoma

Oral Cancer

Lips, cheeks, gums, floor of mouth, tongue,tonsils

Tobacco - smoking, chewing, or dipping

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Types of Cancer

Ovarian Cancer

Enlargement of abdomen, common sign

Prevention: annual pelvic exams

Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer Pap test for early detection of cervical

cancer

Warning: abnormal bleeding

HBV, HCV, and Liver Cancer

chronic, inflammation of liver

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Cancers Seven Warning Signs

1. Change in bowel or bladder habits

2. A sore that does not heal

3. Unusual bleeding

4. Thickening or lump (breast or other bodypart)

5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

6. Distinct change in wart or mole7. Nagging cough (hoarseness)

lec 2- chapter 11

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