LEC 12

FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 12Dr. Donald P. Althoff

Conifers (Coniferphyta)

Seed-bearing

Ferns & Club mosses GYMNOSPERMS Angiosperms

Vascular tissue

GYMNOSPERMS divisions

Coniferphyta

Cycads

Ginkgophyta

Gnetophytaancient

1 sp.

______ widely

distributedtropics& sub-tropics

“close”to angio-sperms

Cycads = Cycadophyta• Only one species native to

North America: Zamia pumila

• Dioecious pollen (male) & seed cones (female) are separate plants pollinated by _________, not wind

• 10 genera, 140 species (not including palm trees which are angiosperms: monocots [Liliopsida])

Gingkoes = Ginkgophyta

• Only one species present today: Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree)

• Dioecious male & female (stink) trees

• None native to NorthAmerica

• 1 genera, 1 species

• 12 species in North America: Ephedra

• More closely related to angiosperms than any other gymnosperm

• 3 genera, 70 species worldwide

Gnetophytes = Gnetophyta

Nevada Jointfir(Ephedra nevadensis)

Flowering

• No “apparent” leaves…leaves are scale-like

• Photosynthesis takes place in the _______

• ________—but produce small cones

Welwitschia mirabilis [African desert GYMNOSPERM]

gnetophyte

Distinguishing characteristics ofCONIFERS

• “naked seeds”…borne on surface of cone scales or on stalks among leaves

• All species are ________ vs. Angiosperms with a

mix of woody & herbaceous)

3

Kingdom Division Class

Order

PlantaeConiferphytaPinopsida

1 2

Pinaceae Cupressaceae

pines, firs, & spruces

cedars,cypress,junipers

Pinales

FamiliesTaxaceae

yews

Family TAXACEAE

• All “evergreen”• Monoecious and dioecious• Leaves spirally arranged • Pollen dispersal by ______• 3 genera, 7-10 species

Family CUPRESSACEAE

• All “evergreen”• Some monoecious, some

dioecious• Leaves arranged spirally or in pairs

(alternating at 900 angles or whorls)

• Pollen dispersal by wind• 18 genera, 140 species

Family PINACEAE

• _______________________• Usually in temperate climates• All “evergreen” except Larix & Pseudolarix

• Monoecious• Needle-like leaves• Female cones ________ than male cones• Pollen dispersal by ______• 11 genera, 220-250 species

Family PINACEAE: Vegetative Morphology

needle leaf

long shoot

Know for

final

Family PINACEAE: Spur Shoot & Fascicle

needle leaf

_______

sheath

scale leaf________________________

PinesMale & Female Gametophyte Systems

Thus, monecious—even on same branch

MALE CONE – STAMINATE…pollen source

FEMALE CONE - OVULATE

1 yr

2 yr

________________

________________

3 yr

1. Norway spruce (Picea abies)2. Colorado (blue) spruce (Picea pungens)3. White spruce (Picea glauca)4. Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana)5. White pine (Pinus strobus)6. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) 7. Red pine (Pinus resinosa)8. Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga)9. Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) 10. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)*11. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis)12. Eastern larch (Tamarack) (Larix laricina)13. Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)14. Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) 15. Eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis)

Classification REGIONAL CONIFERS(partial listing)

Division ConiferophyaClass PinopsidaOrder Pinales

Family Pinaceae “Pine” Cupressaceae – “Cypress”

PPPPPPPPPP

PC

P

CCC

P

White pine

Pitch pineVirginia pine

Needles per fascicle

2 5

E. Hem

lock&

spruces

1 3

Regional Pines (partial listing)

Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana)

White pine (Pinus strobus)

Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) Red pine (Pinus resinosa)

Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga)

Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)

TYPICAL NEEDLESPER FASCICLE (length)

2 (3-8 in.)

5 (3-5 in.)

2 (<3 in.)

2 (3-8 in.)

3 (3-5 in.)

2 (<3 in.)

2 (3/4-3 in.)

Know for final

Seed-bearing

Ferns & Club mosses Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Vascular tissue

Pterophyta Lycopodiophyta

Kingdom Division Class

Order

PlantaeLycopodiophytaLycopodiopsida

1 Lycopodiaceae – “the club mosses”

Lycopodiales

Family

Ground PineLycopodium dendroideum

Know for final

Ground Pine may indicate

• Cool ______________ climates• Fresh & moist soils• _______________ soils• Compacted soils• Also….• Mid-seral stage species (10-30 yr old stands)