leaving cert. biology revision questions - pdstcmsnew.pdst.ie/sites/default/files/short eqs...

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Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions

The following questions are taken from past Leaving Certificate Examination Papers (2004 - 2013). Questions on the same topic have been separated to provide random revision. If questions are repeated it only highlights their greater significance or importance as they have been asked more often over the years.

N.B. These questions do not cover the entire syllabus. Knowing the answers to these questions only is not a guarantee of an excellent result.

E.& O.E.

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No. Question Answer

1 State a function of the cell membrane

2 Explain how Rhizopus gets its food.

3 State one feature that would allow you to identify an eukaryotic cell

4 Name a human cell that is haploid

5 What term is used to describe a cellular reaction in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones?

6 By which type of cell division does the zygote divide?

7 What process results from the contraction of the muscles of the small intestine?

8 Give two examples of harmful members of the kingdom Fungi.

9 In carbohydrates, which two elements are in the ratio 2:1?

10 What term is used to describe an individual’s genetic makeup?

11 What form of heterotrophic nutrition does Rhizopus have? Outline the importance of this type of nutrition in nature.

12 Further divisions result in the formation of a morula. What is the next developmental stage after the morula?

13 Name a scientist responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection

14 Which of the following most accurately represents the pH of the contents of the small intestine: Acidic. Neutral. Alkaline.

15 Name two tissues that are present in the walls of arteries and veins and give a function of each of these tissues.

16 Name another form of nutrition employed by some fungi, other than heterotrophic.

17 What is an hypothesis?

These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

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18 The placenta forms from tissues of the mother and the foetus. Give two roles of the placenta.

19 What is the source of the heat that keeps the body at a fairly constant temperature?

20 Cellulose is a polysaccharide. Explain the term polysaccharide.

21 Name two glands that pass their secretions into the small intestine.

22 To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong?

23 To which group of molecules do enzymes belong?

24In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes that distinguish the sexes but are not essential for reproduction. To what term does the definition in italics refer?

25 Saprophytic nutrition is a form of heterotrophic nutrition. What does the term heterotrophic mean?

26 To which kingdom do yeasts belong?

27 State a location in a flowering plant where a growth regulator is secreted

28 1. What are symbiotic bacteria?2. Give two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the human alimentary canal.

29 Give one advantage of bioprocessing using an immobilised enzyme.

30 What term is used for the time in a young person’s life when such changes take place?

31 Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator.

32 Name one economically harmful fungus.

33

The nutrition of Rhizopus is described as being saprophytic.1. What does the term saprophytic mean?2. Explain the importance of saprophytic nutrition in the overall scheme

of nature.

34 State a role for cellulose in living organisms.

35 Where in the human alimentary canal is most water absorbed?

36 Name the hormone that maintains such changes throughout the life of a male.

37 Name a polysaccharide other than cellulose.

38 Describe a test for a named polysaccharide.

39 What is meant by the term segregation as used in genetics?


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40 In relation to protein synthesis what is transcription.

41 State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus.

42 Where in the human female reproductive system does 1. Meiosis, 2. Zygote formation, 3. Implantations occur?

43 State two ways, other than colour, in which red blood cells differ from white blood cells.

44Mushrooms belong to the Fungi kingdom. A restaurant owner decides to collect and cook wild mushrooms from a local forest. Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea.

45 Write a balanced equation to summarise the process of photosynthesis.

46 In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP form?

47 Where precisely in a plant cell would you expect to find cellulose?

48 Veins contain valves whereas arteries do not. What is the function of the valves?

49 Name a group of white blood cells, other than lymphocytes.

50 Name the two scientists mainly associated with the cohesion-tension model of transport.

51 Describe the role of oestrogen and progesterone in the control of the events of the menstrual cycle.

52 Distinguish between breathing and respiration.

53 What structures attach a muscle to a bone?

54 What is a ‘denatured’ enzyme?

55 Where do cilia occur in the breathing system? What is their function?

56

Lymphocytes may be divided into B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies1. What is the role of antibodies in the body?2. Name any three types of T cell.3. State a role of each of the T cell types that you named in part 2.

57 Name the reagents used to test for a reducing sugar.

58 Give one change experienced by the mother that indicates to her that the birth process is starting.Plants have evolved certain adaptations that protect them from adverse conditions. List two such adaptations.

59 Describe the principal features of the cohesion-tension model.

60 Name a test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of a reducing sugar.


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61 State one possible cause of asthma or bronchitis.

62 Which upper arm muscle contracts to raise the lower arm?

63 Explain the term homeostasis.

64 From what does a seed develop?

65 Give a short account of the birth process.

66 Give two examples of the use of plant growth regulators.

67 Name an enzyme and matching substrate

68 The cohesion-tension model of transport attempts to explain water movement in plants against a particular force. Name this force.

69 Where does fertilisation normally occur in the reproductive system of the human female?

70 What is a disaccharide?

71

Homeostasis often requires an organism to exchange materials between different tissues or between itself and the external environment by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Explain each of the underlined terms.

72When using Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution which of the following is correct?1. No heat needed, 2. Heat but do not boil, 3. Boil.

73 What is meant by the term antagonistic pair in reference to muscles?

74 What are growth regulators in plants?

75 What term is used for the type of asexual reproduction that produces a daughter plant by runners?

76 Where precisely does water enter a plant?

77 Name the tissue in plant stems through which water rises to the leaves.

78 Give an example of a treatment for asthma or bronchitis.

79

State one way in which each of the following contributes to homeostasis.1. Liver.2. Lungs.3. Nephrons of kidneys.

80 What might a hypothesis develop into?

81 What do the letters ATP stand for?


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82 Explain the term transpiration.

83 Would you expect a daughter plant produced by a runner to be haploid or diploid? Explain your answer.

84 State one way in which carbohydrates differ from fats.

85 Name the type of joint at the elbow.

86 Give one way in which xylem is adapted for the transport of water.

87 Describe the role of the skin in controlling body temperature.

88 From which structure in the seed does the root develop?

89 Give one method, other than runners, and not involving seeds, that is used by horticulturists to produce new plants.

90 What process is responsible for the uptake of minerals in a plant?

91 By what process does water enter a plant?

92 State one way in which yeast is beneficial to humans.

93 State the products of segregation when an organism is heterozygous in respect of the dominant allele A.

94 What is meant by the term immunity?

95

Give a brief account of the role of each of the following in flowering plant reproduction.1. Petal.2. Anther.3. Stigma.

96 Give a precise location of xylem in the stem.

97 Apart from movement, give one other function of the skeleton.

98When investigating digestive activity during seed germination: 1. How did you supply a substrate suitable for the digestive enzymes? 2. How did you ensure that no digestive enzymes were available on the control plate?

99 Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil?

100 Name a monosaccharide and state a role for it in living organisms.

101 Suggest a benefit to the plant of the phototrophic growth response.

102 When may it be considered that the process of fertilisation is complete?

103 Name one structure through which the pollen tube grows in order to reach the embryo sac.


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104 State precisely the events that take place at the alveoli.

105 State another function of xylem tissue other than water transport.

106 A virus has been described as a piece of genetic material that has escaped from a cell. Give one piece of evidence that supports this description.

107 Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the breathing system.

108 How are the alveoli adapted for their function?

109 Suggest one reason why the bones of birds are almost hollow.

110 Name the reagents used to test for a protein.

111

Within the pollen tube the generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes.1. What type of division takes place?2. With what does each male gamete fuse in the embryo sac?3. Name the product of each fusion.

112 Breathing rate in humans is controlled by the concentration of a gas dissolved in blood. Which gas is this?

113 Name the nutrient medium on which you grew yeast.

114 Viruses are examples of obligate parasites. Explain why this is the case.

115 Suggest a possible cause of a named disorder of the breathing system.

116 What is the function of the semi=circular canals in the ear?

117 Give an example of a regulator in plants that inhibits growth.

118 Cellulose is a polysaccharide. What is it formed from?

119 As the seed forms following fertilisation, a food store develops in one of two structures. Name any one of these structures.

120 Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil?

121 Energised electrons play a central role in ATP formation during photosynthesis. What is an energised electron?

122 In relation to protein synthesis what is a triplet and state the role of a triplet.

123 Give an example of how a virus might be beneficial to mankind.

124 Name one disorder of the human breathing system.

125 What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the ear?


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126 Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes place.

1271. Name the three germ layers in the early human embryo.2. For each germ layer name a structure in the adult body that develops from it.

128 Why is a control important in an experiment?

129 Give two uses of plant growth regulators in horticulture.

130 By what process does water enter a plant?

131 What term is used for glands that secrete hormones?

132 Describe in detail how we inhale air.

133 Suggest one way in which a person might adapt his/her lifestyle to minimise the effects of asthma or bronchitis.

134 Name the part of the ear in which nerve impulses is generated.

135 From which tissues does the placenta develop?

136 State the Law of Independent Assortment.

137 In relation to flowering plants explain what is meant by vegetative propagation.

138 Distinguish between endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.

139 How do these glands differ from those that do not secrete hormones?

140 Explain what is meant by germ layers and name the germ layers that appear in early human development.

141 One large muscle and one set of muscles are involved in inhalation. Name both.

142 Name the tissue that water travels through in a plant.

143 1. What is the amnion?2. Explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus.

144 In what part of the eye are nerve impulses generated?

145 Define predation.

146 Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator.

147 Name the process responsible for the entry of water into a plant.

148 In which tissue does water ascend through the plant?


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149 When we breathe we inhale air. What gas in the air is essential for respiration?

150 Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual-function gland.

151 Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus is normally triggered by an adverse environmental stimulus. Suggest one such stimulus.

152 How do phospholipids differ from other lipids?

153 Suggest one way by which the ear may be protected.

154 Name one process that causes water to move upwards in a plant.

155 To which group of blood cells do lymphocytes belong?

156 Explain the term niche.

157 Give two advantages to Rhizopus of zygospore formation.

158 Explain in detail how the eye works.

159 What is the chemical nature of many hormones?

160 Explain the part played by NADP- in photosynthesis.

161 Comment on the difficulty of describing a virus as a living organism.

162 Explain how a corrective measure for a named defect of hearing or vision works.

163 Distinguish between active and passive immunity.

164Consider that night has fallen and the plant is in darkness. Suggest what will happen to the amount of water moving through the plant and give a reason for your answer.

165In the case of each of two named hormones secreted in the human body state: 1. The precise location of the gland that secretes it. 2. A function of the hormone.

166 The eye is filled with fluid. What is the function of this fluid?

167 What term is used to describe the process of asexual reproduction in yeast?

168 The hammer (malleus) is a very small bone located in the …

169 Name an anabolic process carried out by plants.

170 In relation to protein synthesis describe the role of tRNA.

171 State the precise location of the cell membrane in plant cells.These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

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172 Bile is secreted by the …

173In the case of one non sex hormone 1. Give a deficiency symptom. 2. Give a symptom of excess secretion. 3. Give a corrective measure for either its deficiency or its excess, clearly stating which you have chosen.

174 What happens to the new cells of Rhizopus formed during the process of asexual reproduction?

175 Name and give a function of the coloured part of the eye.

176 Tiny holes called … allow gases to enter and leave the leaf.

177 State two ways by which plants have adapted to protect themselves.

178 Bones are joined to other bones by …

179 An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an …

180 With what type of cell do you associate membrane-bound organelles?

181 How does asexual reproduction in Rhizopus differ from that in yeast?

182 What is a placenta? From what tissues does a placenta form?

183 List two methods of contraception.

184 Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses.

185 Give an example of predation by naming a predator and its prey.

186 Suggest one reason why enzymes are not found in body soap or shampoo.

187 What is meant by fertilisation?

188 Describe how virus reproduction takes place in a host cell.

189 Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Include a clear reference to each in your answer.

190 What term is used to describe bacterial cells, i.e. no membrane-bound organelles?

191 Distinguish clearly between antibodies and antibiotics by writing a note about each.

192 What is meant by the term contraception?

193 Name a polysaccharide that has a different role to cellulose. What is the role of the polysaccharide that you have named?

194 Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation that involve different parts of a plant.


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195 What term is used for the form of asexual reproduction in bacteria?

196 Describe two ways in which the skin helps to defend the body against pathogenic micro-organisms.

197 Give one way in which a nervous response differs from a hormonal response.

198Name the part of the flower in each case 1. Where fertilisation occurs 2. That becomes the fruit.

199 The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. What does this mean?

200 Where in the human male reproductive system does meiosis occur?

201 Explain the term edaphic.

202 In relation to antibodies, distinguish between active and passive immunity.

203 What is meant by the diploid number of a cell?

204 In which stage of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide provide carbon for carbohydrate formation?

205 Give one function each of any two parts found only in neurons.

206 State one difference between the seeds of monocotyledons and dicotyledons other than the number of seed leaves.

207 Name the two main chemical components of a virus.

208 Why is diffusion alternatively known as passive transport?

209 Suggest a reason why the structure containing the testis must be kept below body temperature.

210 State two ways in which growth regulators in plants are similar to hormones in animals.

211Each seed is made up of an embryo, a food store and a seed coat (testa). One function of fruit is to aid dispersal.Explain each of the underlined terms.

212 What does the term pathogenic mean in relation to bacteria?

213 Name and state the role of any two types of neuron, other than the motor neuron.

214 Give an example of an edaphic factor

215 Name a plant growth regulator that promotes growth and give a precise location for a site of its action.

216 What is an enzyme?

217 What is the function of the prostate gland?These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

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218 What is meant by the germination of a seed?

219 Osmosis may be described as “a special case of diffusion”. Explain why.

220 Suggest a benefit of artificial propagation.

221 Through which part of a stem are growth promoters transported?

222

State one function for each of the following parts of the human brain.Cerebrum;Hypothalamus;Cerebellum;Medulla oblongata.

223 By which method are the seeds of the fruits of blackberries and sycamore fruit dispersed?

224 State one factor that decreases heart rate and one factor that increases it.

225 Name a fat-soluble vitamin, a good source of it and a deficiency disease caused by it.

226 Name one male sex hormone.

227 Where are the discs in the human backbone?

228 Name the structure by which Amoeba gets rid of excess water that has entered by osmosis.

229 Outline two uses of growth promoters in horticulture.

230 In relation to the nervous system, distinguish between grey matter and white matter. Include a clear reference to each in your answer.

231 Name the artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood.

232 What is meant by the term DNA profiling?

233 What term is given to the growth of an embryo into a plant?

234 Some people receive vaccinations to protect them from disease. What is meant by the term vaccination?

235 Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each.

236 To where does the pulmonary artery carry blood?

237In the case of either paralysis or Parkinson’s disease state:1. a possible cause, other than accident;2. a method of treatment.

238 What is meant by the term metabolism?

239 Give an example of a growth regulator that inhibits growth.


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240 What is meant by the term evolution?

241 What is the function of the discs in the human backbone?

242 What is a tissue?

243 Viruses cause disease in plants, humans, and other animals. Name any two diseases caused by viruses.

244 In order for germination to be successful, certain environmental conditions must be present. Name any two of these conditions.

245 From the following list, Write any term that describes the nutrition of a typical plant: parasitic; heterotrophic; saprophytic; autotrophic.

246 Clones are genetically identical individuals. Are the products of vegetative propagation clones? Explain your answer.

247 “Enzymes are essential for metabolism”.Explain why this statement is true.

248 What do bacteria form when environmental conditions become unfavourable?

249 In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the dog?

250 State three functions of a root.

251 What is a cotyledon?

252 Which type of immunity is the longest-lasting?

253 Suggest how a commercial grower might try to increase crop yield in his glasshouses or tunnels.

254 Give a role for each of the following in the human body: (i) Yellow bone marrow, (ii) Red bone marrow.

255 Describe the process of birth.

256 Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Protein synthesis.

257 What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

258 What is the average resting rate of the human heart in beats per minute?

259 What is the main source of a dog’s body heat?

260 Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity by defining each.

261 What is the main source of carbon dioxide used by plants in the dark stage of photosynthesis?

262 Name two minerals required by the human body and give their functions


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263 State three environmental factors that are necessary for germination.

264 What is the purpose of vaccination?

265 Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Conversion of ADP to ATP.

266 Suggest a value to dogs of the relationship between their body temperature and environmental temperature.

267 Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding.

268 State one role of NADP and one role of ATP in the dark stage of photosynthesis.

269 The general defence system tries to prevent disease-causing organisms entering the body. List two parts of the general defence system in the body.

270 What is the function of mitosis in single-celled organisms?

271 Describe two techniques of artificial vegetative propagation that are used for flowering plants.

272Complete the following equation, which is a summary of aerobic respiration.C6H12O6 + 6O2

273 State two uses of DNA profiling.

274 Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Reactions in which product molecules are larger than substrate molecules.

275 Write a brief note on in Glycolysis relation to respiration.

276 In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the lizard?

277 What term is used to describe organisms that cause disease?

278 Give an example of an herbivore and of a carnivore found in an ecosystem you have studied (not domesticated or farm animals).

279 List two methods of contraception.

280 Give one function of mitosis in multicellular organisms.

281Farmers add nitrates as fertilizers to the soil. They are advised not to spread fertilizers if heavy rain is forecast. Why do you think they are given this warning?

282 What is the source of energy for the earth’s ecosystems?

283 Write a brief note on in Acetyl Co-enzyme A relation to respiration.

284 State one way by which an enzyme may be denatured.

285 What is the main source of a lizard’s body heat?These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

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286 Suggest one cause and one treatment for a named disorder of the human musculoskeletal system.

287 Explain what is meant by pollution.

288 To what structure does the ureter link the kidney?

289 Give two functions of the placenta.

290 Name an organ in the human body, other than the kidney, in which excretion takes place.

291 Write a brief note on in Adenosine triphosphate relation to respiration.

292 Give one location where mitosis occurs in flowering plants.

293 Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong.

294 Name one disorder of the human musculoskeletal system.

295 Give two features of a denatured enzyme.

296 Give two industrial uses of the anaerobic respiration of yeast.

297 To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong?

298 State a function of the sepal.

299 Write a brief note on in Electron transport chain relation to respiration.

300 From what tissues is the placenta formed?

301 To which kingdom does the organism used in industrial fermentation belong?

302 Where does filtration occur in the kidney?

303 What general name is given to places in the body where two or more bones meet?

304 Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, there is one other element always present in the building blocks of enzymes. Name that element.

305 Name the liquid part of blood.

306 What is genetic engineering?

307 Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Include a clear reference to each in your answer.

308 Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be controlled.


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309 1. Under what circumstances does a bacterial cell form an endospore? 2. Describe briefly how an endospore forms.

310 Name the process that takes place in plants in which this energy is converted to a usable form.

311 Describe the roles of the biceps and triceps in raising the forearm.

312 Describe the process of natural selection.

313In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. How was the rate of photosynthesis measured?

314 From what part of the embryo plant within the seed does the root develop?

315 What do ecologists mean by a pyramid of numbers?

316 Name two vascular tissues found in flowering plants.

317 Name two types of heterotrophic nutrition used by bacteria.

318 Name three processes involved in genetic engineering.

319 Name an important group of biomolecules that plants make from nitrates.

320 Name the structures that attach muscles to bones.

321 Name two male secondary sexual characteristics.

322

In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. Name a factor that must be kept constant during this investigation.

323

Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population.Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. Suggest a reason for attempting to establish an exotic species in a new country.

324 Aerobic respiration is a two-stage process. The first stage takes place in the cytoplasm. Where does the second stage take place?

325 Using your knowledge of antibiotics and bacteria, suggest why a person is more likely to pick up an infection in hospital than at home.

326 Name an autotrophic organism

327 Give an example of a catabolic reaction


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328 If two muscles form an antagonistic pair. What does this mean?

329 The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria is called …

330 Give an example of an application of genetic engineering in each of the following cases: 1. A micro-organism, 2. An animal, 3. A plant.

331

Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population.Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful.Suggest two reasons why the great majority of attempted introductions have been /unsuccessful.

332 Give a source of evidence for evolution. Briefly outline the evidence from the source referred to.

333 What is meant by the term evolution?

334 Name the principal male sex hormone.

335 What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate?

336 A relationship between two organisms in which both benefit is called ...

337 Suggest what might happen to lactic acid in the muscles after anaerobic respiration.

338 In which part of the flower is pollen produced?

339

Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population.Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful.Use your knowledge of the life cycle of flowering plants to suggest how an exotic plant may escape from captivity.

340 Give the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase.

341 An example of a protein that has a structural role is ...

342 Name either of the scientists responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection.

343 What term is used by biologists to describe differences within a population with respect to features such as height?

344 What is the function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)?

345 What is the name of the acid produced in the muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration?


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346 Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called?

347

Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population.Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful.Use the knowledge that you have gained in your studies of ecology to suggest how the introduction of an exotic species may: 1. impact negatively on an existing community. 2. impact positively on an existing community.

348 What is meant in genetics by the term sex linkage? Name two common sex-linked traits.

349 What is a mutation?

350 What is the function of the stomata?

351 Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Gene and allele.

352 Name two substances that are dissolved in the liquid part of blood.

353 Name a plant in which the leaves are modified for food storage

354 In anaerobic respiration, is a little or a lot of energy produced?

355

Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population.Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful.It has been stated that an exotic species has a good chance of becoming established in a new environment if there is a vacant niche.1. Explain the term niche in this context.2. Do you agree with the above statement?3. Explain your answer.

356 Human males and females differ in one of their twenty three pairs of chromosomes. What name is given to this pair of chromosomes?

357 From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the blood?

358 Give an example of a human activity that results in the pollution of air or water

359 Name a dicotyledonous plant.

360Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Homozygous and heterozygous.


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361 What is peristalsis?

362 Explain the terms 1. Flora, 2. Fauna.

363 Which type of respiration results in the production of acid in our muscles?

364 In DNA, nitrogenous bases occur in complementary pairs. Explain the term complementary as used here.

365 Yeast cells produce ethanol (alcohol) in a process called fermentation.Is this process affected by temperature?

366 Where would you find a meristem in a root?

367State 1. One role of the pancreas in digestion. 2. One role of the gall bladder in digestion.

368 Explain the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment.

369Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Genotype and phenotype.

370 Name one animal from your named ecosystem and describe how you carried out a quantitative study of that animal.

371 Name the two types of respiration.

372 Name the complementary base in RNA for: 1. Adenine, 2. Cytosine.

373 Explain what is meant by conservation.

374 What is meant by germination?

375 Name a part of a flower that may develop into a fruit.

376 Cardiac muscle may be described as a contractile tissue. Explain the meaning of the underlined term.

377 Name the blood vessel that carries the digested food to the liver.

378 Suggest one way in which marking an animal might endanger it.

379 What is meant by the term respiration?

380 Name a carbohydrate that is a component of nucleotides.

381Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Linkage and sex linkage.

382 Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: biosphere, habitat and niche.


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383 ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for?

384 Name an enzyme that is involved in the digestion of fat

385 What is an agar plate?

386 Ecosystems are subject to changes, both natural and artificial. Mention one of each type of change as it applies to your named ecosystem.

387 Name a component of a nucleotide that is neither a carbohydrate nor a nitrogenous base.

388 From your knowledge of photosynthesis, suggest two ways of improving the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse.

389 Suggest a treatment that may be used for a person whose kidneys are not carrying out their normal functions.

390 What is meant by the term excretion?

391 State two functions of the liver – other than the processing of digested food.

392 State one cause of mutation.

393 What is homeostasis?

394Nucleic acids are composed of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is formed from a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Name the two types of nitrogenous base found in DNA.

395 What does the ‘m’ stand for in mRNA?

396 In photosynthesis, water is split into three products. Name these three products.

397 What is the source of the heat that allows the body to maintain a constant internal temperature?

398 What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic (body) cell of an animal?

399 Mention one method of excretion in flowering plants.

400 Why is digestion necessary in a germinating seed?

401 The colon contains many symbiotic bacteria – mostly ‘good’ bacteria. State two benefits we get from these bacteria.

402 Give both of the specific base pairs in DNA structure.

403 Give one difference between RNA and DNA, other than the nitrogenous bases.

404 Give a brief account of a conservation practice with which you are familiar.

405 Name the gas in the air needed for photosynthesis.


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406 What happens to the two polar nuclei in the carpel?

407 What is a germ layer?

408 Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney.

409 What is an auxin?

410 State the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment.

411 What name is applied to the period of the cell cycle in which division is not taking place?

412 State one function of the liquid part of blood.

413 Name the openings in the lower surface of the leaf that are used for gas exchange.

414 Explain the word digestion.

415 To which group of biomolecules do enzymes belong?

416 List three types of tropism.

417 From which blood vessel does the renal artery arise?

418 What is meant by the term genetic engineering?

419 Give a cellular process that occurs during the period in the cell cycle in which the nucleus is not dividing.

420 State one feature that indicates that Rhizopus belongs to the kingdom Fungi.

421 The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the alimentary canal to the …

422 Name the cell structures, present in large numbers in the upper part of the leaf, that are needed for photosynthesis.

423 A tendon joins … to bone.

424Give one role for each of the following types of teeth: 1. Incisors 2. Molars.

425 Hormones are secreted by … glands.

426 Briefly explain the term Isolation in the context of genetic engineering.

427 What term is used for the group of disorders in which control has been lost over the rate of mitosis?

428 In which cavity of the body are the kidneys located?


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429 State Mendel’s Law of Segregation.

430 Give an account of the evidence for evolution from a named source.

431 Name the green pigment present in leaves that is essential for photosynthesis.

432 In which part of a flower does a seed form?

433 Gas exchange between a leaf and the atmosphere takes place through the …

434 Briefly explain the term Cutting (restriction) in the context of genetic engineering.

435 In relation to structures such as the cell membrane, explain the term selective permeability.

436 Peristalsis begins when food enters the oesophagus.What is meant by peristalsis?

437 Name one substance, other than water, excreted in the urine.

438 True or false. Mitosis is the division of a nucleus into two identical nuclei

439 What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis?

440 Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol.

441 Name a factor that influences the activity of an enzyme.

442 Briefly explain the term Transformation (ligation) in the context of genetic engineering.

443 Suggest an advantage to the cell of having a selectively permeable membrane.

444 What is fertilisation?

445 Filtration ensures that cells and valuable substances are not lost from the body when urine is being formed. Name two of these substances or cells.

446 Give a feature of the kidney which indicates that it is an exocrine gland.

447Describe the following changes that happen to food in the stomach:1. Mechanical changes 2. Chemical changes.

448 State whether each of the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: Respiration.

449 Name the type of joint at your elbow.

450 Briefly explain the term Introduction of base sequence changes in the context of genetic engineering.

451 Name two substances that enter a human muscle cell by diffusion.


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452 Fats are composed of fatty acids and …

453 Explain conservation in relation to wild plants and animals.

454 Name two cell organelles, other than the nucleus, that contain DNA.

455 Name the hormone associated with changing the permeability of the collecting duct.

456 State whether each of the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: Photosynthesis.

457 State the role of the kidneys in homeostasis.

458 Briefly explain the term Expression in the context of genetic engineering.

459 Explain the term turgor.

460 What is the pH of the stomach contents?

461 State two ways in which the body is insulated against loss of heat.

462 Name a factor that influences the diameter of the stomata.

463 Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall?

464A sample of urine was found to contain protein.1. Would you consider this to be normal?2. Explain your answer.

465 How are hormones carried around the body?

466

Give one application of genetic engineering in any two of the following.1. An animal.2. A plant.3. A micro-organism.

467 Give a feature of a plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for long periods.

468 Some flowers have nectaries. How are these flowers pollinated? Explain your answer.

469 Explain the terms alleles and dominant.

470 Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach?

471 Where precisely does fertilisation normally occur in the human female?

472 List the three germ layers. Relate each of the germ layers that you have listed to an organ or system in the adult body.

473 Where in the human body is the pancreas located?


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474Answer the following in relation to enzymes.(i) What is their chemical nature? (ii) Comment upon their molecular shape.

475 Suggest a way in which turgor is of value to plants.

476A sample of urine was found to contain glucose.1. Would you consider this to be normal?2. Explain your answer.

477 Define tropism

478 True or false. A sperm contains the haploid number of chromosomes

479 Blood contains red cells and white cells. State one function for each of these.

480 What is meant by a ‘balanced’ diet?

481 Name an enzyme and its substrate.

482 What is meant by the term endocrine?

483When demonstrating osmosis: 1. For what purpose did you use Visking tubing, potato tissue or some similar material? 2. At the end of the demonstration, how did you conclude that osmosis had occurred?

484 What term is used to describe alleles that lie on the same chromosome?

485 What do you understand by the term adverse external environment?

486 State one reason why a low pH is important in the stomach

487 Name a type of modified stem that functions in food storage.

488 What name is given to fats that are liquid at room temperature?

489 Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

490 Suggest a means of treating a named disorder of the human nervous system.

491 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Krebs Cycle.

492In ecological studies it is found that the distribution of organisms is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Distinguish between the underlined terms.

493 Distinguish between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.

494 Give two ways in which plants protect themselves from adverse external environments.

495 An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A source is … A lack causes …


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496 Explain the term species.

497 Name one structure in plant cells not found in fungi.

498 Explain the term fermentation.

499 Give one cause of a named disorder of the human nervous system.

500 What are the products of fat digestion?

501If the magnification of a microscope eyepiece is X 10 and the magnification of the objective lens is X 40, what magnification results when a slide is viewed using both of these lenses?

502 State a site of auxin secretion.

503 Name the group of substances in plants which control responses to external stimuli.

504 What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration.

505 What is the purpose of using agar when growing fungi or bacteria in the laboratory?

506 Name an organism that is used in industrial fermentation.

507 Name one disorder of the human nervous system.

508 Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates.

509 What are secondary sexual characteristics?

510 What is meant by variation? State two causes of variation.

511 Suggest two reasons for conserving wild species.

512 What name is given to the regions in plants in which growth regulators are produced?

513 Suggest one reason why leaf yeasts are more plentiful in July than in March.

514 Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in industrial fermentation.

515 True or false. Chromosomes are made of DNA and lipid

516 What substances carry nerve impulses across the synapses?

517 Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial producer could increase her/his crop yield of tomatoes.

518 Where are sperm produced?


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519 What is the function of a semilunar valve?

520 From what structures does the placenta develop?

521 How did you recognise the leaf yeasts when they appeared on the agar?

522When investigating the effect of either carbon dioxide concentration or light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: How did you vary your chosen factor?

523 Give locations for two meristematic regions (meristems) in plants.

524 Tiny gaps are found where one neuron ends and the next one begins. What are these gaps called?

525 What is the significance of inherited variation in the evolution of species?

526 Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to …

527

The process of respiration occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take place in different parts of the cell. Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and where in the cell Stage 2 occurs.Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy?

528 State one cause of infertility in the female and one cause of infertility in the male.

529 How did you safely dispose of the agar plates at the end of an investigation?

530 Give the name of the first stage of photosynthesis.

531 Name the apertures in stems that are equivalent to the stomata.

532 Most plant shoots are positively phototropic. Explain the underlined term.

533 Nerve impulses are carried around the body by neurons. Name any two types of neuron.

534 True or false. Organisms of the same species can usually produce fertile offspring.

535 Describe the ways in which the body responds when its internal temperature rises above the normal level.

536 State two types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution.

537In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following:(i) Data. (ii) Replicates

538In the first stage of photosynthesis, pathways I and II relate to the passage of energised electrons. 1. Explain what happens to these electrons in pathway I. 2. Describe the events of pathway II.

539 Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen.


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540 What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation?

541 Give one example of a plant response to such a stimulus.

542 How does the plant benefit from a positive phototrophic response?

543 Give an example of a condition, found in the human population that results from a mutation.

544 What is the function of the prostate gland?

545 How did you expose the semi-lunar valves when dissecting the sheep’s or ox’s heart?

546 Give the name of the second stage of photosynthesis.

547 How may the action of an auxin be considered similar to the action of a hormone in the human body?

548 State two functions of fats in the human body

549 Give one industrial application of yeast breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen.

550 Plants and animals respond to some outside stimuli. Name two stimuli to which plants respond.

551 Explain the mechanism of response by a plant to a named external stimulus.

552 What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation?

553 How did you show that alcohol was present when investigating the production of alcohol by yeast?

554 Explain why the second stage of photosynthesis is given its name.

555 Name two common blood-grouping systems

556 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics; dominance, genotype, phenotype.

557 Name the gas used in photosynthesis.

558 Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey on a species of plant in its habitat.

559 Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to find in the modified leaves of a bulb.

560 Give one reason why the second stage of photosynthesis cannot happen without the first stage.

561 What is a hormone?


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562

What type of agar plates did you use when investigating the digestive activity of seeds?How did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place in this investigation?

563 When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main product is produced. Name this product.

564 State a function of each of the following parts of a flower: petal; sepal; anther.

565 Give an outline of one conservation practice used in agriculture or fisheries or forestry.

566 What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

567A quantitative survey was carried out to show the effect of poor waste management on the plants in an ecosystem. What is meant by the term quantitative?

568 Explain what is meant by pollination.

569 Outline the major events of the second stage of photosynthesis.

570 How did you demonstrate the requirement for oxygen when investigating the factors necessary for seed germination?

571 State two ways in which hormones are similar to plant growth regulators.

572From an ecosystem that you have investigated give an example of an abiotic factor that influences the distribution of a named plant in the ecosystem.

573 Which biological process is represented by the following word equation:glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy?

574 What is meant by DNA profiling?

575 Mention two ways of minimising the amount of waste produced.

576 Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced during fermentation.

577 What did you use as the selectively permeable membrane in your investigation of osmosis?

578 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: ADP.

579 What is meant by the term omnivore?

580 What is meant by feedback in relation to hormone action?

581 Name a part of a flower from which a fruit develops.

582 True or false. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy in the absence of oxygen

583 What is meant by metabolism?


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584 Give two problems associated with waste disposal.

585 What growth regulator did you use when investigating plant growth?

586 Distinguish between Enzymes and Hormones

587 What is meant by germination?

588 Give an example of a carbohydrate that has a structural role. Where would you expect to find this carbohydrate in a living organism?

589 Give a brief account of the feedback mechanism for a named hormone.

590 State one way in which a sperm differs from an ovum (egg).

591 In relation to ecological surveys, explain the meaning of the terms: 1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative.

592 Explain the term predator.

593 A microscope has an eyepiece lens marked ×10 and an objective lens marked ×20. What is the total magnification of the image?

594 What term is used for the substance(s) that result(s) from the action of an enzyme on its substrate?

595 State one conservation practice from agriculture or fisheries or forestry

596 Give two reasons why living things need energy.

597 What is metabolism?

598 Describe one deficiency symptom of a named hormone.

599 What stain did you use for viewing plant cells on the slide?

600 In relation to ecology, explain the term Habitat.

601 In genetics, what is meant by the term variation?

602 In relation to an enzyme, explain the term optimum activity.

603 Where in your dissection did you find the origin of the coronary artery?

604 Describe briefly the hormonal and nervous responses that occur when internal body temperature drops.

605 Suggest a role for NAD / NADP+ in cell activities.

606 Protein synthesis involves both transcription and translation. Where in a cell does transcription occur?


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607 Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a sentence about each.

608 In relation to ecology, explain the term Edaphic.

609 Variation can result from mutation. Name one other cause of variation.

610

Answer the following in relation to an activity that you carried out to investigate the effect of heat denaturation on the activity of an enzyme. (i) Name the enzyme and the substrate that you used. (ii) Describe how you carried out the investigation. In your description outline how you measured the activity of the enzyme. (iii) Using suitably labelled axes, draw a graph of the results that you obtained.

611 Give an example of a human secondary sexual characteristic.

612 State three functions of the placenta.

613 What is meant by pollution?

614 What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? What is done with the products of in vitro fertilisation?

615 In each of the following cases give one example of a plant that uses the stated method of seed dispersal: 1. Wind, 2. Animal.

616 Name two types of mutation.

617 In relation to ecology, explain the term Abiotic.

618 Explain the terms bioprocessing and immobilised.

619 Name a factor, other than competition, that controls wild populations.

620 What type of RNA is involved in transcription?

621 What name is given to the first stage of respiration?

622 What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

623 True or false. RNA is not found in ribosomes

624 Name two agents responsible for increased rates of mutation.

625 What is meant by genetic screening?

626 Give an advantage of using immobilised cells in industrial fermentation.

627 List three factors that are essential for germination.


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628What deduction can be made from the following observation? In a particular area the population of a predator did not decline following a big reduction in the population of its main prey.

629 What is connected to the ear by the Eustachian tube?

630 In what organelle does translation occur?

631 In the case of a named ecosystem give an example of a biotic factor that influences the distribution of a named animal.

632 Briefly explain the significance of mutation in relation to natural selection.

633 Name the compound from which the immobilising beads are formed in the laboratory.

634 Which genetic structure changes when a mutation occurs?

635The first stage ends with the formation of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In anaerobic conditions, what is produced from this pyruvate: 1. In muscle cells, 2. In yeast cells?

636 What is a hormone?

637What deduction can be made from the following observation? Mortality levels resulting from infection by a particular virus tend to decline over the years.

638 State a role of beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal.

639 What is meant by infertility? State one cause of infertility in the human male.

640 What is meant by the term monocotyledonous?

641 Give the general name for the vessel used for such reactions.

642 Name a single-celled organism.

643 Name the small biomolecules that are joined together to make a protein.

644 What is meant by a pyramid of numbers?

645 Name the gas produced during photosynthesis.

646

What deduction can be made from the following observation? Where some members of a species remain in the same general area throughout life and some members are migratory, mortality levels tend to be higher in the migratory part of the population.

647 If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate next passes to an organelle in which the second stage of respiration takes place. Name this organelle.

648 Give an example of a monocotyledonous plant.


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649In the microscopic examination of a plant cell: 1. Name the stain that you used and the colour it imparted to the cell wall. 2. How did you apply the stain to the cells on the slide?

650 State a role of carbohydrates other than a structural one.

651 What is the purpose of mitosis in single-celled organisms?

652 Which is present in the middle ear, gas or liquid?

653 What must happen to the newly formed protein before it can begin to work?

654 State two good sources of protein in the human diet.

655

What deduction can be made from the following observation? There is a greater variety of herbaceous (non woody) plants in areas where grazing species, such as rabbits, are more plentiful than in areas where grazing species are less plentiful.

656 How are the veins arranged in the leaves of monocots?

657 How were you able to identify the animals that you found in the ecosystem?

658 Name three methods of contraception and, in each case, explain how the method prevents conception.

659 Mitosis is one type of cell division. Name the other type of cell division.

660 Give two uses of DNA profiling.

661 Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two-carbon compound. Name this two-carbon compound.

662 Name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta.

663 Give one function of proteins in living organisms.

664 How does the vein arrangement in the leaves of dicot plants differ from that in monocots?

665 When conducting a quantitative survey of plants, how did you ensure that your sample was random

666What deduction can be made from the following observation? In some species of migratory ducks in the northern hemisphere it is found that the wintering grounds of the males lie further south than those of the females.

667 Why is it important for plants to disperse their seeds?

668 How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis?

669 Name the energy source for photosynthesis.

670 In the case of one hormone state: 1. The gland that produces it, 2. A function of this hormone, 3. A deficiency symptom of this hormone.


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671 State two features visible under a light microscope that indicate that cells are typical plant cells.

672 What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation?

673As part of your study of your selected ecosystem you constructed a pyramid of numbers. Name the species that occupied the top of your pyramid. What is the main prey of the species referred to?

674 The human circulatory system has two circuits. Give the name of each of these circuits.

675 In relation to a study of an ecosystem distinguish clearly between qualitative and quantitative surveys by writing a sentence about each.

676 On which structures are the genes located?

677When a pure-breeding black cat was mated with a pure-breeding white cat, all the kittens were black. Which fur colour, black or white, is recessive in these cats?

678 What is meant by a vascular tissue?

679 True or false. Immobilised enzymes can act as catalysts

680 Suggest a reason why nature reserves are important for conservation.

681 Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a sentence about each.

682 Name a chemical element found in proteins that is not found in carbohydrates.

683 Suggest two possible fates for oxygen, following its production in a plant.

684 How were you able to identify the different plants in the ecosystem that you investigated?

685In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotypes and the matching phenotypes of the kittens produced by the cross.

686 State a function of sieve tubes.

687 What are alleles?

688 Explain the term pollution.

689 Suggest a role for parasites in the overall scheme of nature.

690 Write a short note on each of the following: 1. Pulse, 2. Blood pressure.

691 State the function of the cochlea.

692 Cellulose is an example of a structural …


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Name: _________________________


693In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype(s) of the gametes produced by each parent.

694 Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey of the major plant species.

695 Vitamins are either water-soluble or …-soluble

696Pollution may result from domestic, agricultural or industrial sources. Select one of these areas and state an effect that may be produced by a named pollutant. How may the pollution referred to be controlled?

697 1. Name two predators. 2. Give one adaptive technique in the case of each predator.

698 What term is used to describe the nutrition of plants?

699 Give one example of an inherited human characteristic.

700 Fats are composed of oxygen, hydrogen and …

701 The human circulatory system has two circuits. Which of these circuits involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle?

702In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype of each parent cat.

703 Give two possible sources of error that may have arisen in the course of your ecological survey.

704In relation to the incineration of domestic waste, suggest:(i) an advantage of the process. (ii) a disadvantage of the process.

705 Suggest why continual monitoring of the environment is valuable.

706 When an iodine solution is added to a food sample and remains red-brown in colour … is absent.

707 What is meant by the dormancy of seeds?

708 What term is used by ecologists to describe the organisms that form the base of a pyramid of numbers?

709 Give one example of a non-inherited human characteristic.

710 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Diploid.

711 When two monosaccharides unite they form a …

712 State one role of cartilage.

713 Explain the term ectoparasite.

714 How are the two strands of a DNA molecule joined together?


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Name: _________________________


715 Removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism is called …

716 Comment on the effect of each of the following on the circulatory system: 1. Diet, 2. Exercise.

717 Explain each of the following terms in relation to the scientific method: hypothesis, control, data, replicate, theory.

718 Proteins are digested to simpler substances. What are these simpler substances called?

719 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Sex chromosome.


721 Outline two biological similarities between the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle.

722 Which structures in sperm and egg nuclei are responsible for biological inheritance?

723 What is ‘junk’ DNA?

724 Plants obtain carbon dioxide from the air. Name two processes that release this gas into the air.

725 True or false. Urea is formed in the kidneys.

726 Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place?

727 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Heterozygous.

728

Give an example of an animal tissue. State a role of the animal tissue referred to.Give one way in which the tissue referred to is adapted to carry out its function(s).

729 Distinguish between habitat and ecosystem by writing a sentence about each.

730Give two ways, other than colour, in which a red blood cell differs in structure or composition from a typical body cell such as one in the cheek lining.

731 State a function of mitosis in a single-celled organism.

732

Referring to the procedures that you used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. 1. What was the first procedure that you followed?2. What was the reason for that procedure?

733 State the effect of any one named pollutant.

734 State the function of the semi-circular canals.

735 Explain the term tissue culture.Give two examples of the use of tissue culture.


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Name: _________________________


736 Name the valves found at the base of both the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

737 Distinguish between edaphic and aquatic by writing a sentence about each.

738 Name two ways in which cross-pollination happens.

739 State two ways in which villi are adapted for the absorption of soluble foods.

740 State one way in which hormone action differs from nerve action.

741 Give a reason for the use of washing-up liquid when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue.

742 What is the role of the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes in the heart?

743

Name a monosaccharide.Give the formula of the monosaccharide referred to.Name a polysaccharide that can be formed from the monosaccharide referred to.

744 Describe how you carried out the heart dissection.

745 Distinguish between climate and weather by writing a sentence about each.

746 Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following industries: agriculture or forestry or fisheries.

747 What is a bioreactor?

748 Yeasts are eukaryotic organisms. What does this mean?

749 What is meant by genetic engineering?

750 Give a reason for the use of salt (sodium chloride) when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue.

751 Give one way in which an amino acid differs from a monosaccharide, in terms of chemical composition.

752 Where in a food chain are primary producers found?

753 What was the main instrument that you used for the actual dissection of a heart?

754 Suggest an advantage of dormancy of seeds to a plant.

755 Where in a leaf would you expect to find cells with most chlorophyll?

756 Name one problem associated with waste disposal.

757 Give the precise locations of both the SA and the AV nodes in the heart.


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Name: _________________________


758 Define the following terms as used in genetics; linkage, sex linkage.

759 What do carbohydrates and fats have in common, in terms of chemical composition?

760 What term is used to describe organisms that feed on primary producers?

761 How did you distinguish between the left side and the right side of the heart when doing the dissection?

762 What is a protease?

763 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

764 State a function of companion cells.

765 Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration occur?

766 State one role of microorganisms in waste management

767 How may one fat differ from another, in terms of chemical composition?

768 Why are most food chains short (i.e. only consist of a few trophic levels)?

769 State one function of protein in the human body.

770 What structure separates the right side of the heart from the left side?

771 Why is a protease enzyme necessary when isolating DNA?

772 Name a disorder of the breathing system and say how it may be: 1. Caused, 2. Prevented, 3. Treated.

773 True or false. Motor neurons conduct impulses towards the central nervous system.

774 Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere.

775 The skin is one of the excretory organs in humans. Name one substance excreted by the skin.

776 What deduction may be made if the organisms at the start of the chain are less numerous than those that feed upon them?

777 Describe the amnion and state its role.

778 Explain the terms pollution and conservation.

779 What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?


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Name: _________________________


780

The final stage of the isolation of DNA involves the use of freezer-cold ethanol.1. Describe how it is used. 2. For what purpose is it used?

781 Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (ethanol) has been produced. Include the initial colour and final colour of the test.

782 What does an ecologist mean by competition?

783 List two other functions of the skin.

784 Can a parasite be the first member of a food chain? Explain your answer.

785 Which gas, dissolved in the blood, can trigger deeper or faster breathing?

786 Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male?

787In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two batches. Give the results of your investigation for the treated seeds.

788 Explain each of the terms: alleles, recessive.

789 State a use for Buffer solution in the biology laboratory.

790 If all the secondary consumers were removed from an ecosystem (e.g. by disease) suggest what would happen to the primary consumers?

791 Name an organ of excretion other than the skin and state one substance it excretes.

792 Energy enters food chains in the form of light. In which form do you think most energy is lost from food chains?

793 Where does the second stage of respiration take place?

794 Name a process by which soluble foods are absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.

795 To which kingdom do yeasts belong?

796In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two batches. Give the results of your investigation for the untreated seeds.

797 On a diagram of the female reproductive system indicate where the following occur: 1. Meiosis, 2. Fertilisation, 3. Implantation.

798 State a use for the Biuret test in the biology laboratory.

799 What is meant by the term homeostasis?

800 Distinguish between Starch and Glucose

801 State a function of mitosis in a multicellular organism.


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Name: _________________________


802 What is meant by a trophic level?

803 Suggest why cross-pollination is preferable to self-pollination.

804In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds describe how you carried out the investigation and indicate clearly how you showed whether or not digestion had occurred.

805 Suggest one way in which the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse could be increased.

806 True or false. Endocrine glands secrete hormones

807 The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean?

808 Distinguish between Amino acids and Proteins

809 In the course of your practical studies you used a solution of iodine in different investigations. State two different uses of the iodine solution.

810 Explain each of the following terms in relation to DNA: 1. replication, 2. transcription.

811 Give an account of the role of either oestrogen or progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

812 Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food chain from that ecosystem.

813In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two batches. Each batch was treated differently. Why was such treatment necessary?

814 State one advantage of using an immobilised enzyme in a bioreactor.

815 What name is given to a plant’s response to light?

816 Distinguish between Biuret test and Benedict's (Fehling's) test

817 Give an example of a surgical method of male contraception. Suggest an advantage and a disadvantage of the method that you have named.

818 State two different uses of a water bath in biological investigations.

819 Explain how water enters the plant at the root hair.

820 How is xylem adapted for its role in water transport?

821

In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two batches. One batch was used untreated. How did you treat the other batch of seeds before using them in the investigation?

822 What is an auxin?

823 Name one growth regulator produced in plants.


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Name: _________________________


824 Distinguish between Fats and Oils

825 Explain what is meant by an ecosystem.

826 Name a human female menstrual disorder. In the case of this disorder give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A method of treatment.

827 In the course of your practical studies you found that heart rate and breathing rate increase with exercise. Explain why this is the case.

828 The pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. Explain the underlined terms.

829 Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration.

830 What type of agar did you use in the investigation of the digestive activity in germinating seeds?

831 Where in a plant are growth regulators produced?

832 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Metabolism.

833 Why does fermentation eventually cease?

834 State two applications of genetic engineering, one involving a micro-organism and one involving a plant.

835 Explain what is meant by a habitat.

836 In the course of your practical work you prepared a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicot stem for microscopic examination. How did you prepare the T.S.?

837 Comment briefly on the difficulty in classifying viruses as living organisms.

838 Name a carbohydrate you would expect to find stored in a seed.

839 Give one way by which plants can protect themselves from attack.

840 Distinguish between Cellulose and Keratin

841 Give an account of the importance of the placenta during human development in the womb.

842 What is the final product of the first stage of respiration under aerobic conditions?

843 What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal?

844 Give a brief account of the role of testosterone.

845In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: 1. Experiment, 2. Theory

846 Name the two main parts of the central nervous system in humans.


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Name: _________________________


847 What is meant by the term digestion?

848 How does a hypothesis differ from a theory?

849 Explain what is meant by a niche.

850 Other than being prokaryotic, state two ways in which a typical bacterial cell differs from a typical human cell (e.g. cell from cheek lining).

851 State one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis.

852 From what tissues is the placenta formed?

853 True or false. Tendons join muscles to bones.

854 Messages are carried around the body by neurons (nerve cells). Name any two types of neuron.

855 Describe how you examined your transverse section (T.S.) of stem with the microscope.

856 Explain the importance of double-blind testing in scientific experimentation.

857Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Suggest a reason why the seeds used were all taken from one parent plant.

858 What are antibiotics?

859 Name a powerful type of microscope that is used to show what cells are made of in much greater detail (cell ultrastructure).

860 Describe three methods used by plants to protect themselves from adverse external environments.

861 Saprophytic and parasitic fungi are widespread in nature. Explain each of the underlined terms.

862 What name is given to the area where one neuron ends and another begins?

863 Explain the term secondary sexual characteristics.

864 Outline how you made the section of the stem and prepared it for examination under the microscope.

865 Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Biosphere; Habitat; Consumer; Producer; Niche.

866

Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. The compost in which the wheat plants were grown was sterilised at the start of the investigation.1. Suggest a way in which the scientists may have sterilised the compost.2. State one reason why it was important to sterilise the compost.

867 Outline how birth occurs.

868 What is meant by cross-pollination?


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Name: _________________________


869 In biology, what is meant by the term organ?

870 Name the type of chemical that carries messages between two neurons.

871 Give two examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males.

872Why did you use a herbaceous (non-woody) stem rather than a woody one when examining a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem under a microscope?

873 Strong forces of attraction exist between water molecules. Give an account of the importance of these forces in raising water to great height in trees.

874 Where are sperm produced?

875 Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they divide the young wheat plants into two equal groups?

876 By what process do minerals enter a plant?

877 What is meant by genetic screening?

878 What happens to the neurotransmitter chemical once the messages have been transmitted between two neurons?

879 Give two functions of the placenta.

880 What is meant by in-vitro fertilisation?

881 Name the plant that you used when examined with a microscope a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem.

882 Explain what is meant by the term pH.

883 Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each when viruses or other microorganisms enter the blood.

884Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. During the investigation they kept the two groups of plants under identical conditions. Why was this?

885 List three methods of contraception other than surgical. In your answer you may refer to either or both sexes.

886 Explain the term digestion?

887 Give the three stages of childbirth

888 How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis?

889 Give one function of vascular tissue in plants.

890 When lactic acid builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen debt. This debt must eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid.

891 To which kingdom does Amoeba belong?These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

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Name: _________________________



893Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Name two conditions you think the scientists would have kept constant during the investigation.

894 Name one human tooth type and give its function.

895 Many babies are breast fed after birth. Give two biological benefits of breastfeeding.

896 After implantation, the embryo first develops into a morula and then into a blastocyst. Explain the terms in italics.

897 Describe how some bacteria respond in order to survive when environmental conditions become unfavourable.

898 Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called?

899 When the normal control of mitosis in a cell is lost, cancer may result. Suggest two possible causes of cancer.

900 Give two examples of uses of synthetic (man-made) auxins.

901 True or false. The sino-atrial node (pacemaker) is located on the right side of the heart.

902 The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid onto the ingested food. Give one function of this acid.

903 What is meant by the term infertility?

904Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they repeat the investigation several times before publishing their results in a scientific journal?


906The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit Fox. If all the foxes were killed, what would happen to the number of rabbits?

907 Name two diseases of humans caused by viruses.


909 What is osmosis?

910 Give one digestive function of the liver.

911 In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by in vitro fertilisation?


913 Cellular respiration may occur in one stage or two stages. Give two differences, other than location, between Stage 1 and Stage 2.


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Name: _________________________


914 State two ways in which sperm differ from ova (eggs).

915 The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit Fox. Name a herbivore from this food chain.

916 Where in plant cells is DNA found?

917 What is meant by the germination of a seed?

918 Give one digestive function and one non-digestive function of the pancreas.

919 What happens in the womb during menstruation (days 1 – 5)?

920Parents who are suspected of being carriers of disease-causing alleles may be advised to consider a genetic test. Suggest a role for such a test after in-vitro fertilisation.

921 Which term describes the mode of nutrition of Rhizopus?

922 Where in a cell does Stage 1 of respiration occur?

923 The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit Fox. Name a producer from this food chain.

924 What is an ecosystem?

925 Where in the cells of a leaf is chlorophyll found?

926 What is meant by aerobic respiration?

927 Explain the term ovulation.

928The cells in the palisade layer contain many organelles that carry out photosynthesis. Suggest why the cells here contain more of these organelles than the cells in the spongy mesophyll.

929 Describe a human activity that may result in pollution. Suggest a way in which this pollution could be prevented.

930 True or false. A nucleus is absent from human red blood cells.

931 What term is used to describe respiration in which only Stage 1 occurs?

932 The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass Rabbit Fox. Name a secondary consumer from this food chain.

933 Name a product of the endocrine portion of the pancreas and state one of its functions.

934Aerobic respiration takes place in two stages.1. Where in a cell does stage 1 occur?2. Where in a cell does stage 2 occur?

935 What is meant by the fertile period?


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Name: _________________________


936 Give two characteristic features of eukaryotic cells. What corresponding term is used to describe bacterial cells?

937 Give one example of a beneficial fungus and one example of a harmful fungus.

938 In the spongy mesophyll, gases can diffuse throughout the leaf. Name one such gas.

939 Suggest a possible effect on a human population that may result from an increased availability of contraception.

940 What do we mean by the word ecology?

941 Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation.

942 Which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, produces more energy?

943 Where does fertilisation occur in the female body?

944 Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to split water. List three products that result when water is split.

945 What is meant when a bacterium is described as being pathogenic?

946 Suggest one reason why living organisms need to respire.

947 What is meant by vegetative propagation?

948 State one function of the stoma.

949 Give one beneficial effect of bacteria.

950

1. Name a substance other than alcohol that is produced during the fermentation process.2. How would you detect this other substance?3. How would you know when fermentation had finished?

951 Explain the term implantation.

952

In Stage 2 of respiration electrons pass along an electron transport chain, releasing energy. 1. In what molecule is this energy stored in the cell? 2. To what are these electrons transferred at the end of the electron

transport chain?

953 The bronchioles end in small sacs. What is the name of these sacs?

954 Name the muscles that are used in breathing.

955 Name a gland that secretes seminal fluid.

956 Name the four bases that are found in DNA.


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Name: _________________________


957 Give one harmful effect of bacteria.

958 In leaf cells, which chemical traps light energy for photosynthesis?

959 Name two female hormones that have a role in the menstrual cycle.

960 What is evolution?


962 Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the stomata.

963 Horticulturists use a number of methods to artificially propagate plants. Suggest one advantage of artificial propagation.

964 Name two methods of cross-pollination.

965 Water for photosynthesis enters the roots of plants by osmosis. What is meant by osmosis?

966 Some bacteria have flagella. What are flagella used for?

967 What happens to the menstrual cycle when a woman reaches the menopause?

968 What is meant by a triplet code?

969 State a function for each of the following structures that are found in fungi; rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore.

970 Why is digestion necessary?

971 What is a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) membrane?

972 What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

973

During photosynthesis water is split into three products.1. Name each of these three products.2. Name the stage of photosynthesis during which water molecules are split.

974 Bacteria reproduce by a method known as …

975 What is meant by the term pollination?

976 To which kingdom do bacteria belong?

977 Describe two methods used by horticulturists to artificially propagate plants.

978 For what purpose do single-celled organisms use mitosis?


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Name: _________________________


979 Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a sentence about each.

980 Some of the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis are used in respiration. What is respiration?

981 Carbon dioxide (CO2) is needed for photosynthesis. Where does CO2 enter the leaf?

982 Give two methods of pollination in plants.

983 Name three bacterial shapes.

984Name a disorder other than cancer for each of the following and indicate a possible cause and a means of treatment: 1. Musculoskeletal system, 2. Nervous system.

985 What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube?


987 State a function of seminal fluid.

988 From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into the duodenum?

989 A market gardener wants to increase the vegetable yield in his greenhouses. Suggest two ways he may achieve this.

990 What is the next step after pollination in the lifecycle of the plant?

991 Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant tissue. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.

992 Give two differences between vegetative propagation and propagation involving seeds.

993 What do you understand by the term conservation?

994 True or false. Light is essential for the germination of seeds.

995 What is the function of the cochlea?

996 Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Where does it enter the leaf?


998 Suggest a substance that flowers produce that may cause hay fever in some people.

999 State one digestive function of the pancreas.

1000 Which term from the following list matches the description: A use of tissue culture. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.

1001 What is the function of the larynx?


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Name: _________________________


1002 State one reason why water is needed for germination.

1003 Seeds and fruits need to be dispersed. Give:1. Two methods of dispersal, 2. Two advantages of dispersal to the plant.

1004 The triplet code is transcribed into mRNA. What does this statement mean?

1005 Name a gas that would be needed for the growth of tissue in the laboratory.

1006 What is meant by the term vegetative propagation?

1007 The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ...

1008 Which term from the following list matches the description: The heart. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.

1009 What is an endotherm?

1010 Name one of the scientists who developed the Theory of Natural Selection.

1011 To what structure does the ureter connect the kidney?

1012 What is aerobic respiration?

1013 Why are sterile conditions needed to grow a tissue in a laboratory?

1014 Give one example of vegetative propagation in plants and state whether it involve a stem, a root, a leaf or a bud.

1015 Name an excretory substance present in urine.

1016 Give the functions of the lens and the vitreous humour of the eye.

1017 Which term from the following list matches the description: Cells growing in a test tube. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.

1018 What word is used to describe animals which are not endotherms?

1019 A sex cell is also known as a ...

1020 Valves are present in veins. What is their function?

1021 What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture?

1022 State two ways that vegetative propagation differs from reproduction by seed.

1023 Name two vascular tissues in plants and give one way in which they differ.

1024 Breathing causes pressure changes in the thoracic cavity. Describe briefly how these pressure changes are brought about.


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Name: _________________________


1025 Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant organ. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.

1026 State a function of ground tissue.

1027 Suggest an advantage of being an endotherm.

1028 The wall of capillaries is only one cell thick. How is this related to their function?

1029 What medical term is used to describe the disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis in human cells?

1030 Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two example of artificial propagation carried out by gardeners or horticulturists.

1031 A change in the structure of DNA is called a ...

1032 1. Suspensory ligaments, 2. Cones, 3. Optic nerve and 4. Brain. Outline the roles in vision of the above structures.

1033 What is meant by contraception?

1034Which term from the following list matches the description: A group of cells with the same function. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.

1035 From your knowledge of photosynthesis suggest a way to increase the yield of plants such as lettuces in a greenhouse.

1036 Children typically have higher body temperatures than adults. Suggest a reason for this.

1037 Give two causes of uncontrolled cell division.

1038 Suggest three reasons for conserving wild animals and plants.

1039 True or false. Lenticels serve the same function as stomata.

1040 Give one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial propagation.

1041 A part of DNA with information to make one protein is called a ...

1042In cases of infertility, eggs may be fertilised outside the body. Following this procedure, into which part of the reproductive system is the developing embryo then placed?

1043 What is the menstrual cycle?

1044 Explain how the iris works.

1045 What is the function of meiosis?

1046 A situation in which one organism lives on or in a second species, feeding on it and causing it harm is known as …

1047 What is vegetative propagation?These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

of 98

Name: _________________________


1048 Give two functions of the human skeleton.

1049 The trachea contains rings of cartilage. Suggest a function of this cartilage.

1050 Give one cause of infertility in women.

1051 Name an excretory organ in the human body other than the kidney. Name a substance excreted by this organ.

1052 The allele expressed in the heterozygous condition are ...

1053 Suggest one advantage of classifying organisms.

1054 State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus.

1055 Organisms capable of making their own food are known as …

1056 Vertebrae in the neck are called the cervical vertebrae. Name and give the exact location of two other types of vertebrae.

1057 How does vegetative propagation differ from reproduction by seed?

1058 Suggest a reason why two eyes are better than one.

1059 State one function of the human ovary.

1060 How does a portal vein differ from other veins?

1061 Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong.

1062 To which structures in the cell does mRNA carry the code?

1063 The study of biological inheritance is known as ...

1064 Name one disorder of the musculoskeletal system.

1065 All the members of a species living in an area are known as the …

1066 True or false. Parallel leaf veins are characteristic of monocotyledonous plants.

1067 Name a breathing disorder. Give a possible cause of this disorder and suggest a means of prevention or treatment.

1068 True or False. The copying of the DNA code into mRNA is called transcription.

1069 Give one example of the economic importance of bacteria.

1070Anaerobic respiration by micro-organisms is called fermentation. Give one example of industrial fermentation, including the type of micro-organism and the substance produced.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1071 Write notes on the role of lymphocytes.

1072 What is the function of the semi-circular canals?

1073 Filtration is an essential process in the formation of urine. In what part of the kidney does it take place?

1074 Micro-organisms and other organisms that return nutrients to the environment by decay are known as …

1075 Name a substance found in the vacuole of a plant cell.

1076 Bacteria may be classified by their shape. Name any two bacterial shapes.

1077 True or False. Genetic engineering is the manipulation and alteration of genes.

1078Name the following blood vessels; 1. The vessels that carry blood from the aorta to the kidneys. 2. The vessels that supply the heart’s muscle with blood.

1079 Give one example of vegetative propagation and state whether it involves a stem, a root, a leaf or a bud.

1080 What is the function of the cochlea?

1081 What term is used to describe the nutrition of Rhizopus? Explain the importance of this type of nutrition in nature.

1082 In the human diet zinc, iron and copper are examples of …

1083 A situation in which two organisms of different species live together and at least one benefits is known as …

1084 Name the method by which bacteria reproduce.

1085 True or False. RNA contains the base thymine.

1086 Write notes on neurotransmitters.

1087 True or False. Glucose is a monosaccharide.

1088 What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube?

1089 Why are valves not needed in arteries?

1090 The walls of xylem vessels are reinforced with …

1091 Where is the epiglottis? What is its function?

1092 What are pathogenic bacteria?

1093 A struggle between organisms for a scarce resource is known as …


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Name: _________________________


1094 True or False. Replication is the copying of DNA.

1095 Where in a cell would you expect to find phospholipids?

1096 What surrounds the bones in the middle ear?

1097 Vitamin … is an example of a water-soluble vitamin.

1098 True or False. Nitrogen is a trace element.

1099 Write notes on homeostasis.

1100 State two factors affecting the growth of bacteria.

1101 Name a disorder associated with a deficiency of a named vitamin in the human diet.

1102 True or False. Phenotype is the genetic make-up of an organism.

1103 One organism killing and eating another organism is known as …

1104 The ear is an example of a sense organ. Name two sense organs, other than the ear and the eye, in the human body.

1105 Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two examples of artificial propagation.

1106 What is Natural Selection?

1107 To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong?

1108 Give two functions of the rhizoids of Rhizopus.

1109 True or False. Eggs are a good source of fat in the diet.

1110 What are the final products of the digestion of a protein?

1111 True or False. A human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes.

1112 Name one disorder of the ear or of the eye and give a corrective measure for the disorder referred to.

1113 What is the role of mitosis in single-celled organisms?

1114 Write notes on the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers.

1115 True or false. Endosperm is a food reserve in some seeds.

1116 Describe the role of the sporangium in the reproduction of Rhizopus.


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Name: _________________________


1117 What is the biosphere?

1118 What is meant by a qualitative survey?

1119 True or False. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein.

1120 Name the organ that is attached to the kidney by the ureter.

1121 True or False. All vitamins are fat soluble.

1122 What medical term is used for the group of disorders in which certain cells lose normal control of mitosis?

1123 Name another organism that you have studied in your biology course that belongs to the same kingdom as Rhizopus.

1124 What is meant by saprophytic nutrition?

1125 Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial propagation.

1126 Write notes on the economic and medical importance of viruses.

1127 True or False. Alleles are different forms of the same gene.

1128 Name one substance excreted by the kidneys.

1129 Construct a grazing food chain containing at least four trophic levels.

1130Name a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in the human alimentary canal. Where in the alimentary canal does this enzyme act? State the enzyme’s product(s).

1131 Suggest a possible cause of one of the group of cancers.

1132 Give one beneficial use of fungi.

1133 True or False. Lipids are made of amino acids.

1134 Reabsorption of useful substances takes place in the kidney. In what part does this occur?

1135 Name the site in the kidney where filtration takes place.

1136 Suggest a reason why eating too much fast food could be bad for your health.

1137 What is the first stage process of respiration called?

1138 Which has the bigger lumen (cavity), an artery or a vein?

1139 Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates.


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Name: _________________________


1140 Name the two main types of reproduction.

1141 Name the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell and before they begin to separate.

1142 State the precise location of the liver in the human body.

1143 Suggest one possible treatment for kidney failure.

1144 Water has many functions in the human body. State any one of these functions.

1145 True or False. Iodine turns starch to a blue-black colour.

1146 Distinguish between tuber and bulb.

1147 State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Biuret test (copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide solutions).

1148 Explain the term fertilisation.

1149 State a function of each of the following components of a cell. (i) Ribosome, (ii) Cell membrane.

1150 To what are the chromosomes attached in the metaphase stage of mitosis?

1151 True or False. The liver produces bile.

1152 What is meant by the term ‘fauna’?

1153 State the colour of iodine if starch is present.

1154 Which two elements always occur in a 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates?

1155 True or False. Cellulose is a protein.

1156 What part of the flower produces pollen?

1157 Explain what is meant by pollution.

1158 Distinguish between ureters and urethra.

1159 Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells. What is plasma?

1160 Towards the end of mitosis, in what type of cell does a cell plate form?

1161 Chips contain starch. What chemical is used to test for the presence of starch?

1162 What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?


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Name: _________________________


1163 Name the stain that you used when examining an animal cell under the microscope.

1164 After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit?

1165 What term best describes the shape of an enzyme?

1166 True or False. Polysaccharide molecules contain many sugar units.

1167 What is the function of white blood cells?

1168 Name a structural carbohydrate.

1169 Give one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis.

1170 Give one function of protein in the human body.

1171 Explain the following terms as used in genetics: species, variation.

1172 Give two methods of seed dispersal in plants.

1173 In ecological studies what is a key?

1174Give an account of the effects of a named pollutant of domestic, agricultural or industrial origin. Describe one way in which it might be controlled.

1175 Where in the body are white blood cells produced?

1176 State a role that the liver plays in the digestive process.

1177 Name one group of organisms responsible for decomposition.

1178 A meal in a fast-food restaurant consists of fish and chips with a glass of water to drink. Give a good source of protein from this meal.

1179 Which food type may be identified in the laboratory by the use of Sudan III or brown paper?

1180 Why is it necessary for plants to disperse their seeds?

1181 Suggest a temperature at which human enzymes work best.

1182 Give a function of carbohydrates other than a structural one.

1183 Name the scientists who are associated with the Theory of Natural Selection and refer to any one observation that prompted its development.

1184

In the case of IAA state the following: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.


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Name: _________________________


1185 Some people may have the blood group B Positive (B+).What factor is present in their blood that makes it positive?

1186 State a precise location in the human body where red blood cells are made.

1187 Describe the role of (a) Plants and (b) Animals in the Nitrogen Cycle and in the Carbon Cycle.

1188 What is the advantage of dormancy to seeds?

1189 Give one role for a named mineral in plants.

1190 What is semen?

1191 Why are elements recycled in nature?

1192 Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis.

1193 The heart pumps blood around the body.1. Name the structure in the heart that controls the heartbeat. 2. Where is this structure located in the heart?

1194 Explain the terms: plasma; glomerular filtrate.

1195 What is the role of microorganisms in pollution control?

1196 Give three conditions necessary for seeds to germinate.

1197 Name a chemical element always present in proteins but not in carbohydrates.

1198 What colour indicates a strong positive result of the Fehling’s or Benedict’s test for reducing sugar?

1199 In the first stage of respiration there is a release of ATP as glucose is converted to another substance. Name this other substance.

1200 Give an account of three functions of the lymphatic system.

1201 What causes the sound of a heartbeat?

1202

Name the part at which each of the following occurs:1. Production of sperm cells.2. Maturing of sperm cells.3. Mixing of fluid with sperm cells.4. Transport of semen.

1203 What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm?

1204 What is pollution?

1205 Distinguish between hypha and mycelium.

1206 State two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical body cells e.g. from the cheek lining.


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Name: _________________________


1207 Give a role of lipids in cells.

1208 State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Benedict’s (or Fehling’s) test.

1209 Name the blood vessels that supply the heart cells with blood.

1210 What is meant by natural selection?

1211 Name the hormone responsible for sperm production.

1212The vast amount of waste generated is one of the consequences of the huge increase in the human population. Mention the three main ways in which waste can be minimised.

1213 State a role for each of the following: sepal, anther, stigma, ovary.

1214 State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male.

1215 In respiration the acetyl group enters a cycle of reactions. What name is given to this cycle? Where in the cell does this cycle take place?

1216 Give a role of water in the human body other than as a component of cytoplasm and body fluids.

1217 Mention two ways to maintain a healthy heart.

1218The two male gametes in the pollen tube are derived from the generative nucleus. Do these gametes form as a result of mitosis or meiosis? Explain your answer.

1219 Give one cause of infertility in men.

1220 What is a neuron?

1221 Suggest what could happen to biological diversity as the human population continues to increase.

1222 Why is the dark stage of photosynthesis given the alternative name of the light-independent stage?

1223 Name a scientist who is associated with the Theory of Natural Selection.

1224 What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in the adult human male?

1225 Give one main function of the stem of a flowering plant.

1226 How many common amino acids are found in proteins?

1227 Explain the term contraception.

1228 Outline the problems associated with the disposal of waste. Suggest two ways of minimising waste.

1229 Suggest two reasons why the human population increased so rapidly from the mid-1800s.


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Name: _________________________


1230 Explain why red blood cells are normally absent from glomerular filtrate.

1231

In the case of starch or skimmed milk agar plates state the following: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.

1232Describe the difference in colour or depth of colour, if any, between the nucleus and cytoplasm when the stained cell was viewed under the microscope.

1233 Give one main function of the leaf of a flowering plant.

1234 Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.

1235 Name two methods of contraception.

1236 State two harmful effects of viruses.

1237 In relation to membranes in cells, explain what is meant by selective permeability

1238 Name three factors can that affect human population.

1239 Variation is essential for natural selection. Mutation can give rise to variation. Give two causes of mutation.

1240 To what is pyruvic acid (pyruvate) converted under anaerobic conditions in: 1. Yeast? 2. A human muscle cell?

1241 Give one main function of the root of a flowering plant.

1242 Distinguish between sensory, motor and interneurons (association neurons).

1243 In genetics, what is meant by the term haploid?

1244 Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Give a possible cause of the disorder that you have named and suggest a treatment for it.


1246 Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of biological control of a pest organism.

1247 Distinguish between photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria. Give an example of each type.

1248 Give two locations in a cell at which there is a selectively permeable membrane.

1249 Flowers are the organs of which type of reproduction in the plant?

1250 Distinguish between thigmotropism and chemotropism.

1251 What is meant by the term recessive gene?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1252 Give one source of evidence for the occurrence of evolution.

1253 State a function of: 1. Schwann cells, 2. Myelin sheath.

1254 The skin is an important part of our immune system. Outline two ways in which the skin provides immunity.

1255 Give two possible effects on an ecosystem of the extinction of a plant species.

1256 The concentration of glucose is the same in plasma and glomerular filtrate. Why is this?

1257 Which tissue transports water from the roots?

1258

In the case of cold alcohol (ethanol) state the following: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.

1259 What is a mutation?

1260 What is diffusion? In the case of a named molecule, give a precise location at which it diffuses in the human body.

1261 State one method that is used to produce seedless fruits.

1262Under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted to an acetyl group and in the process a small molecule is released. Name this small molecule.

1263 Describe a procedure for estimating rabbit numbers in an ecosystem.

1264 To help the immune system, many people receive vaccinations during their lifetime. What is meant by the term vaccination?

1265 Which tissue transports food from the leaves?

1266 True or False. The cells produced by mitosis are identical.

1267 What is meant by evolution?

1268In relation to Parkinson’s disease or paralysis give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A method of treatment.

1269 State a function of dermal tissue.

1270 Explain the biological basis for the use of high sugar or high salt concentrations in the preservation of food.

1271 Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage of photosynthesis.

1272 Give an example of an inorganic nutrient, necessary for phytoplankton growth, that you would expect to find in lake water.

1273 Is xylem a living or dead tissue?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1274 Antibiotics are usually not given to a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for this.

1275 Name one of the scientists who first explained how evolution occurs by natural selection.

1276 Briefly explain the role of neurotransmitter substances.

1277 State one way in which a transverse section through a monocotyledonous stem differs from a dicotyledonous stem.

1278 True or False. Meiosis gives rise to variation.

1279 Name two forms of heterotrophic nutrition found in bacteria.

1280 Name and briefly explain any two processes involved in the upward movement of water in plants.

1281 Suggest a role of the lignin in xylem.


1283 Give one source of evidence for evolution.

1284 State two functions of a root.

1285 Why is glucose normally absent from urine?

1286 Distinguish between antigen and antibody.

1287 What are antibiotics? For what purpose are they used?

1288 Name one process that causes water to move upwards through a plant.

1289 Give two features of xylem that facilitate the upward movement of water.

1290 Write notes on menstruation and a disorder of menstruation.

1291 What is meant by genetic engineering?

1292 True or False. Mitosis always produces four new cells.

1293 From what part of a seed does the root develop?

1294 What is meant by the specificity of an enzyme?

1295 An organism which makes its own food is called a(n) …

1296 Name the structures in the leaves, through which water exits the plant.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1297 In which of the vascular tissues will water now rise through the plant?

1298 Name two features of a plant cell which are not normally associated with an animal cell.

1299 List three of the main procedures used in genetic engineering.

1300

In the case of alkaline pyrogallol or an anaerobic jar state: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.

1301 Name the four elements that are always present in protein.

1302 Give one example of a root modified for food storage.

1303 Two products of the light stage of photosynthesis are vital for the dark stage. Name each of them.

1304 Vascular tissue is one type of plant tissue. Name two other plant tissues.

1305 Explain how the Active Site Theory may be used to explain the specificity of enzymes.

1306 Explain how water enters root hairs and then passes to the vascular tissue.

1307 Give two examples of how genetic engineering is used.

1308 True or False. Meiosis is never involved in gamete formation.

1309 What is the point of entry of carbon dioxide to a leaf?

1310 Name the structures in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place.

1311 Plants can be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Give any one difference between a monocotyledonous plant and a dicotyledonous plant.

1312 Proteins are made in the ribosomes using a code from DNA. Name the molecule that carries the DNA code to the ribosomes.

1313 Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and suggest how it may develop.

1314 What is the function of meristematic tissue?

1315 All organisms in an ecosystem are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Explain the underlined words.

1316 Following a period of heavy exercise an athlete may produce only a small volume of concentrated urine. Explain this observation.

1317

Bioprocessing often involves the use of immobilised enzymes in a bioreactor.1. What does the term immobilisation refer to when used about enzymes?2. Explain the term bioreactor.

1318 Write notes on biological benefits of breastfeeding.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1319 True or False. Single-celled organisms use mitosis for reproduction.

1320 Explain the term allele as used in genetics.

1321 Give one example of a monocotyledonous plant and one example of a dicotyledonous plant.

1322 Name any two abiotic factors from an ecosystem you have studied and describe how you measured each one.

1323 Which of the two vascular tissues of plants is composed of living cells?

1324 To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage belong?

1325 An organism that eats another organism is called a …

1326 What is usually found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell?

1327 Give one example of the use of immobilised enzymes in bioreactors. In your answer name the enzyme, the substrate and the product.

1328 Explain the term genotype as used in genetics.

1329 Write notes on formation and functions of the placenta.

1330 Name one animal from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe one way in which it is adapted to its habitat.

1331 Give one function of ground tissue.

1332 Give two ways by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another.

1333 In addition to carbon dioxide another small molecule is needed for photosynthesis. Name this other molecule.

1334 Name the liquid part of blood.

1335 Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how water from the soil reaches the leaf.

1336 Explain the term gene as used in genetics.

1337 In which part of the human female reproductive system is the ovum (egg) formed?

1338 Distinguish between a quantitative and a qualitative survey by writing a sentence about each.

1339Suggest a biological explanation for the following: As long as a baby feeds regularly from its mother’s breast (or if a breast pump is regularly used) the milk will continue to flow.

1340 Where precisely is vascular tissue found in the root?

1341 After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1342 Name a test or the solution(s) that is (are) used to detect protein in a food source.

1343 What type of asexual reproduction is shown in yeast?

1344 Where in a human cell would you expect to find most DNA?

1345 The place where an organism lives is called its …

1346 Name one plant from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey to determine its frequency.

1347 Give two components of plasma

1348 Which of the tissue types (dermal, ground, vascular) has a different location in a young root?

1349 Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood back from the lungs.

1350 Many seedless fruits, e.g. grapes, are available in shops today. State one way of forming seedless fruits.

1351Suggest a biological explanation for the following: Doctors are reluctant to prescribe antibiotics to patients suffering from common cold-like symptoms.


1353 Name a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plant cells.

1354As a result of pollution, a species of plant disappears from an ecosystem. Suggest two possible effects that the disappearance of this plant might have on the other plants and animals living in the area.

1355 What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey?

1356 Give one location in a seed in which food is stored. Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to be present in this food store.

1357 Which part of a flower usually develops into a fruit?

1358 What is a pyramid of numbers?

1359 Sometimes artificial methods are used to propagate (reproduce) plants. Name any two methods of artificially propagating plants.

1360 In DNA profiling, what is used to cut the DNA strands into fragments?

1361 Give the term used for the growth response towards light.

1362 Give two reasons why water is important for all living organisms.

1363Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person who has suffered from constipation may be advised to increase the amount of wholegrain cereal in her/his diet.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1364 What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photosynthesis?

1365 Describe in detail the events that follow the arrival of a pollen grain at the stigma up to and including fertilisation.

1366 What is meant by fertilization?

1367 Give two good sources of protein in the human diet.

1368 Give two applications of DNA profiling.

1369 Explain the term excretion.


1371 Write notes on survival times for sperm and ova.

1372 What is a quadrat frame?

1373Suggest a biological explanation for the following: After a long session of heavy exercise, an athlete’s urine is likely to be concentrated and low in volume.

1374 Many species of plant have mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. Suggest how such plants could benefit from this.

1375 Why is phototropism of benefit to plants?

1376 Cancer is the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. Give two causes of cancer.

1377 The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the …

1378 On what structures in the cytoplasm are enzymes made?

1379 Name two substances excreted by the kidneys.

1380 Waste management is becoming an increasingly difficult matter. Suggest two reasons for this.

1381 Give one cause of female infertility.

1382 Name two methods of cross pollination.

1383 Explain the following terms, which are used in genetics: allele, homozygous, genotype.

1384 Suggest a possible treatment for cancer.

1385 Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person’s fingers may turn white when exposed to low temperature for a period of time.

1386 Name an enzyme and its substrate.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1387 Which type of division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in budding?

1388Name the parts of the kidney in which each of the following takes place:1. Filtration2. Reabsorption

1389 Name the group of substances that controls growth responses in plants.

1390 Write the dental formula for an adult human.

1391 Name the structure on which pollen must land to complete pollination.

1392 Name the two types of cell division.

1393 The parts of the earth and atmosphere in which life is found is called the …

1394 Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Give one possible treatment for the disorder referred to.

1395 What is an amylase? Name a site of amylase action. What is the approximate pH value at this site?

1396 Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal vein.

1397 Name an excretory organ in the body other than the kidney.

1398 Name the blood vessels that bring blood back from the lungs.

1399 Name the site of production of a pollen grain.

1400 Which substance moves through cell membranes by osmosis?

1401 What is meant by absorption?

1402Pick a term from the list to match the following description: The role of the organism in the habitat. List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.

1403 Give one reason why the body needs water.

1404Identify X and Y in the following equation which is a summary of aerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6X 6Y + 6H20

1405 What is a meristem?

1406 Name any one hormone produced by the body. Give a deficiency symptom of the hormone named

1407 Name one other term used in biology to describe the movement of substances through cell membranes.

1408 How did you test for the presence of alcohol?


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Name: _________________________


1409 Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver.

1410Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Any harmful addition to the ecosystem.List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.

1411 What is the function of the petal? Give two ways in which it may be adapted for this function.

1412 What is genetic engineering?

1413 In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization occur?

1414 Give one way in which water is lost from the body.

1415

Answer the following in relation to an activity you carried out to demonstrate osmosis. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you used in your demonstration. (ii) Suggest a control that you might use in this activity. (iii) State the result(s) of your investigation. (iv) Briefly explain the result(s) referred to in part (iii).

1416 Give two advantages of using immobilised yeast cells in the production of alcohol.

1417 Give one example of the use of hormone supplements.

1418Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A problem associated with waste disposal.List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.

1419 The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean?

1420 Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach?

1421 Describe one method of waste management by reference to agriculture, fisheries or forestry.

1422 Describe the role of the sweat glands in relation to body temperature.

1423 Explain what is meant by anaerobic respiration.

1424If yeast cells are kept under anaerobic conditions, alcohol (ethanol) and another substance are produced. 1. What are anaerobic conditions? 2. Name the other substance produced.

1425Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Suggest what would happen to these enzymes in an 80 °C wash.

1426Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A way to minimise waste.List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.

1427 The central nervous system is made up of two main parts. Name each part.

1428 Where would you find rods and cones?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1429 Name the test or name the chemical used to test a sports drink for the presence of glucose (reducing sugar).

1430 Where is bile stored after it has been made in the liver?

1431 Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur?

1432 Give two functions of a stem.

1433Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Why is 40 °C the recommended temperature for these washing powders?

1434Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Wise management of an ecosystem.List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.

1435 State two functions of the human skeleton.

1436 Name a disorder of the nervous system. Give one cause of the disorder and suggest a means of treating the disorder.

1437 Give one function of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system.

1438 Name the part of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebrae.

1439 Name the two substances produced by the yeast in the process of fermentation.


1441Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A possible cause of pollution.List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.

1442Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Many of these enzymes are extracted from bacteria. Suggest why such enzymes are included in washing powder.

1443 Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process.

1444 Name the test or give the chemicals used to test a sports drink for the presence of protein.

1445 What does the term infertility mean?

1446 What is anaerobic respiration?

1447 How did you know that fermentation had ceased?

1448 Suggest some ways of minimizing waste.

1449 State a function of vascular tissue.

1450 Name two processes that occur in plant or animal cells that require the use of enzymes.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1451 What happens to the small arteries (arterioles) in the skin when the external temperature drops?

1452 Give one example of genetic engineering involving an animal and one example involving a plant.

1453 Give two further functions of the liver, other than the manufacture of bile.

1454Where does each of the following events take place: 1. Ovulation2. Fertilisation

1455 Name the gas released during photosynthesis.

1456 Where in the digestive system are the products of digestion absorbed? State one way in which this part of the system is adapted for absorption.

1457 Name the two types of vascular tissue in plants.

1458 Define the term osmosis

1459 Give a detailed account of how enzymes work, referring in your answer to their specificity.

1460 What is the main source of body heat in endotherms?

1461 Give two ways in which pollen may be transported to another flower.

1462 The vertebrae form part of the axial skeleton. Name the vertebrae found in: 1. The neck, 2. The small of the back.

1463

Answer the following questions in relation to an investigation that you carried out to study the effect of light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. (i) Name the plant that you used, (ii) How did you vary the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration? (iii) Name one factor that you kept constant during the investigation. (iv) How did you keep that factor constant? (v) How did you measure the rate of photosynthesis? (vi) What was the result of your investigation?

1464 In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by the term in vitro in relation to fertilisation?

1465 True or False. The base Uracil is found in DNA.

1466 Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?

1467 Briefly outline the role of carbon dioxide in the control of the human breathing rate.

1468 Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place?

1469 Give one function of rods and one function of cones.

1470 Give an example of osmosis in plants.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1471 Enzyme activity is affected by …

1472 Name the three bones that form the human arm.

1473 True or False. Chloroplasts contain DNA.

1474 Give one cause of infertility in women.

1475 Write a short note (about five lines) on one of the following: arthritis or osteoporosis.

1476 Give the alternative name of the first stage of photosynthesis.

1477Carbon dioxide levels are usually higher in venous blood than in arterial blood. Why is this the case? Name a blood vessel which is an exception to this. Give a reason for the exception.

1478 In ecology what is meant by a trophic level?

1479 Enzymes trapped in an inactive material are referred to as …

1480 State a benefit of dietary fibre.

1481 True or False. The microscope lenses closest to the stage are the eyepiece lenses.

1482 A catabolic reaction in an animal. E.g. …

1483 As a result of fertility treatment, an embryo develops successfully from an in vitro fertilisation. What is the next step for the embryo?


1485 Give a feature of a capillary which allows the rapid uptake of carbon dioxide.

1486 Some cells in the human body undergo meiosis. Give one function of meiosis.

1487 Term for the substance with which an enzyme reacts.

1488 During the first stage of photosynthesis energised electrons enter two pathways. Where do the energised electrons come from?

1489 True or False. Sodium alginate is used to immobilise enzymes.

1490 Where is FSH produced?

1491 What forms in the carpel after pollination and fertilization?

1492 Name the liquid part of the blood.

1493 Name a structure found in cells in which carbon dioxide is produced.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1494 In genetics, what is meant by sex linkage?

1495 Give an advantage of using immobilised enzymes.

1496 What is meant by an enzyme?

1497 True or False. Plant cell walls are fully permeable.

1498 Why does digestion occur in seeds during germination?

1499 In the second stage of photosynthesis compounds of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are formed. What name is given to this group of compounds?

1500 Does the first stage of respiration require oxygen?

1501 Different lifestyle factors have an effect on the health of our circulatory system. Name any two of these factors.

1502 Outline the details of the process of inhalation.

1503 Name another type of microscope that gives greater detail than a light microscope.

1504 Give an example of a protein that has a structural role.

1505 True or False. Animal cells do not have membranes.

1506 Name a fungus, other than yeast, that you studied during your course.

1507 What is the function of the cornea?

1508 An anabolic reaction in a plant. E.g. …

1509 From which simple compound does the plant obtain the H used to make compounds of general formula Cx(H2O)y?

1510 Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?

1511 Name two compounds that leave the plant through lenticels.

1512 Does the aorta carry blood towards or away from the heart?

1513 True or False. An organ is a group of systems.

1514 Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors.

1515 Name the blood vessel that joins the ileum to the liver.

1516 What is a nutrient medium?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1517 Give two meanings for the term sterile.

1518 List two differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.

1519 Name the structures found in stems, equivalent to stomata in leaves, which are involved in gaseous exchange in plants.

1520 State a precise role for each of the following in photosynthesis: 1. Carbon dioxide, 2. Water.

1521 State a function of the contractile vacuole of Amoeba.

1522 Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

1523 Name the simple compound that supplies the necessary energy for the second stage reactions in photosynthesis.

1524The DNA molecule is composed of two strands held together by paired bases. 1. Which base can link only to thymine? 2. Which base can link only to cytosine?

1525 An edaphic factor is an example of an abiotic factor. Explain the underlined term.

1526 Give two functions of the cell membrane.

1527 Comment on the amount of energy released in the first stage of respiration.

1528 Name a disorder of the nervous system and give a possible treatment for it.

1529 State a function of the pseudopod of Amoeba.

1530 What type of lens is used to correct long sight?

1531 Name the arteries that supply the heart wall with blood.

1532 Give one function of FSH.

1533 What is meant by the dormancy of seeds?

1534 Which organelle is known as “the powerhouse of the cell”?

1535“The same amount of DNA is present in nuclei of cells taken from the liver, heart, pancreas and muscle of a rat.” Use your knowledge of DNA and mitosis to explain this statement.

1536 There are probably more people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease now than ever before. Suggest a reason for this.

1537 Give one difference between a plant cell and an amoeba.

1538 For what is ATP an abbreviation?

1539 Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative surveys in an ecosystem.These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

of 98

Name: _________________________


1540 What is the role of valves in the heart?

1541 What name is given to the first stage of respiration?

1542 Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores?

1543 In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed? Give another function of this part of the digestive system.

1544A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps for her lunch. What food in the student’s lunch is a good source of protein?

1545 What do you think is meant by the term “degenerative illnesses”?

1546 Give one way in which the dormancy of seeds is of benefit to plants.

1547 A fat-soluble vitamin. E.g. …

1548 What is meant by immobilisation?

1549 The lymphatic system is another series of vessels carrying fluid in the body. Give any two functions of the lymphatic system.

1550 Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores?

1551 Explain what is meant by the term DNA profiling.

1552A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps for her lunch. What food in the student’s lunch is a good source of fat?

1553 Why is a quadrat unsuitable for studying most animal populations?

1554 State three functions of the cerebrum.

1555 Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: niche, edaphic factor, symbiosis.

1556 Suggest one way in which knowledge of dormancy is useful to farmers and gardeners.

1557 What is meant by nitrogen fixation?

1558 Draw labelled diagrams of two pieces of apparatus that you used to collect animals and in each case name the apparatus and an animal collected.

1559 In what structures in the lungs does gaseous exchange take place?

1560 Name one water-soluble vitamin.

1561 What is meant by nitrification?

1562 Where in the cell does the second stage of respiration take place?These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

of 98

Name: _________________________


1563 Distinguish between the position of the cerebellum and the position of the cerebrum in the human brain.

1564 What is the role of ATP in cells?

1565 Suggest a plant that would not be suitable to survey using a quadrat.

1566 What is a quadrat used for in your ecology studies?

1567Water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are all required for the germination of seeds. In the case of each of these factors describe its effect on the process of germination.

1568 Name one structural protein in humans.

1569 Give one feature of the alveoli that allows efficient exchange of gases.

1570 Name the type of bonding which occurs between members of a base pair in DNA.

1571 Give an account of how neurotransmitters work.

1572 A reducing sugar. E.g. …

1573 Name the nutrient medium that you used.

1574 In ecology, what is meant by the term conservation?

1575 Where in a cell does this first stage of respiration take place?

1576 Give one function of fat in the human body.

1577 What is the function of the nitrogen cycle?

1578 What is the function of the larynx?

1579 Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to each of the following parts of the seedling? 1. The root 2. The shoot.

1580 Name the type of particle whose movement in and out of neurons is an essential feature of nerve impulse transmission.

1581 State one possible source of error in a survey of an ecosystem.

1582 Suggest why conservation is important in an ecosystem.

1583 Does the second stage of respiration require oxygen?

1584 What term is used to describe all the chemical reactions in the human body?

1585 What term do ecologists use to describe an animal which kills and eats other animals?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1586 Name a substance that is used to immobilise enzymes.

1587 Outline the steps involved in inhalation.

1588 Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair.

1589 What are the stages involved in DNA profiling.

1590 What is meant by the term pollution?

1591 Describe the development of pollen grains from microspore mother cells.

1592 Give four factors that influence the size of the human population.

1593 What is meant by the term species?

1594 A polysaccharide. E.g. …

1595 What is meant by the term photosynthesis?

1596 To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of respiration? Is oxygen required for this conversion?

1597 Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone.

1598 State any two types of pollution associated with waste disposal.

1599 Name the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs.

1600 What is meant by the term fertilisation?

1601 State the function of the following: epiglottis, larynx.

1602 From what structure in the carpel does the seed develop?

1603 A gas from the air is needed for photosynthesis. Name this gas.

1604 Explain the following terms as used in genetics: 1. heterozygous, 2. incomplete dominance, 3. phenotype.

1605 Name a group of organisms in which the XY chromosome pair gives rise to a different sex than in cattle.

1606 1. Give one example of a waste associated with agriculture or forestry or fisheries. 2. State how the named waste is managed.

1607 Name a breathing disorder. Name: ___________________ and state: 1. A cause, 2. A means of prevention, 3. A treatment

1608 Comment on the amount of energy released in the second stage of respiration.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1609 Give a brief account of the process of fertilisation in flowering plants.

1610 Describe briefly the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inhalation. In your answer refer to volume and thoracic air pressure.

1611 Name the part of a plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place.

1612 Give two applications of DNA profiling.

1613 Give three ways to minimise waste.

1614 What term is used to describe the allele pair Pp?

1615 Give two advantages of using immobilised enzymes.


1617 Name a compound to which pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be converted, in the absence of oxygen.

1618 Give a role for each of the following parts of a flower: sepals, anther and stigma.

1619 Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis.

1620 Name the process involved in the passage of gas between the alveolus and the blood.

1621 Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management.

1622

Name and outline the procedure used for analysing the DNA samples that revealed the presence of horse meat in products labelled as beef. Would the result be the same if the beef were contaminated with pig meat? Explain your answer.

1623 What term is used to describe the animal that is killed and eaten?

1624 State two ways in which the energy that is released during respiration is used in the human body.

1625 A trace element in the human diet. E.g. …

1626 In DNA profiling, what are used to cut DNA strands into fragments?

1627 Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

1628 Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. Food chains are usually short.

1629 Explain the term habitat as used in ecology.

1630 Name the molecule, formed from DNA, which carries the instruction to manufacture proteins.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1631 Give three ways in which an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange.

1632 Name the main gas transported in the pulmonary vein. How is this gas transported?

1633 What is genetic screening?

1634 State two locations in the seed where food may be stored.


1636 Give one application of a named immobilised enzyme. In your answer, refer to substrate, enzyme and product.

1637 True or False. The term abiotic refers to the living factors in an ecosystem.

1638 Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The herbivores in an ecosystem normally live long lives.

1639 Where in a cell are proteins manufactured?

1640 Give two applications (uses) of DNA profiling.

1641 Comment on the difficulty of defining viruses as living organisms.


1643 Name any one enzyme, and its substrate, and its product.

1644 Where does meiosis occur in the human male?

1645 True or False. Grazing food chains begin with animals.

1646 If the population of prey declines suggest two possible consequences for the predators.

1647

Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The only remaining natural ecosystems in Ireland, for example mountain land above the heather line and salt marsh, are ones for which mankind has no use.

1648 Name the biomolecule that is the major component of meat.

1649 Other than the secretion of hormones, how does an endocrine gland differ from an exocrine gland?

1650 Name the plant from which you isolated DNA in your practical studies.

1651 The rate of activity of enzymes can be affected by various factors. Name any two factors that can affect enzyme activity.

1652 What is homeostasis? Note one reason why it is important in the human body.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1653 Explain the term producer as used in ecology.

1654 The embryo plant within the seed has a number of parts. List two of these parts, apart from food stores, and give a role for each of them.

1655 What is an antibiotic?

1656 What is meant by the term gene expression?

1657 Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. HIV / AIDS has orphaned many children in sub-Saharan Africa.

1658 What is meant by an ectotherm?

1659 Enzymes are sometimes immobilised in industrial processes. What is meant by the term immobilised in relation to enzymes?

1660 A carbohydrate is composed of carbon, hydrogen and …

1661 What is the primary source of energy for plant cells?

1662 For what precise purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol (alcohol) in your isolation of DNA?

1663 State two ways in which hormone action differs from nerve action.

1664 Where is sperm stored in the human male?

1665 Explain the term species.

1666 To which kingdom do bacteria belong?

1667 Give one advantage of using immobilised enzymes.

1668 What are the two main biochemical components of a virus particle?

1669 Explain the term niche as used in ecology.

1670 An example of a water-soluble vitamin is …

1671 A chemical that is used to show the presence of starch is …

1672 Decomposition is essential for the addition of nutrients to the soil. Explain the underlined term.

1673 How did you measure pulse rate or breathing rate?

1674 Following dispersal, the seed undergoes a period of dormancy. What is dormancy? Suggest two advantages of dormancy.

1675 What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1676 Where are primary producers found in a pyramid of numbers?

1677 Calcium and iron are examples of essential …

1678 Outline briefly the role of B lymphocytes in the human immune system.

1679 In the case of a named hormone give: 1. a deficiency symptom, 2. a corrective measure.

1680 State two functions of testosterone.

1681 The liquid in which chemical reactions take place in the cell is …

1682 When you investigated the effect of exercise on the human pulse rate or breathing rate what did you first establish?

1683Explain the following terms used in ecology:1. Biosphere2. Habitat.

1684 Name two groups of micro-organisms in the soil which are responsible for decomposition.

1685 Glucose is an example of which type of biomolecule?

1686 Using named examples, construct a simple inverted pyramid of numbers.

1687 Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for this.

1688 Fats are made from fatty acids and …

1689 What is meant by each of the following in ecology: predator; habitat; niche; biosphere; ecosystem?

1690 Where did you find the semilunar valves during the dissection of the heart?

1691 What is meant by a quantitative survey of organisms in a habitat?

1692 Distinguish between active and passive immunity.

1693 Proteins always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and …

1694 True or false. If the eyepiece lens of a microscope is marked X10 and the objective lens is marked X4, the total magnification is X14.

1695 Give two examples of the use of hormone supplements.

1696 What is the function of flagella on bacteria?

1697 Genetics is the study of …

1698 Name two pieces of apparatus used to collect animals from an ecosystem.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1699 Briefly describe how you carried out the dissection to expose the tricuspid valve.

1700 In a woman the sex chromosomes are XX; in a man they are …

1701 An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is …

1702 Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure.

1703 If the diploid number in a cell is 46, the haploid number is …

1704

1. Name a hormone-producing gland in the human body.2. Where in the body is the gland located?3. Name a hormone that this gland secretes.4. State a role of this hormone.5. Describe what happens if the body experiences a deficiency of this

hormone.

1705 In order to make proteins, DNA is first transcribed as messenger ...

1706 What is meant by the term predator?

1707 When dissecting a mammalian heart where, precisely, did you locate the tricuspid valve?

1708 Name any two of the main bacterial types (shapes).

1709 A solution used to test for the presence of glucose is …

1710 A change in the genetic material of an organism is called a …

1711 Name two diseases caused by viruses.

1712 True or false. Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not have chloroplasts.

1713 What term is used to describe the glands that secrete hormones in the human body?

1714 What is meant by the term conservation?

1715 Give one main function of the leaf.

1716 Where do scientists usually publish the results and conclusions of their investigations?

1717 True or False. Anabolism is the breaking down of large molecules.

1718 “Vaccination gives rise to active immunity”. Explain this statement.

1719 By which method do bacterial cells reproduce?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1720

In certain situations a person is given a specific antibody rather than being vaccinated. 1. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? 2. Under what circumstances might an antibody, rather than a vaccination, be given? 3. Comment on the duration of immunity that follows the administration of an antibody.

1721 Is an enzyme a lipid, a protein or a carbohydrate?

1722 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Allele.

1723 What is a reflex action?

1724 Give one example of a limitation of the scientific method.

1725 Name the group of biomolecules to which enzymes belong.

1726 What is the role of the fruit?

1727 Give a function of ligaments.

1728 Name the tube-like tissue found in the stem in which water moves through the plant.

1729 Some bacteria are anaerobic. What does this mean?

1730 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Heterozygous.

1731 True or false. Humans receive oxygen from the air they inhale.

1732 True or False. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

1733 Describe how you examined the cells using the microscope.

1734 Give one example of a reflex action.

1735 Where in a cell are enzymes produced?

1736 Name the element, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is always found in protein.

1737 Give an example of a beneficial application of a virus.

1738 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Phenotype.

1739 What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey?

1740 True or False. Nutrition is the way living organisms get rid of waste.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1741 Explain why a coverslip is used.

1742 What are pathogenic bacteria?

1743 Suggest an advantage of reflex actions.

1744 Give one main function of the root.

1745 What is the principal source of energy for the Earth’s ecosystems?

1746

In humans, brown eye (B) is dominant to blue eye (b). Two parents, one heterozygous for eye colour and the other with blue eyes, start a family.(i) What is the genotype of the blue-eyed parent?(ii) What are the possible gametes that each parent can produce?

1747 State one reason that your body needs protein.

1748 True or False. In science, a hypothesis is an educated guess based on observations.

1749 Give a function of synovial fluid.

1750 Outline how you used the coverslip.

1751 Name a producer.

1752 Name a disorder of the human nervous system.

1753 Give two example of the economic importance of bacteria.

1754 Explain, in terms of what happens to body cells, what is meant by the term cancer.

1755 What is meant by an abiotic factor?

1756 True or False. In experiments the factor that is changed is called the variable.


1758 What stain did you use on the animal cells when examining them under the light microscope?

1759 Explain briefly what is meant by a gene.

1760 True or false. Cell membranes let only some molecules pass through.

1761In the case of a disorder of the human nervous system state:1. A possible cause.2. A means of prevention or a treatment.

1762 Give two possible causes of cancer.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1763 State one way in which a named organism is adapted to the ecosystem.

1764 What is the purpose of a control in scientific experiments?

1765 Explain why it is difficult to classify viruses as living organisms.

1766 The allele for brown eye (B) is dominant to the allele for blue eye (b).Explain each of the underlined terms.

1767 Describe how you obtained a sample of cells when preparing animal cells for examination with a light microscope.

1768 Name two foods in which you found protein.

1769 What is a quadrat frame?

1770 Some people choose to be screened to determine their risk of getting a particular type of cancer. What is meant by genetic screening?

1771 Distinguish between the terms haploid and diploid.

1772 Which stage of respiration releases more energy?

1773 Explain briefly what is meant by respiration.

1774 Give the two main chemical components of a virus.

1775On a microscope the eyepiece lens is marked 10× and the objective lens is marked 40×. A cell is viewed through these lenses. The image of the cell is 0.8 mm in diameter. What is the actual diameter of the cell?

1776 Name two tissues found in animals.

1777

Blood samples taken from a crime scene were put through a process called DNA profiling. During the process cells were broken down to release the DNA, which was then cut into fragments. The fragments were then separated.1. What was used to cut the DNA?2. On what basis were the DNA fragments separated?3. Give an application of DNA profiling other than solving crime.

1778 Name the process that converts the principal source of energy into chemical energy in plants.

1779 Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous.

1780 What reagent or chemicals did you use to test for protein?

1781 True or false. Human chromosomes are found in the nucleus.

1782 Give two abiotic factors that you investigated, describe how you measured each one.

1783 How did you obtain a thin piece of a sample of the cells and prepare it for examination under the microscope?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1784 State the function of the coarse focus knob on a microscope.

1785 Briefly describe how viruses reproduce.

1786 What does animal plankton feed on?

1787 Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype.

1788 Where in the nucleus would you find genes?

1789 Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.

1790 What stain did you use on plant cells when examining them under the microscope?

1791 Give examples of two harmful bacteria.

1792 In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination how did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place?

1793 In stage 1 of respiration, glucose is partly broken down. Where in the cell does this happen?

1794 Give one way in which viruses are beneficial and one way in which they are harmful.

1795 Distinguish between the terms segregation and independent assortment.

1796 What is meant by ground tissue?

1797 Describe how you applied the stain to cells when examining them under the microscope.

1798 What is meant by tissue culture?

1799 What is meant by excretion?

1800 Why are saprophytic bacteria important in nature?

1801 In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination what control did you use?

1802 Give a function of ground tissue.

1803 Explain the terms transcription and translation.

1804 The objective lenses on a microscope are usually labelled 40X, 10X, and 4X.Which objective lens should you begin with when using the microscope?

1805 Name the vein connected to the lungs.

1806 What is meant by osmoregulation?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1807 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

1808 Where does filtration of blood take place within the kidney?

1809 Suggest a reason why sterile conditions are needed in tissue culture.

1810 In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination what substance, to be digested by the seeds, was added to the medium?

1811 Give one cell structure that you observed under the microscope that indicated that the cells you were looking at were plant cells.

1812 In which structures in the cell does translation occur?

1813 Distinguish clearly between pollination and fertilisation.

1814 Name the artery connected to the kidneys.

1815 Name the small gaps between neurons.

1816 State three factors necessary for the germination of a seed.

1817The scientific method involves making a hypothesis, carrying out experiments, recording results, and forming conclusions. Why is it a good idea to repeat an experiment many times?

1818 Name the substance that is used as a medium on which to germinate the seeds in the investigation to show digestive activity.

1819 What is saprophytic nutrition?

1820 How many bases in sequence make up a codon in mRNA?

1821 What is a meristem?

1822 Briefly explain chemosynthesis.

1823 Name the vein that joins the intestine to the liver.

1824 Why is a control used when carrying out experiments?

1825 Name the gas needed to release energy to make a skin graft.

1826 Name two products excreted by the human.

1827 At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination the seeds were sterilised. How did you sterilise the seeds?

1828 Each mRNA codon specifies one of three possible outcomes during protein synthesis. Name these three possible outcomes.

1829 What is germination?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1830 State a location in the seed where food is stored.

1831 For what purpose did you use Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution in the course of your practical activities?

1832 What term is used for the organism from which a parasite obtains its food?

1833 Give the precise location of the heart in the human body.

1834 Suggest the most suitable temperature to make skin cells grow for a skin graft.

1835 At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination the seeds were sterilised. Why is this necessary?

1836 What does the letter ‘t’ stand for in tRNA?

1837 Where does reabsorption of salt take place within the kidney?

1838 For what purpose did you use an anaerobic jar in the course of your practical activities?

1839 Give a location for a meristem.

1840 Name one organ of excretion, other than the kidney, in the human body.

1841 Neurons produce neurotransmitter substances. What is their function?

1842 What structure(s) protects the heart?

1843 During translation one end of a tRNA molecule attaches to an mRNA codon. What is usually attached to the other end of the tRNA molecule?

1844 Name the three factors necessary for seeds to germinate.

1845 For what purpose did you use a cover slip in the course of your practical activities?

1846 Give a function of the guard cell.

1847 An organ for churning of food to chime is the …

1848 Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine produce …

1849 Biomolecules of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are examples of …

1850 What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture?

1851 For what purpose did you use a buffer solution in the course of your practical activities?

1852 Name a part of a seed in which food for germination is stored.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1853 What are the two main events in the replication of DNA?

1854 Name the upper chambers of the heart.

1855 Give two functions of water in a living organism.

1856 Is energy release a feature of anabolic or catabolic reactions?

1857 How do fats differ from oils at room temperature?

1858 For what purpose did you use Methylene blue in the course of your practical activities?

1859 Name the test or give the chemicals used to detect the presence of protein in a food sample.

1860 Name the base in DNA that pairs with cytosine.

1861 Briefly describe the fate, under aerobic conditions, of Acetyl Co-enzyme A.

1862 Name a structural polysaccharide.

1863 Name the valve between the upper and lower chambers on the left-hand side.

1864 Name two gases that enter or leave the leaf.

1865 For what purpose did you use sodium alginate in the course of your practical activities?

1866 To what organ does the ureter link the kidney?

1867 Give an example of a reflex action in humans.

1868 What is a tropism?

1869 What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate is broken down under aerobic conditions?

1870 Waves of contractions passing along the gut is …

1871 Give one other application of tissue culture apart from skin grafting.

1872 For what purpose did you use IAA in the course of your practical activities?

1873 What is the average resting human heart rate?

1874 Give the names of the two processes involving DNA which take place during interphase.

1875 Explain the term diploid number.


of 98

Name: _________________________


1876 What is a plant growth regulator?

1877 What type of teeth grinds food into smaller pieces?

1878 Name two substances, other than carbon dioxide, into which pyruvate may be broken down under anaerobic conditions in cells.

1879 For what purpose did you use freezer-cold alcohol in the course of your practical activities?

1880 To which main blood vessel does the renal artery link the kidney?

1881 What term is used to describe a group of disorders of the body in which cells lose the normal regulation of mitosis?

1882 Give two factors which cause an increase in heart rate.

1883As a result of her observations a scientist may formulate a … She will then progress her investigation by devising a series of … and then carefully analysing the resulting …

1884 For which purpose did you use brown paper or Sudan III in food testing?

1885

Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast.1. From what plant did you obtain the yeast?2. Name the nutrient medium on which you grew the yeast.

1886 Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells.

1887 Give a function of the myelin sheath.

1888 Name an enzyme that turns fats to fatty acids and glycerol.

1889 For convenience of study, mitosis is divided into four stages. List these in order.

1890 Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration.

1891 Name the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the heart muscle.

1892 Outline the steps you followed to get the yeast cells onto the nutrient medium when investigating the growth of leaf yeast.

1893 For which purpose did you use Biuret solution or alkaline copper sulphate in food testing?

1894 Which part of the female reproductive system is influenced by both FSH and LH?

1895 Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells.

1896 Give two biological advantages of breastfeeding.

1897 Why are reflex actions important in humans?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1898 What is the role of the motor neuron?

1899

Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast.1. How long did it take for the yeast to become visible on the nutrient

medium?2. How did you recognise the yeast?

1900 Name the fluid present in the ureter.

1910 For which purpose did you use petroleum jelly in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast on agar plates?

1902 Explain why the walls of the lower chambers of the heart are thicker than the walls of the upper chambers.

1903 True or False. In multicellular organisms mitosis is primarily used for growth.

1904 What is a habitat?

1905 Name the process by which the gases move in or out of the leaf.

1906 Describe one aseptic technique you carried out during the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast.

1907 List three abiotic factors that you investigated.

1908 In the case of a named organism give an adaptation feature that you noted.

1909 For which purpose did you use antiseptic wash solution in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast on agar plates?

1910 What substance emulsifies fats?

1911 Name the two vascular tissues found in a vascular bundle.

1912 True or False. Mitosis is a source of variation.

1913 Name the coloured part of the eye.

1914 The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytosol. What is the cytosol?

1915 Why is a control especially important in biological investigations?

1916 Give an example of a growth regulator that promotes growth.

1917 For which purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol while extracting DNA from plant tissue?

1918 What is meant by an enzyme’s optimum pH?

1919 What is the function of the pupil in the eye?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1920 True or False. Centromeres give rise to the nuclear spindle.

1921 What is an ecosystem?

1922 Give one function of each of the following: 1. Dermal tissue, 2. Ground tissue

1923 From your study of ecology explain the term fauna

1924Waste management is a matter of growing concern in Ireland as the population expands. Outline three problems associated with waste disposal.

1925 Explain the following terms which are used in genetics: homozygous, recessive, phenotype

1926 In which part of the eye would you find the rods and cones?

1927 For which purpose did you use washing-up liquid or other detergent while extracting DNA from plant tissue?

1928If a scientist wished to determine the effect of a certain herbicide on weed growth she would include a control in the investigation. Suggest a suitable control in this case.

1929 True or False. The nuclear membrane disappears in the early part of mitosis.

1930 Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy?

1931 From your study of ecology explain the term food web

1932 Suggest two methods of waste minimisation.

1933 What is the function of the cones in the retina of the eye?

1934 In which of the vascular tissues does water transport occur?

1935 What is the significance of the fact that the two allele pairs are located on different chromosome pairs?

1936 For which purpose did you use an aquatic plant such as pondweed rather than a terrestrial plant when investigating the rate of photosynthesis?

1937 True or False. When a cell is not dividing it is said to be in prophase.

1938 Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion.

1939 What are symbiotic bacteria?

1940Choose a term from the following list to match the description.

Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, LargeA substance required for aerobic respiration.

1941 From your study of ecology explain the term biotic factor


of 98

Name: _________________________


1942 Explain how the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion.

1943 Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place?

1944 State one way in which xylem is adapted for water transport.

1945 For which purpose did you use methylene blue or iodine solution when examining cells with the microscope?

1946 True or False. In telophase of mitosis, a cleavage furrow forms in plant cells.


Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, LargeThe amount of energy released in aerobic respiration.

1948 What is meant by excretion?

1949 What does an ecologist mean by competition?

1950 From your study of ecology explain the term symbiosis

1951 From which blood vessel is the afferent arteriole derived?

1952 Name the part(s) of the digestive system in which the following are absorbed into the blood. 1. The products of digestion, 2. Water.


Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, LargeA product of anaerobic respiration in muscles.

1954 True or False. Single-celled organisms use meiosis for asexual reproduction.

1955 Give an example of each of a growth regulator that inhibits growth.

1956 What is a hypothesis?

1957 In which direction does water transport take place?

1958 Give an example of waste produced in agriculture or fisheries or forestry and describe how it is managed.

1959 From your study of ecology explain the term habitat


Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, LargeA product of aerobic respiration.

1961 What is fermentation?

1962 Name harmful member of the Monera.

1963 The use of replicates is an important aspect of scientific research. What, in this context, are replicates?


of 98

Name: _________________________


1964 What is meant by sex-linked?

1965 Why is a control normally used when carrying out an experiment?

1966 Name a process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the blood.


Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, LargeA product of anaerobic respiration in yeast.

1968 Which organ is attached to the kidney by the ureter?

1969 From your study of ecology explain the term ecosystem

1970 What is a denatured enzyme?

1971 Urea and carbon dioxide are excretory products of the human body. In the case of each product name a substance from which it is derived.

1972 Name a member of the Protista that catches and consumes smaller organisms.

1973 Name a structure in the human digestive system, other than teeth, which is involved in mechanical digestion


Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, LargeThe cell structures in which Stage 2 of aerobic respiration takes place.

1975 Name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located.

1976 Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management.

1977 Answer the following in relation to a lipase: 1. Where is it secreted? 2. Where does it act? 3. What is the approximate pH at its site of action?

1978 From your study of ecology explain the term biosphere

1979 In which part of the kidney does filtration of the blood occur?

1980 Name a multicellular fungus.

1981 True or False. The liver produces bile.

1982 Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration?

1983 Suggest where a scientist may publish the results of her investigations.

1984 State one way in which heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body.

1985 Give two activities of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system.

1986 Where in the kidney is Bowman’s Capsule located?These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

of 98

Name: _________________________


1987 True or False. The semicircular canals in the ear are involved in balance.

1988Name the openings in the leaf which allow the entry of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. State a factor which influences the diameter of these openings.

1989 Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second kingdom. Protista and Animalia.

1990 Explain the term excretion.

1991 The genetic code is contained within the DNA of chromosomes. Briefly describe the nature of this code.

1992 What is a virus made up of?

1993 Water enters the outermost cells of the root by osmosis. What does this tell you about the cell sap of these outermost cells?

1994 True or False. The growth response of a plant to light is called phototropism.

1995 Give three roles of the skeleton.

1996 Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the second stage of aerobic respiration

1997 Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second kingdom. Animalia and Monera.

1998 Suggest two situations which may result in a drop in the water content of the blood.

1999 Name two substances excreted by the kidneys.

2000 Briefly describe how viruses reproduce.

2001 True or False. Tendons attach bone to bone.

2002

During photosynthesis oxygen is produced.1. From what substance is oxygen produced?2. In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?3. Give two possible fates of oxygen following its production.

2003

When the water content of the blood drops a hormone is released. 1. Name this hormone and the endocrine gland from which it is secreted. 2. Give a precise target area for this hormone. 3. How does the hormone reach the target area? 4. Explain the role of the hormone at its target area, when the water

content of the blood is low.

1.

2004 Describe how minerals such as nitrates enter the root of a plant from the soil.

2005 What is meant by non-coding DNA?

2006 Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second kingdom. Plantae and Fungi.


of 98

Name: _________________________


2007In photosynthesis water (H2O) is split into three products.1. Name these three products.2. State what happens to each of these products.

2008 True or False. A motor neuron carries impulses to the brain.

2009

During 2009 swine flu spread through the population of many countries. Younger people were more at risk of becoming ill with swine flu than older people. Using your knowledge of the immune system, suggest a reason for this.

2010 Give two excretory organs in the human body other than the kidney.

2011Give the part of the nephron in which each of the following takes place:1. Filtration, 2. Reabsorption of amino acids.

2012 Suggest a reason why it is important to know a person’s blood group.


2014 Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second kingdom. Fungi and Animalia.

2015 True or False. Rhizopus is a member of the animal kingdom.

2016 Explain what is meant by the axial skeleton.


2018 Give one structural difference between DNA and RNA.

2019 Name a part of the flower from which fruit forms.

2020 Amylase is an enzyme that is found in saliva. State the substrate and the product of this enzyme.

2021 True or False. Xylem transports water in plants.

2022 Osmosis has been described as a special case of diffusion. Explain why.

2023 Name a major blood vessel that returns blood in venules to the heart.

2024 Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system.

2025 Name a tissue found in plants. Give a function of the tissue referred to.

2026 Suggest a reason why myxomatosis is no longer a major threat to the Irish rabbit population.

2027 Give two features of the nephron that aid filtration.

2028 True or False. A potato is a modified stem.


of 98

Name: _________________________


2029 Give three examples of the ways in which fruits are involved in seed dispersal.

2030 Give an account of the role of each of the following in photosynthesis: 1. ATP, 2. NADP.

2031 Give one way in which lymph differs from blood.

2032 Name a cell organelle, apart from the nucleus, in which DNA is found.

2033 Name a tissue found in animals. Give a function of the tissue referred to.

2034 Outline briefly how a virus replicates (reproduces).

2035 Genes are found on what structures within a cell?

2036 Give a function for each of the following: 1. Red marrow, 2. Cartilage, 3. Tendon.

2037 Distinguish between batch and continuous flow food processing using micro-organisms in the food industry.

2038 Suggest why it is necessary for a plant to disperse its seeds.

2039The use of one species to control the population of another species is called biological control. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of biological control.

2040 Give two functions of the lymphatic system.

2041 Explain what is meant by the term tissue culture

2042 What is the function of the spindle during cell division?

2043 Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example in the human body.

2044 True or false. Stage 1 of respiration requires oxygen.

2045 Name a group of biomolecules in the blood which are too large to pass through the filtration system of the nephron.

2046 Is the blood in the Aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated?

2047 Following dispersal most seeds enter a period of dormancy. What is dormancy?

2048If a transverse section of an arteriole were viewed under the microscope state one way in which it would differ from a transverse section through a venule.

2049 Tissues grow by cell division. Name the type of cell division by which tissues grow.

2050 Give one application of tissue culture.

2051 Name the nitrogenous bases whose first letters are A and C.These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

of 98

Name: _________________________


2052 Apart from water, name one other substance which is found in sweat.

2053 What is meant by sterile?

2054 Name the container in which you grew the leaf yeast.

2055 Organs are found in both plants and animals. What is meant by the term organ?

2056 State the location in the human body of the following muscles which are used for breathing: diaphragm, intercostals.

2057 Give any two functions of minerals in organisms.

2058 To which kingdom does Amoeba belong?

2059 Give an advantage of dormancy.

2060 Give one reason why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

2061 True or false. Stage 1 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm.

2062 Name one organ found in plants.

2063 How did you measure the breathing rate or the pulse?

2064 Where in the cell would you expect to find most DNA?

2065 State a disorder due to a dietary deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin.

2066 Is the cell of Amoeba prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Give a reason for your answer.

2067 What is meant by the germination of seeds?

2068 Name the stage in the plant’s life cycle that follows dormancy.


2070 What is meant by nitrogen fixation?

2071 Give an example of pollution which may result from domestic (household) or industrial or agricultural activity.

2072 True or false. Stage 2 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm.

2073 Give one function of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba.

2074 Name a fat-soluble vitamin.


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Name: _________________________


2075 Describe briefly one way by which the skin helps to retain heat in cold conditions.

2076 Name one human activity that causes pollution.

2077 What is a chromosome?

2078 State one way in which it is possible to produce seedless fruits in horticulture.

2079 What is the role of the bicuspid valve?

2080 Name two habitats from the ecosystem you have studied.

2081 Suggest one reason why a contractile vacuole is more active in freshwater amoebae than in marine amoebae.

2082 How does a phospholipid differ from a fat?

2083 State two problems associated with waste disposal in Ireland.

2084For hair colour black (B) is dominant over brown (b). Seán is heterozygous (Bb) and Máire is homozygous (bb). 1. What colour is Seán’s hair? 2. What colour is Máire’s hair?

2085 DNA contains the instructions needed to make protein. These instructions are called the … code.

2086 How may apparatus be sterilised?

2087 Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis.

2088 Seeds may remain inactive for a period before germination. What term is used to describe this period of inactivity?

2089 List two ways of minimising waste.

2090Red hair in humans is recessive to all other hair colours. A red-haired woman and a black-haired man, whose own father was red-haired, started a family. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with red hair?

2091 Fat is broken down by X into Fatty Acids and Y. Identify X and Y.

2092 Give a brief account of the Theory of Natural Selection.

2093 True or false. Some of the energy released in respiration is lost as heat.

2094 In what main part of a plant does most photosynthesis take place?

2095 What is meant by evolution?

2096 Give one example of the use of microorganisms in waste management.

2097 What is the main source of light for photosynthesis?These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.

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Name: _________________________


2098In Dalmatian dogs the allele for brown spots is recessive to the allele for black spots. The two parents were heterozygous in respect of spot colour. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with black spots?

2099 The following biochemical reactions took place in some living cells: A B + C + D. Is this an example of anabolism or catabolism?

2100 Suggest two ways to prevent or control pollution.

2101 Name a group of organisms involved in nitrogen fixation.

2102 The haploid number of chromosomes is found in the human egg and sperm. Explain the underlined term.

2103 Carbohydrates always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and …

2104 Bile is involved in digestion in the human body. 1. Where is bile produced? 2. Where is bile stored? 3. Where does bile act in the alimentary canal?


2106

In roses there is incomplete dominance between the allele governing red petals and the allele governing white petals. Heterozygous individuals have pink petals. A plant with pink petals was crossed with a plant with white petals. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with white petals?

2107 During photosynthesis water molecules are split into three products. Name each of these products. Describe what happens to each of the products.

2108 Explain the term Biotic factor.


2110 Lipids are made up of fatty acids and …

2111 What is meant by egestion? From where does egestion occur?

2112 True or false. Lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

2113 Write a short paragraph (about 5 lines) on waste management.

2114

In the fruit fly Drosophila the allele for full wing is dominant to the allele for vestigial wing. One parent was homozygous in respect of full wing and the other parent was heterozygous. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with full wing?

2115 What is the role of peristalsis in the digestive system?

2116 Explain the term Symbiosis.

2117 Name a fat-soluble vitamin.

2118 Name the structures in which photosynthesis occurs in plant cells.


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Name: _________________________


2119 Name one of the scientists associated with the Theory of Natural Selection.

2120 What is meant by pollination?

2121 Where in the eye is the retina located?

2122 Give an example of a catabolic reaction in a cell.

2123 Name a structural carbohydrate found in plants.

2124 Explain the terms: allele and dominant.

2125 Explain the term Competition.

2126 What is the role of alveoli in the lungs?

2127 What is meant by the term aerobic respiration?

2128 Water enters the roots of plants by osmosis. Explain what is meant by osmosis.

2129 What process follows pollination in the life cycle of a flowering plant?

2130 Name one good source of protein in the human diet.

2131 What is a triglyceride?

2132 In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place?

2133 Explain the term Trophic level.

2134 Name the tissue that transports water from the root to the leaves.

2135 What is blood plasma? Give a role for blood plasma.

2136

Indicate clearly whether each of the following statements refers to stage 1 or to stage 2 of respiration. A. Takes place in the mitochondria, B. Produces a large amount of energy, C. Takes place in the cytoplasm, D. Does not require oxygen.

A.

2137 Outline the evidence for evolution from any one named source.

2138 Vitamins may be divided into two groups depending upon their solubility. Name these two groups.

2139 Where do the products of digestion enter the blood?

2140 Give an example of a beneficial organism and of a harmful organism that belong to the same kingdom as Rhizopus.


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Name: _________________________


2141List three characteristics in each case of; 1. An insect-pollinated flower, 2. A wind-pollinated flower.

2142 Explain the term Niche.

2143 Name a breathing disorder. Suggest a possible cause of it and state how it may be treated.

2144 To what group of biomolecules do enzymes belong?

2145 State one way in which an oil differs from a fat.

2146 State two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the alimentary canal.

2147 Two types of cells that receive light are found in the retina. Name each of these.

2148 Name two types of cell found in the blood and give a function for each of them.

2149 What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis?

2150 How do these products of digestion pass into the blood?

2151 Explain the term Biosphere.

2152 Give an example of a trace element.

2153 The action of the enzyme amylase on its substrate starch is an example of a catabolic reaction. Explain each of the underlined terms.

2154 The ABO blood group system has four blood groups. What are these four groups?

2155 The optic nerve is attached to the eye. What is the function of the optic nerve?

2156 Suggest two reasons why life on earth might not continue without photosynthesis.

2157 What is meant by immobilisation of an enzyme?

2158 In relation to the human diet, what is meant by a trace element?


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