learning objectives – endocrine system identify the endocrine glands and their hormones. gain an...
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Learning Objectives – Endocrine System
Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones.
Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body.
Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones.
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Identify abnormal conditions resulting from excessive and deficient secretions of the endocrine glands.
Describe laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to endocrinology, and recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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The Endocrine System – p. 746 Glands release hormones
Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism
Hormones bind to receptors
Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act
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Two Types of Glands ENDOCRINE glands
Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
EXOCRINE glandsSend chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.
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Glands page 747
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Thyroid Gland – page 748
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Thyroid Function – page 748
Two hormones secreted by thyroid:
thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate
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Thyroid Gland
Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone
New hormone recently discovered
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Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Actions
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Parathyroid Gland: - page 749
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Parathyroid Glands – page 750
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Parathyroid Function
Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream
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Adrenal Glands – page 751
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ADRENAL GLANDS:
Each gland has two parts
an outer portion, the adrenal cortex○ Secretes corticosteriods or steriods,
chemicals derived from cholesterol
an inner portion, adrenal medulla○ Secretes catecholamines
chemicals derived from amino acids
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Adrenal CORTEX Secretes Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of
sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone).
Influences--SUGAR
Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytesAldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of
potassium. Influences--SALT
Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences--SEX
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Adrenal MEDULLA Secretes Two types of catecholamine hormones
Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure
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The Adrenal Cortexand Adrenal Medulla
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Pancreas – page 752 Located near and partially behind
stomach Exocrine and endocrine organ
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Pancreas Function islets of Langerhans produce:
Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen
Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells
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Pancreas Function
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Pituitary Gland – page 753 Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella
turcica) also called the hypophysisAnterior lobe (adenohypophysis)Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
Hypothalmus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)
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Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Function – page 754
Anterior Pituitary secretes the following hormomes:
Growth hormone (GH) – increases bone and tissue growth
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)
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Pituitary FunctionAdrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) – stimulates cortisol secretion
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
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Pituitary Function (cont’d.)
Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) – increases water reabsorption by kidneys
Oxytocin (OT)
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Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions – page 755
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Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions – page 755-756
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Table 18-2
See page 756 for summary of major endocrine glands, hormones they produce, and their actions.
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GLANDS
aden/o gland
adren/o adrenal glands
adrenal/o adrenal glands
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Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
COMBINING FORMS – page COMBINING FORMS – page 760760
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Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning
gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes)
pancreat/o pancreas
parathyroid/o parathyroid gland
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pituitar/o pituitary gland;
thyr/o thyroid gland
thyroid/o thyroid gland
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Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Page 760 - GlandsPage 760 - Glands
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andr/o male
calc/o, calici/o calcium (hypocalcemia)
cortic/o cortex, outer region
crin/o secrete (endocrine)32
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms - Page Combining Forms - Page 760-761760-761
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Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning
dips/o thirst (poly dipsia)
estr/o female
gluc/o, glyc/o sugar
(hyperglycemia)
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home/o sameness
hormon/o hormone
kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)
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Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Glands - Page 761Glands - Page 761
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Glands
Combining Form Meaning
lact/o milk
myx/o mucus
natr/o sodium
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phys/o growing
somat/o body (somatotropin)
ster/o solid structure
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Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Glands - Page 762Glands - Page 762
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Glands
Combining Form Meaning
toc/o childbirth
toxic/o position
ur/o urine
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-agon assemble, gather together
-emia blood condition
-in, -ine a substance
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SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
Suffixes - page 763Suffixes - page 763
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Suffixes
Suffix Meaning
tropin stimulating the function of
-uria urine condition
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eu- good, normal (euthyroid)
hyper- excessive, above
hypo- deficient, below
oxy- rapid, sharp, acid
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PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning
Prefixes - page 763Prefixes - page 763
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Prefixes
Prefix Meaning
pan- all
tetra- four
tri three
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium?
A. hyperkalemia
B. hypocalcemia
C.hypercalciuria
D.hypokalemia42
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Thyroid Abnormalities – page 764
Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid
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Thyroid Abmormalities
HypersecretionHyperthyroidism Graves disease – Autoimmune
○Exophthalmos and proptosis
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Thyroid Abnormalities
HyposecretionHypothyroidismMyxedemaCretinism
NeoplasmsThyroid carcinoma
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Parathyroid Abnormalities – page 765
HypersecretionHyperparathyroidismLoss of bone densityKidney stonesHypercalcemia
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Parathyroid AbnormalitiesHyposecretion:
HypoparathyroidismDeficient production of
parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany
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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex – page 766
Hypersecretion
adrenal virilism – excessive androgens amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening
Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition
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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex
Hyposecretion
Addison disease – low cortisol and aldosterone levels
hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure
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Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla – page 767
Pheochromocytoma:
Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms
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Abnormalities of the Pancreas
Hypersecretion
Hyperinsulinism – excessive secretion of insulin causing;
Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting
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Pancreas
Hyposecretion Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat metabolism in cells
Type 1 : childhood onset typically
Type 2 : adult onset typically
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Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
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Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion acromegaly gigantism
Hyposecretion dwarfism panhypopituitarism
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Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excess ADH
Excess water retention
Hyposecretion Diabetes insipidus
Deficient ADH
Polyuria and polydipsia
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Review Abnormal Conditions of Endocrine Glands – page 748
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Laboratory Tests – page 748
Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Measures circulating glucose in a patient
who has fasted at least 4 hours Serum and urine tests
Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc. in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function
Thyroid function testsMeasures T3, T4, and TSH in the
bloodstream
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Clinical Procedures – page 749
exophthalmometry computed tomography (CT) scan magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the
head radioactive iodine uptake thyroid scan ultrasound examination
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QUICK QUIZ:
5. What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty?
A. Addison disease
B. acromegaly
C.Cushing syndrome
D.Graves disease
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