learning about human biology chapter 1. 1.1 the characteristics of life focus: several basic...
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Learning about Human Biology
Chapter 1
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1.1 The Characteristics of Life
Focus: Several basic characteristics allow us to distinguish between
living things and nonliving objects.
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The Characteristics of Life
Living things take in energy and materials Energy: the capacity to do work
Living things sense and respond to changes in the environment
Living things reproduce and grow
Living things consist of one or more cells
Living things maintain homeostasis
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Humans Take in Energy by Eating Food
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Cells Are the Basic Units of Life
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Summary of Life’s Characteristics
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1.2 Our Place in the Natural World
Focus: Human beings arose as a distinct group of animals during an
evolutionary journey that began billions of years ago.
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Humans Have Evolved over Time
Evolution – change in the body plan and functioning of organisms through the generations• Began billions of years ago• Continues today
Where do we fit in?• Primates• Vertebrates
Classification of living organisms• Three domains of life• Five kingdoms of life – changing as we speak!
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Animation: Life’s diversity
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Humans Are Related to Earth’s Other Organisms
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Humans Have Some Distinctive Characteristics
Mammalian features• Hair• Mammary glands
Distinctive PRIMATE features• Manual dexterity• Brain
• Size• Capacity for sophisticated language and analysis• Development of various social behaviors
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1.3 Life’s Organization
Focus: Nature is organized on many levels, starting with nonliving
materials and eventually including the whole living world.
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Fig. 1-5a, p. 4
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Fig. 1-5b, p. 5
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Animation: Life’s levels of organization
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Animation: Building blocks of life
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Organisms Are Connected through the Flow of Energy and Cycling of Materials
Solar energy and photosynthesis
Interconnections among organisms• Producers• Consumers• Decomposers
• bacteria and fungi
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The Flow of Energy and the Cycling of Materials Maintain Nature’s Organization
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Animation: One-way energy flow and materials cycling
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1.4 Using Science to Learn about the Natural World
Focus: Science basically is a way of thinking about the natural world by making and testing predictions they
search for evidence that may disprove or support a proposed explanation.
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Science Is a Systematic Study of Nature
Scientific method• Observe some aspect of nature• Ask a question about the observation or identify
a problem to explore• Develop a hypothesis• Make a prediction• Test the prediction• Repeat the tests or develop new ones• Analyze and report the test results and
conclusions
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Scientists Do Research in the Laboratory and in the Field
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Animation: Sampling error
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Example Experiment:
Hypothesis: Olestra® causes intestinal cramps
• Variables• Independent• Dependent• Standardized
• Groups• Control• Experimental
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Fig. 1-8, p. 7
HypothesisOlestra® causes intestinal cramps.
PredictionPeople who eat potato chips made with Olestra will be more likely to get intestinal cramps than those who eat potato chips made without Olestra.
Experiment Control Group Eats regular potato chips
Experimental Group Eats Olestra potato chips
Results 93 of 529 people get cramps later (17.6%)
89 of 563 people get cramps later (15.8%)
Conclusion
Percentages are about equal. People who eat potato chips made with Olestra are just as likely to get intestinal cramps as those who eat potato chips made without Olestra. These results do not support the hypothesis.
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Science Never Stops
Is more research needed on Olestra?
Olestra reformulated to reduce side effects?
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Examples of Scientific Theories
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Animation: An example of the scientific method
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1.5 Critical Thinking in Science and Life
Focus: To think critically, we must evaluate information
before accepting it.
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A Guide to Critical Thinking
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Evaluate the Source of Information
Let credible scientific evidence, not opinions or hearsay, do the convincing
Question credentials
Question motives
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Evaluate the Content of Information
Fact versus opinion
Cause versus correlation• Ice cream & crime
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1.6 Science in Perspective
Focus: A scientific theory explains a large number of
observations.
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What the Word “Theory” Means in Science
Supported by tens of thousands of experiments
May be modified or even rejected upon further investigations• Science is tentative!
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Science Has Limits
External world is testing ground for scientific views• Natural world only (not supernatural)
Culture and society: NOT a part of science!• Morals• Esthetics• Religious beliefs
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1.7 Living in a World of Infectious Disease
Focus: Humans have always lived with countless health threats. Today
we are locked in an escalating global battle with bacteria, viruses,
parasites, and other pathogens -agents that can cause disease.
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Black Death
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Infections Are a Threat Because They Disrupt Homeostasis
Infection – pathogen enters cells or tissues and reproduce
Disease – when the pathogen overwhelms the host’s defense systems
Effect on homeostasis• Major versus minor disruptions
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What Do Pathogens Look Like?
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasitic protists
Parasitic worms
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A Wide Variety of Pathogens May Live on or in the Human Body
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Emerging Diseases Present New Challenges
Causative agents of emerging diseases• West Nile virus: encephalitis• SARS virus: severe acute respiratory syndrome• Ebola virus: hemorrhagic fever• Borrelia burgdorferi bacterium: Lyme disease
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The SARS and Ebola Viruses
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Antibiotics Are a Double-Edged Sword
Discovered in the 1940s
Organisms that produce antibiotics • natural chemicals that can destroy bacteria
Antibiotic resistance is a major health threat• Caused by abuse or improper use
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Scientific Method Review
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