learning 2 write ppt

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Learning to write Based on “Learning to write: Error analysis applied” Carmen Valero Garcés, Guzmán Mancho Barés, Carmen Flys Junquera, Esperanza Cerdá Redondo

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Power point presentation on learning how to write essays at a C2 level

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Page 1: Learning 2 Write PPT

Learning  to  write  Based  on  “Learning  to  write:  Error  analysis  applied”    Carmen  Valero  Garcés,  Guzmán  Mancho  Barés,    

Carmen  Flys  Junquera,  Esperanza  Cerdá  Redondo    

Page 2: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  effective  texts    0 Writing  is  a  learned  behavior,  and  as  all  are,    culturally  mediated.                0  Room  for  improvement.  

   0 Different  expectations  from  an  English  audience  than  from  a  Spanish  audience.  

Page 3: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  paragraph  0 A  paragraph  consists  of  a  series  of  sentences  which  develop  one  main  idea,  an  idea  that  needs  to  be  supported  with  examples  or  illustrations.  

0 It  should  be  uniCied,  complete,  ordered  and  coherent.    

Page 4: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  paragraph  0 Begin  your  paragraph  with  a  topic  sentence                                                (=  a  statement  of  opinion  or  intent,  never  a  fact)  

0 The  subject  should  be  narrow  enough  to  discuss  in  one  paragraph;  if  it  is  too  general,  there  will  be  no  focus  or  controlling  idea.  (  one  or  two  controlling  ideas  max.)    

0 For  example:  "Alcala  de  Henares  is  a  beautiful  city."  The  subject  is  Alcala  de  Henares  and  the  controlling  idea  is  beautiful  city.  All  the  sentences  you  write  after  should  support  that  controlling  idea  (all  of  them  should  illustrate  through  examples  or  descriptions  the  beauty  of  the  city).      *  No  other  subject,  such  as  location  or  population  should  be  included.  These  factors  are  irrelevant  to  the  controlling  idea  of  beauty.    

Page 5: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  paragraph  0 Your  paragraph  should  be  complete  (the  objective  is  to  give  enough  support  to  convince  the  reader  that  there  is  a  basis  to  your  opinion).    

0 A  good  technique  is  to  read  the  topic  sentence  and  then  ask  yourself  some  questions  about  it,  such  as  How?  Why?  Where?  and  so  forth.  In  our  case,  we  would  probably  ask,  "Why  is  Alcala  beautiful?”  We  should  give  the  reader  enough  examples  to  show  that  there  are  indeed  reasons  for  saying  that  it  is  beautiful.    

0 The  basic  techniques  of  support  are    0  examples    0  facts    0  statistics  0  physical  description  0  personal  experience  

Page 6: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  paragraph  0 A  paragraph  should  be  ordered.  Having  a  logical  order  makes  your  paragraph  easier  to  read  and  understand.  For  example,  you  can  start  with  a  general  idea  and  then  illustrate  your  point  with  speciCic  examples.  Or  start  with  a  question  and  then  provide  the  answers.    

0 The  basic  orders  are:    0  general-­‐to-­‐particular  (or  viceversa)    0 wide-­‐to-­‐narrow  (or  viceversa)    0  top-­‐to-­‐bottom  (or  viceversa)    0 question-­‐to-­‐answer    0  cause-­‐to-­‐effect    

0 Imagine  you  are  a  camera  and  follow  a  progressive  movement  and  direction,  whether  physical  or  logical,  rather  than  jump  around  making  your  reader  dizzy.    

Page 7: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  paragraph  0 Your  paragraph  should  be  coherent.  0  You  can  achieve  this  by  using  cohesive  devices  such  as  logical  

transitions,  inner  sentence  connectors,  parallel  structures,  pronouns  that  clearly  refer  to  the  antecedent,  repetition  of  key  words,  synonyms  or  words  from  the  same  semantic  Cield.  

 0  If  your  paragraph  is  well  written  and  coherent,  you  should  be  able  to  mix  up  all  the  sentences  and  someone  else  would  be  able  to  reconstruct  it  in  the  original  order.      

0   If  we  are  writing  about  the  beauty  of  Alcala,  we  should  use  synonyms  for  beauty,  harmony,  refer  several  times  to  monuments  or  historic  buildings  and  so  forth  to  remind  the  reader  that  our  controlling  idea  is  that  of  beauty.  If  we  are  going  to  list  monuments,  then  numerical  transitions  will  help.  In  other  cases,  logical  transitions  are  essential.    

Page 8: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  paragraph  0 Your  paragraph  should  always  have  a  concluding  sentence  to  signal  that  the  main  idea  is  Cinished  and  the  next  paragraph  will  develop  a  new  main  idea.    

0 The  concluding  sentence  should  either    0  restate  the  idea  of  the  topic  sentence  using  other  words    0  sum  up  the  points  of  support    0  give  a  logical  consequence  0 point  out  how  the  reader  might  use  the  knowledge  provided  0 predict  the  outcome  of  a  situation  0 provide  a  solution  to  the  problem.    

0 In  our  example,  we  might  want  to  repeat  that  Alcala  is  attractive  or  suggest  that  the  reader  come  to  visit  and  enjoy  the  city.    

Page 9: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  essay  0 An  essay  follows  similar  rules  as  a  paragraph,  but  all  is  further  developed.    0 If  the  topic  sentence  gives  us  the  main  idea  of  the  paragraph,  a  thesis  statement  will  announce  the  main  idea  of  the  essay.    0 Since  an  essay  is  longer,  the  thesis  statement  will  contain  more  controlling  ideas.  In  an  essay,  these  are  called  secondary  ideas.    0 The  minimum  essay  usually  has  four  or  Cive  paragraphs:  that  is,  an  introduction  and  three  body  paragraphs,  each  developing  a  secondary  idea  of  the  thesis.  The  topic  sentence  of  each  one  of  those  paragraphs  will  be  the  secondary  idea  that  is  going  to  be  developed.    

Page 10: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  essay  0 The  introduction  is  meant  to  announce  the  subject  and  catch  the  reader's  attention.  It  usually  ends  with  the  thesis  statement.  Good  introductory  techniques  include:  0   giving  background  information  needed  to  understand  the  subject  

0 a  rhetorical  question  or  a  quote  to  attract  attention  0 an  anecdote  can  also  be  used  to  spark  the  reader's  interest.    

0 The  conclusion  can  either  be  added  to  the  last  body  paragraph,  or,  if  more  complete,  it  could  constitute  its  own  paragraph.  The  concluding  techniques  are  the  same  as  explained  for  the  paragraph,  but  in  an  essay  the  conclusion  is  usually  longer  than  one  sentence.    

 

Page 11: Learning 2 Write PPT

Writing  a  good  essay  

0 Writing  an  essay  is  a  complex  process,  but  by    0  constructing  good  body  paragraphs  0 using  sound  logic    0  carefully  supporting  all  your  claims  and  opinions  0  taking  the  audience  into  account    

0 you  can  achieve  clear  and  convincing  essays!