learn to strike the perfect chord - wordpress.com...intervals half step (semi-tone) interval between...
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ScalesThe colour palate of chords
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Intervals
Half Step (Semi-Tone)
Interval between to immediate notes
Whole Step (Tone)
Interval of 2 half steps
Minor Third (Min 3, m3 -3)
Interval of 3 half steps
Major Third (Maj 3, M3 +3)
Interval of 4 half steps or 2 whole steps
The pitch distance between 2 notes
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Traditional Diatonic Scales• Major Scale
• W W H W W W H
• T T S T T T S
• Half step between 3-4, 7-8
C D E F G A B C
W W W W WH H
A B C D E F G A
W W W WWH H
• Natural minor Scale
• W H W W H W W
• T S T T S T T
• Half step between 2-3, 5-6
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Minor Natural and Harmonic Form
A B C D E F
G#
A
W W W WHH H
A B C D E F G A
W W W WWH H
H
• Harmonic minor Scale
• W H W W H WH H
• T S T T S TS S
• 7th note raised by a half step from a natural minor scale
• Natural minor Scale
• W H W W H W W
• T S T T S T T
• Half step between 2-3, 5-6
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Mixolydian Mode• Major Scale
• W W H W W W H
• T T S T T T S
• Half step between 3-4, 7-8
C D E F G A B C
W W W W WH H
• Mixolydian Mode
• W W H W W H W
• T T S T T S T
• 7th note is lowered from a major scale
C D E F G A
B♭
C
W W W W WH H
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Dorian Mode
A B C D E G
F#
A
W W WH H
A B C D E F G A
W W W WWH H
• Dorian Mode
• W H W W W H W
• T S T T T S T
• 6th note raised by a half step from a natural minor scale
• Natural minor Scale
• W H W W H W W
• T S T T S T T
• Half step between 2-3, 5-6
W W
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Chords
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Major Chord
• 3 alternate notes of major scale
• 1-3 Major 3rd
• 3-5 Minor 3rd
C E G
+3 -3
D
F#
A
+3 -3
A♭
C
E♭
+3 -3
CRoot
E3rd
G5th
Maj 3
Min 3
DRoot
F#3rd
A5th
Maj 3
Min 3
A♭Root
C3rd
E♭5th
Maj 3
Min 3
Root Third Fifth
First Second Third
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Minor Chord
• 3 alternate notes of minor scale
• 1-3 Minor 3rd
• 3-5 Major 3rd
C
E♭
G
+3-3
D F A
+3-3
F#
A
C#
+3-3
CRoot
E♭3rd
G5th
Maj 3
Min 3
DRoot
F3rd
A5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F#Root
A3rd
C#5th
Maj 3
Min 3
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Diminished Chord
• 1-3 Minor 3rd
• 3-5 Minor 3rd
C
E♭ G♭
-3
D F
A♭
-3
G
B♭ D♭
-3
CRoot
E♭3rd
G♭5th
Min 3
DRoot
F3rd
A♭5th
Min 3
GRoot
B♭3rd
D♭5th
Min 3
-3
-3
-3
Min 3 Min 3 Min 3
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Always skip an alphabet while naming a chord
A♭ C E♭
A♭ C D#
G# C D#
G# B# D#
B D
A C
x
A B x
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Nomenclature
Chord Name
Root Alphabet in Capitale.g.C Major: CG Major: G
Major Minor Diminished
Roman Numerals
Root’s Scale degree in Capital Roman Numerals
e.g.In C Major, C Major chord: IIn G Major, C Major chord: IVIn F Major, C Major chord: V
Chord Name
Root Alphabet in Capital followed by ‘m’e.g.C minor: CmG minor: Gm
Roman Numerals
Root’s Scale degree in small case Roman Numerals
e.g.In C Major, D Minor chord: iiIn F Major, D Minor chord: viIn A Minor, D Minor chord: iv
Chord Name
Root Alphabet in Capital followed by ‘°’e.g.B diminished: B°G# diminished: G#°
Roman Numerals
Root’s Scale degree in small case Roman Numerals followed by ‘°’e.g.In C Major, B diminished: vii°In A Minor, B diminished: ii°In A Minor, G# diminished: vii°
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Chords in a Scale
C E G Major I C
D F A Minor ii Dm
E G B Minor iii Em
F A C Major IV F
G B D Major V G
A C E Minor vi Am
B D F Diminished vii° B°
A C E Minor i Am
B D F Diminished ii° B°
C E G Major III C
D F A Minor iv Dm
E G B Minor v Em
F A C Major VI F
G B D Major ♭VII G
A C E Minor i Am
B D F Diminished ii° B°
C E G Major III C
D F A Minor iv Dm
E G# B Major V E
F A C Major VI F
G# B D Diminished vii° G#°
C Major A Natural Minor A Harmonic Minor
C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D
C D E F
G#
A B C D E F A B C D
G#
GG
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Moods of Modes
C E G Major I C
D F A Minor ii Dm
E G B♭ Diminished iii° E°
F A C Major IV F
G B♭ D Minor v Gm
A C E Minor vi Am
B♭ D F Major ♭VII B
A C E Minor i Am
B D F# Minor ii Bm
C E G Major III C
D F# A Major IV D
E G B Minor v Em
F# A C Diminished vi° F#°
G B D Major ♭VII G
C Mixolydian Mode A Dorian Mode
C D E F G AB♭
C D E F
A B C D E
F#
G A B C D
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Primary Chords I IV V or i iv v/V
C E G Major I C
F A C Major IV F
G B D Major V G
A C E Minor i Am
D F A Minor iv Dm
E G B Minor v Em
C Major A Natural Minor
A C E Minor i Am
D F A Minor iv Dm
E G# B Major V E
A Harmonic Minor
C D E F G A B
E A B
G C D
A B C D E F G
C F G
E A B
A B C D E F G
C F G
E A B
I IV V i iv v i iv V
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Secondary Chords ii, iii, vi, vii° or ii°, III, VI, ♭VII
D F A Minor ii Dm
E G B Minor iii Em
A C E Minor vi Am
B D F Diminished vii° B°
B D F Diminished ii° B°
C E G Major III C
F A C Major VI F
G B D Major ♭VII G
C Major A Natural Minor
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Simple Chord Progression rules
Up a 4th – Down a 5th
Down in 3rds
Up in 2nds
Using only Primary Chords
Using only I and V
Always works
Up in 3rds
Down in 2nds
Works sometimes
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Simple Chord Progressions
Blue Moon
Rock ‘n’ Roll
Chopsticks
Major scale Minor scale
Let it be
I V
I IV V
I vi ii V
I V vi IV
D’yer MakerI vi IV V
Set fire to the raini VI ♭VII v
CalifornicationI VI I I I I
I IIVIV
V IV I
12 Bar Blues
I
Boogie Blues
i VI♭VII V Andalusian CadenceHit the Road JackSultans of Swing
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Introduction to Jazz HarmonyChords built on 7ths, 9ths and 13ths
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-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G Major Chord
Dominant 7th (V7)
• Major chord and -3 from 5th
• Major chord and -7 from root
G B D
+3 -3
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3F
-3
F7th
Min 3
-7th
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Minor 7th (m7)
• Minor chord and -3 from 5th
• Minor chord and -7 from root
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t D
-C
D Minor Chord
D F A
+3-3
DRoot
F3rd
A5th
Maj 3
Min 3
C
-3
C7th
Min 3
-7th
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An old French melody English words by Jane & Ann Taylor (1806)
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,I IV I
C F C
How I wonder what you are!ii7 I V7 I
Dm7 C G7 C
Up above the world so high,
I ii7 I V7
C Dm7 C G7
Like a diamond in the sky,
I ii7 I V7
C Dm7 C G7
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Major 7th (M7)
• Major chord and +3 from 5th
• Major chord and +7 from root
+7th
fro
m R
oo
t C
-B
C Major Chord
C E G
+3 -3
CRoot
E3rd
G5th
Maj 3
Min 3B
B7th
+7th
+3
Maj 3
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The Half diminished 7th (ø7) or (°7 ♭5)
• Diminished chord and +3 from 5th
• Diminished chord and -7 from root
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t B
-A
B diminished Chord
B D F
+3-3
BRoot
D3rd
F5th
Min 3
A
-3
A7th
-7th
Maj 3
Min 3
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The diminished 7th (°7 )
• Diminished chord and -3 from 5th
• All intervals are -3
All
-3 in
terv
als
B diminished Chord
B D F
-3
BRoot
D3rd
F5th
Min 3
A♭
-3
A♭7th
Min 3
Min 3
-3
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How and when to use 7ths
• All progressions can be extended using 7ths
• May not always work
• Alternating between 7ths and triads produce interesting results
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Chromatic descending roots
Autumn LeavesD : Em7Em: E G B
E : F#ø7F#°: F# A C
F# : GM7G G B D
G : Am7A: A C E
A : B7B: B D# F#
C : D7D: D F# A
B : CM7C: C E G
E minor (Natural and Harmonic)
E G
F#
A B
D#
EC
D
B
G
E
D♭
B♭
G
E♭
C
A
F
D
C♭
A♭
F
D♭
Em7 E♭7 Dm7 D♭7
B
G
E
C
CM7
D
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+9th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-A
9th (G9)
• 7th chord and +3 from 7th
• 7th chord and +9 from root
G B D
+3 -3
F
-3
+9th
AA
+3
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G Major Chord
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
optional
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+9th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-A
9th (G9) add9 (G add9)
G Major Chord
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
A9th
optional
+9th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-A
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G Major Chord
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
optional
No 7th7th
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-9th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
Dominant Minor 9th (G7 ♭9)
• 7th chord and -3 from 7th
• 7th chord and -9 from root
G B D
+3 -3
F
-3
-9th
A♭
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G Major Chord
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A♭♭ 9th
optional-3
Min 3
A♭
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Autumn Leaves with B7 ♭9 D : Em7Em: E G B
E : F#ø7F#°: F# A C
F# : GM7G G B D
G : Am7A: A C E
A : B7B: B D# F#
C : D7D: D F# A
B : CM7C: C E G
E Harmonic minor
E G
F#
A B
D#
EC
B D# F# A C : B7 ♭9
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+9th
fro
m R
oo
t D
-E
Minor 9th (Dm 9)
• Minor 7th chord and +3 from 7th
• Minor 7th chord and +9 from root
D F A C
+9th
EE
+3
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t D
-C
D minor Chord
DRoot
F3rd
A5th
Maj 3
Min 3
C7th
Min 3
E9th
Maj 3
optional
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+9th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-A
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
A9th
+9th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-A
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
+9th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-A
A♭♭ 9th
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
Min 3
+9th
fro
m R
oo
t D
-E
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t D
-C
G M
ino
r
GRoot
B♭3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
G9 G7 ♭9 G add9 Gm 9
NO 7th
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+13
thfr
om
Ro
ot
G-
E
13th (G13)
• 7th chord and +7 from 7th
• 7th chord and +13 from root
G B D F
+13th
A
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G Major Chord
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
optional
E
E13th
optional
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+13
thfr
om
Ro
ot
G-
E
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
E13th
+13
thfr
om
Ro
ot
G-
E
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
E♭♭13th
+6th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-E
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
Maj 2
E6th
G13 G ♭13
G 6
![Page 37: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
More about Dominant HarmonyAltered and Secondary dominants
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Secondary DominantsDominant
Secondary Dominants
• The Dominant is the 5th note of a Major/Minor scale
• The Dominant of any chord in a scale other than the I chord is called a secondary dominant.
• Can form long chains of secondary dominants
I: C ii: Dm iii: Em IV: F V: G vi: Am
V: G(7) V: A(7) V: B(7) V: C(7) V: D(7) V: E(7)
Also Secondary DominantsV: D(7) V: E(7) V: F(7) V: G(7) V: A(7) V: B(7)
![Page 39: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
An old French melody English words by Jane & Ann Taylor (1806)
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,I IV I
C F C
How I wonder what you are!ii7 I V7 I
Dm7 C G7 C
Up above the world so high,I ii7 I V7
C Dm7 C G7
Like a diamond in the sky,ii7 V7
A7 Dm7 D9 G7
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,V7/IV IV V7/ii
C7 F A7
How I wonder what you are!ii7 V9/V V7 I
Dm7 D9 G7 C
V7/ii V9/V
![Page 40: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
An old French melody English words by Jane & Ann Taylor (1806)
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,I IV I
C F C
How I wonder what you are!ii7 I V7 I
Dm7 C G7 C
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,I7 ii 9
CM7 Dm 9
How I wonder what you are!ii7 I7 13
♭9 V7
I6
Dm7 CM7
♭9 13G7 C6A7 ♭9
V7♭9/ii V6
G6A9
V9/ii V7♭9/V
D ♭9 A7 ♭9
V7♭9/ii ♭II7
D♭7
V9/V
D9♭9A7
V7♭9/ii
B♭7
AltV7/VI
C C
G GA A
G F FE E
D DC
V7
G7
![Page 41: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
An old French melody English words by Jane & Ann Taylor (1806)
Up above the world so high,I ii7 I V7
C Dm7 C G7
Like a diamond in the sky,ii7 V7
A7 Dm7 D9 G7
V7/ii V9/V
Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky,ii7
Dm7
I7
CM7
ii7
Dm7
iii7
Em7
IV6
F6
I7
CM7
iii7
Em7G7 ♭9
V7♭9 ♭II7
D♭7
♭III7
E♭7
iv°7
FM7 G7 ♭9
V7♭9
G GF F
E ED
G GF F
E ED
![Page 42: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
An old French melody English words by Jane & Ann Taylor (1806)
Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky,ii7
Dm7
I7
CM7
ii7
Dm7
iii7
Em7
IV6
F6
I7
CM7
iii7
Em7G7 ♭9
V7♭9 ♭II7
D♭7
♭iII7
E♭7
IV7
FM7 G7 ♭9
V7♭9
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,I7 ii 9
CM7 Dm 9
How I wonder what you are!ii7 I7 13
♭9 V7
I6
Dm7 CM7
♭9 13G7 C6A7 ♭9
V7♭9/ii V6
G6A9
V9/ii V7♭9/V
D ♭9 A7 ♭9
V7♭9/ii ♭II7
D♭7
V9/V
D9♭9A7
V7♭9/ii
B♭7
AltV7/VI
![Page 43: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Altered Dominant chords
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A9th
Maj 3
E13th
G13
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A♭♭ 9th
Maj 3
E13th
G7 (13 ♭9)
-7th
fro
m R
oo
t G
-F
G M
ajo
r
GRoot
B3rd
D5th
Maj 3
Min 3
F7th
Min 3
A♭♭ 9th
Maj 3
E13th
G7 (♭9 #11 13)
C##11t
h
![Page 44: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
B♭ : Cm7Chasing Pavements - Adele Cm: C E♭ G
C D
E♭
F G
A♭ B♭
CB
C Minor Scale (Natural and Harmonic)C : Dø7D°: D F A♭
D :E♭M7E♭: E♭ G B♭
E♭ : Fm7Fm: F A♭ C
F : Gm7Gm: G B♭ D
F : G7G: G B D
A♭ : B♭7B♭: B♭ D F
G :A♭M7A♭: A♭ C E♭Gm7/B♭ = B♭6
B♭3rd
D5th
F7th
GRoot
B♭Root
D3rd
F5th
G7th
![Page 45: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
BassNote
Treble
Riders on the storm – The Doors
E Dorian and Natural minor
E G
F#
A B
C#
ED
D : Em7Em: E G B
E : F#m7F#m: F# A C#
F : Gm7G: G B D
G : A7A: A C# E
A : Bm7Bm: B D F#
G : C#ø7C#°: C# E G
B : CM7C: C E G
C : D7D: D F# A
C
Em D/A
E E BassNote
Treble Am Bm C D
A A A A
G : Am7Am: A C E
![Page 46: Learn to strike the Perfect Chord - WordPress.com...Intervals Half Step (Semi-Tone) Interval between to immediate notes Whole Step (Tone) Interval of 2 half steps Minor Third (Min](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042612/5f7e753518aca444c40d1215/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Wots… Uh the Deal- Pink FloydG
Maj
or
G
B
D
G8 F#
+7 F-7 E
6
E6
D##5
D5th
D##5
E6 D#
#5
DRoot
F#
A
C
G GM7 G7 G6 Em+7 G G+ G6 G+ D7
G Major
G
B
D
G
B
D
G
B
D
G
B
D
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B