Chapter Two

LEADERSHIP

Andrew J. DuBrin, 7th Edition

1

Identify general and task-related traits that contribute to

leadership effectiveness.

Describe how emotional intelligence contributes to leadership

effectiveness.

Identify key motives that contribute to leadership

effectiveness.

Describe cognitive factors associated with leadership

effectiveness.

Describe the heredity versus environment issue in relation to

leadership effectiveness.

Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the trait

approach to leadership. 2

T r a i t - B a s e d L e a d e r s h i p P e r s p e c t i v e :

W h e n p e o p l e e v a l u a t e m a n a g e r s i n t e r m s o f t h e i r l e a d e r s h i p

e f f e c t i v e n e s s , t h e y o f t e n s c r u t i n i z e t h e m a n a g e r s t r a i t s a n d p e r s o n a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The leaders effectiveness is viewed based on personal characteristics of the leader.

Effective leaders are made of the right stuff.

Characteristics associated with leadership are classified into three broad categories:

P e r s o n a l i t y T r a i t s

L

e a d e r s h i p M o t i v e s & N e e d s

C

o g n i t i v e F a c t o r s & I n t e l l i g e n c e

3

Leaders have certain personality traits that contribute to

leadership effectiveness in many situations as long as the

leaders style fits the situation reasonably well.

A leaders personality traits can be divided into two groups:

Ge n e r a l P e r s o n a l i t y T r a i t s

T r a i t s o b s e r v a b l e b o t h w i t h i n a n d o u t s i d e t h e c o n t e x t o f w o r k a n d

r e l a t e d t o s u c c e s s a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n i n b o t h w o r k a n d p e r s o n a l l i f e .

T a s k - R e l a t e d T r a i t s

T r a i t s c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t a s k a c c o m p l i s h m e n t

4

Self-Confidence

Humility

Core Self-Evaluations

Trustworthiness

Authenticity

Extraversion

Assertiveness

Enthusiasm, Optimism, and Warmth

Sense of Humor

5

Passion for the Work and the People

Emotional Intelligence

Self-Awareness

Self-Management

Social Awareness

Relationship Management

Flexibility and Adaptability

Internal Locus of Control

Courage

6

Effective leaders have frequently been distinguished by their

motives and needs.

Leaders have an intense desire to occupy a position of

responsibility for others and to control them.

This desire is evident in four categories of motives and needs:

Power

Drive and Achievement

Tenacity and Resilience

Strong Work Ethic

7

Effective leaders have a strong need to control resources

P e r s o n a l i z e d P o w e r M o t i v e

Seek power to further their own interest

S o c i a l i z e d P o w e r M o t i v e

Seek power to achieve organizational goals or a vision

8

Leaders are known for working hard to achieve their goals.

D R I V E

A propensity to put forth high energy towards achieving goals

and to be persistent in applying that energy.

A C H I E V E M E N T

A desire to find joy in accomplishment of goals or their vision.

9

Motivational characteristics of leaders are that they are

tenacious and resilient.

Tenacity multiples in importance for organizational leaders

because it does take a long time to implement a new program

or to consummate a new business deal.

The tenacious leader is resilient when they bounce back from

a setback through their continuous efforts.

10

C o g n i t i o n :

The mental process or faculty by which knowledge is gathered.

Leaders must have problem-solving and intellectual skills to

effectively gather, process, and store essential information.

C o g n i t i v e F a c t o r s :

Cognitive or Analytical Intelligence

Practical Intelligence

Knowledge of the Business or Group Task

Creativity

Insight Into People and Situations

Farsightedness and Conceptual Thinking 11

D o e s h e r e d i t y o r e n v i r o n m e n t c o n t r i b u t e m o r e t o l e a d e r s h i p

e f f e c t i v e n e s s ?

A r e l e a d e r s b o r n o r m a d e ?

Individuals inherit a basic capacity to develop personality traits and mental ability that sets an outer limit on how extensively these traits can be developed.

Environmental influences, in turn, determine how much of an individuals potential will be developed.

Genetics play a role in determining leadership potential.

Emotional intelligence reinforces leadership is a combination ofinherited and learned factors. 12

S t r e n g t h s

Serves as a guide to

leader selection.

Can guide individuals in

preparing for leadership

responsibility.

L i m i

t a t

i o

n s

Does not identify which

amount of

characteristics are

absolutely needed.

Can breed an elitist

conception of

leadership.

Different situations call

for different

combinations of traits. 13

The trait-based perspective of leadership asserts certain

personality traits, leader motives, and cognitive factors

contribute to leadership effectiveness.

Personality traits include both general traits and task-related

traits.

Leaders can be often distinguished by their needs or motives.

Cognitive ability is important for leadership success.

Traits, motives, and cognitive ability derive from a

combination of heredity and environment.

Traits appear to distinguish leaders from non-leaders and

effective leaders from less-effective leaders.

14