Leaders & theLeadership ProcessReadings, Self-Assessments& Applications

Sixth Edition

Jon L. Pierce

John W. Newstrom

Contents in Brief

Prologue xxiv

A SURVEY OF THE CONCEPTUALAND EMPIRICAL LEADERSHIPLITERATURE 1

1Introduction to Leadership 3

The Leader-Follower Relationship:Leader-Member Exchange, Quality,Justice, and Trust 25

The Leader: Personality, Motives,and Other Personal Qualities 63

Leadership and the Roleof Sex and Gender 95

Leader Emergence: A DynamicProcess 109

Leadership as an InfluenceProcess 127

Leadership and LeaderBehaviors 157

8Contingency and Path-Goal Theoriesof Leadership: Situational andFollower Differences 193

9Leadership in the Cross-CulturalContext 215

10Followers and the LeadershipProcess 237

11Leadership Style: Participative,Directive, and Laissez-Faire 271

12Substitutes for Leadership 297

13Charismatic Leadership 323

14Transformational Leadership 365

15The Negative (Dark) Sideof Leadership 395

16Positive (Spiritual, Ethical,and Authentic) Leadership 411

EpilogueDoes Leader-Imposed LeadershipReally Make a Difference? 443

Appendix AReading the Scientific Literature:A Tutorial 449

Appendix BA Data Analysis Primer 459

Index 475

Table of Contents

Prologue xxiv

Self-Assessment: Self-Confidence(Generalized Self-Efficacy) xxvPrologue Reading A: The Language ofScience: A Lens for Understanding theOrganizational Sciences Literature, Jon L. Pierceand Geoffrey G. Bell xxviiPrologue Reading B: Perspectives on Leader-ship from Homer's Odyssey, Fred A. Kramer xliii

SURVEY OF THE CONCEPTUALAND EMPIRICAL LEADERSHIPLITERATURE 1

1Introduction to Leadership 3

Reading 1 On the Meaning of Leadership,Jon L. Pierce and John W. Newstrom 7Reading 2 A Study of the Leadership Process,Albert J. Murphy 12Reading 3 Contemporary Trends in the Analysisof Leadership Processes, Edwin P. Hollander andJames W. Julian 14Reading 4 Leadership: The Managementof Meaning, Linda Smircich and GarethMorgan 20

The Leader-Follower Relationship:Leader-Member Exchange, Quality,Justice, and Trust 25

Self-Assessment: Leader-MemberExchange 31Self-Assessment: Organizational Justice 32Reading 5 Rethinking Leader-MemberExchange: An Organizational JusticePerspective, Terri A. Scandura 34Reading 6 Trust in Leadership: Meta-AnalyticFindings and Implications for Research andPractice, Kurt T. Dirks and Donald L. Ferrin 42

The Leader: Personality, Motives,and Other Personal Qualities 63

Self-Assessment: Job Affect 70Self-Assessment: Motivation to Lead 72

Reading 7 Leadership: Do Traits Matter?,S. A. Kirkpatrick and E. A. Locke 73Reading 8 Personality and Leadership: AQualitative and Quantitative Review, Timothy A.Judge, Remus Hies, Joyce E. Bono, and Megan W.Gerhardt 79

Leadership and the Role of Sexand Gender 95

Self-Assessment: Masculinity-Femininity 98Reading 9 Leader Emergence and Gender Rolesin All-Female Groups: A Contextual Examination,Amy B. Gershenoff and Roseanne J. Foti 100

Leader Emergence: A DynamicProcess 109

Self-Assessment: Self-Monitoring 115Self-Assessment: Emotional Intelligence 116Reading 10 Emergent Leadership and SocialInfluence, E. P. Hollander 118Reading 11 Who Gets Power—And How TheyHold On to It: A Strategic-Contingency Model ofPower, Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer 122

Leadership as an Influence Process 127

Self-Assessment: Influence Tactics 132Self-Assessment: Personal Power Profile 134Reading 12 The Bases of Social Power, JohnR. P. French, Jr. and Bertram Raven 136Reading 13 Relationships between LeaderReward and Punishment Behavior and GroupProcesses and Productivity, Philip M. Podsakoffand William D. Todor 143Reading 14 Cooperation as a Function of LeaderSelf-Sacrifice, Trust, and Identification, David DeCremer and Daan van Knippenberg 150

Leadership and Leader Behaviors 157

Self-Assessment: Leadership—MichiganOrganizational Assessment 162Self-Assessment: Initiating Structureand Consideration 163

xxii Table of Contents

Reading 15 Predicting Organizational Effective-ness with a Four-Factor Theory of Leadership,David G. Bowers and Stanley E. Seashore 164Reading 16 Patterns of LeadershipBehavior Related to Employee Grievancesand Turnover, Edwin A. Fleishman and Edwin F.Harris 171Reading 17 Leader Self-Sacrifice and Leader-ship Effectiveness: The Moderating Role ofLeader Self-Confidence, David De Cremer andDaan van Knippenberg 178Reading 18 Influence of Leader Behaviors onthe Leader-Member Exchange Relationship,Gary Yukl, Mark O'Donnell, and ThomasTaber 186

8Contingency and Path-Goal Theoriesof Leadership: Situational andFollower Differences 193

Self-Assessment: Least PreferredCo-worker (LPC) 200Reading 19 Path-Goal Theory of Leadership,Robert J. House and Terence R. Mitchell 201Reading 20 How Do You Make LeadersMore Effective? New Answers to an Old Puzzle,Fred E. Fiedler 208

Leadership in the Cross-CulturalContext 215

Self-Assessment: Individualism-Collectivism 221Reading 21 A Cross Cultural Perspective onPerceived Leadership Effectiveness, Jun Yanand James G. (Jerry) Hunt 223

10Followers and the LeadershipProcess 237

Self-Assessment: Trust Leadership 244Self-Assessment: Follower's Need forLeadership 245Reading 22 The Reciprocal Nature ofInfluence between Leader and Subordinate,Charles N. Greene 246Reading 23 The Follower's Role in LeadershipPhenomena, Fillmore H. Sanford 250Reading 24 Leadership, Followership, Self, andOthers, Edwin P. Hollander 254Reading 25 Trust in Leadership and TeamPerformance: Evidence from NCAA Basketball,Kurt T. Dirks 263

11Leadership Style: Participative,Directive, and Laissez-Faire 271

Self-Assessment: Participatory LeadershipAttitudes 276Reading 26 Particpation, Satisfaction, andProductivity: A Meta-Analytic Review, KatherineI. Miller and Peter R. Monge 278Reading 27 Contingent Leadershipand Effectiveness of Trauma ResuscitationTeams, Seokhwa Yun, Samer Faraj, andHenry P. Sims, Jr. 290

12Substitutes for Leadership 297

Self-Assessment: Substitutes forLeadership 301Self-Assessment: Group Cohesiveness 302Self-Assessment: Organization-BasedSelf-Esteem (OBSE) 303Reading 28 Substitutes for Leadership: TheirMeaning and Measurement, Steven Kerr andJohn M. Jermier 304Reading 29 Meta-Analysis of the Relationshipsbetween Kerr and Jermier's Substitutes forLeadership and Employee Job Attitudes,Role Perceptions, and Performance, Philip M.Podsakoff, Scott B. MacKenzie, and William H.Bommer 314

13Charismatic Leadership 323

Self-Assessment: CharismaticLeadership 326Reading 30 A 1976 Theory of CharismaticLeadership, Robert J. House 327Reading 31 Toward a Behavioral Theory ofCharismatic Leadership in OrganizationalSettings, Jay A. Conger and Rabindra N.Kanungo 339Reading 32 The Role of Followers in the Char-ismatic Leadership Process: Relationships andTheir Consequences, Jane M. Howell andBoas Shamir 348

14Transformational Leadership 365

Self-Assessment: TransformationalLeadership 369Quotation from Francis J. Yammarino and AlanJ. Dubinsky (1994), Transformational Leader-ship: The Construct 371

Table of Contents xxiii

Reading 33 The Role of Collective Efficacy inthe Relations between Transformational Leader-ship and Work Outcomes, Fred O. Walumbwa,Peng Wang, John J. Lawler, and Kan Shi 372Reading 34 Transformational Leader Behav-iors and Their Effects on Followers' Trust inLeader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citi-zenship Behaviors, Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B.MacKenzie, Robert H. Moorman, and RichardFetter 379Reading 35 Leader-Member Exchange as aMediator of the Relationship between Transfor-mational Leadership and Followers' Performanceand Organizational Citizenship Behavior, HuiWang, Kenneth S. Law, Rick D. Hackett, DuanxuWang, and Zhen Xiong Chen 387

15The Negative (Dark) Sideof Leadership 395Self-Assessment: Machiavellianism 398Reading 36 The Two Faces of Leadership:Considering the Dark Side of Leader-FollowerDynamics, Christine Clements and John B.Washbush 400Reading 37 The Dark Side of Leadership,Jay A. Conger 405

16Positive (Spiritual, Ethical,and Authentic) Leadership 411

Reading 38 Spiritual Leadership: FulfillingWhole-Self Needs at Work, Gilbert W.Fairholm 417Reading 39 Ethical Leadership: A SocialLearning Perspective for Construct Developmentand Testing, Michael E. Brown, Linda K. Trevino,and David A. Harrison 424Reading 40 Beloved Women: Nurturing theSacred Fire of Leadership from an AmericanIndian Perspective, Tarrell Awe Agahe Portmanand Michael Tlanusta Garrett 436

Epilogue

Does Leader-Imposed LeadershipReally Make a Difference? Jon L.Pierce and John W. Newstrom 443

Appendix A

Reading the Scientific Literature:A Tutorial Jon L. Pierce and John W.Newstrom 449

Appendix B

A Data Analysis Primer Jon L. Pierceand Donald G. Gardner 459

Index 475

Self-Assessment: Ethical Leadership 414Self-Assessment: Servant Leadership 415