lcm resin characterisation for aviation applications
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
LCM Resin Characterisation forAviation Applications
Semester Thesis AS09
Gokturk Kuru
ETH ZurichCentre of Structure Technologies
Dr. Markus Zogg
IMES-ST 09-048
MAAXIMUS-RTM 09-005
10 December 2009
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Summary
This thesis presents a systematic methodology forcharacterisation of resins used in Liquid Composite Mouldingprocesses by
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Summary
This thesis presents a systematic methodology forcharacterisation of resins used in Liquid Composite Mouldingprocesses by
evaluating the relevance of various properties with regardsto processing and performance
examining standard methods for applicability to the testingneeds
developing new methods when necessary and providingrigorous documentation in the form of test manuals
exemplifying the proposed methods throughcharacterisation of three resin systems
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Outline1 Properties of Relevance
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
2 Testing MethodsMethods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
3 ResultsHexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika Biresin R L84 / Biresin R L84T
4 Concluding Remarks
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Properties of Relevance1 Properties of Relevance
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
2 Testing MethodsMethods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
3 ResultsHexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika Biresin R L84 / Biresin R L84T
4 Concluding Remarks
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Summary
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Overview of Material Properties
Material property related toliquid resin cured neat resin reinforced product
Viscosity Tensile properties Interlaminar shear strength
Pot life Flexure properties Impact resistanceElectrical resistivity Impact resistance Compression after impactElectrical permittivity Tg In plane shear
Toxicity Fatigue behaviour PorosityWetting Fracture toughness
Impregnation speed Water uptakeCuring time Refractive index
Gel time Curing shrinkageShelf life Thermal expansionResistance to chemicals
Thermal conductivity
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Summary
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Overview of Material Properties
Material property related toliquid resin cured neat resin reinforced product
Viscosity Tensile properties Interlaminar shear strength
Pot life Flexure properties Impact resistanceElectrical resistivity Impact resistance Compression after impactElectrical permittivity Tg In plane shear
Toxicity Fatigue behaviour PorosityWetting Fracture toughness
Impregnation speed Water uptakeCuring time Refractive index
Gel time Curing shrinkageShelf life Thermal expansionResistance to chemicals
Thermal conductivity
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Summary
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Overview of Material Properties
Material property related toliquid resin cured neat resin reinforced product
Viscosity Interlaminar shear strength
Pot life Flexure properties Impact resistanceElectrical resistivityTg
Impregnation speedCuring time
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Summary
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 1
Viscosity and Pot Life: Crucial input for selection ofproduction parameters and simulation purposes.
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Summary
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 1
Viscosity and Pot Life: Crucial input for selection ofproduction parameters and simulation purposes.
Viscosity vs. temperature @ certain instant
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Summary
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 1
Viscosity and Pot Life: Crucial input for selection ofproduction parameters and simulation purposes.
Viscosity vs. temperature @ certain instant
Viscosity vs. time @ certain T
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Summary
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 1
Viscosity and Pot Life: Crucial input for selection ofproduction parameters and simulation purposes.
Viscosity vs. temperature @ certain instant
Viscosity vs. time @ certain TElectrical Resistivity: An important characteristic data forresistance-based process monitoring.
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Summary
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 1
Viscosity and Pot Life: Crucial input for selection ofproduction parameters and simulation purposes.
Viscosity vs. temperature @ certain instant
Viscosity vs. time @ certain TElectrical Resistivity: An important characteristic data forresistance-based process monitoring.
Resistivity vs. temperature @ certain instantNormally, only the resistivity value at infusion temperature is
relevant for flow front monitoring applications. If infusion isplanned to be carried out at various themperatures,resistivity can be measured for the whole temperature range.
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SummaryO
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 1
Viscosity and Pot Life: Crucial input for selection ofproduction parameters and simulation purposes.
Viscosity vs. temperature @ certain instant
Viscosity vs. time @ certain TElectrical Resistivity: An important characteristic data forresistance-based process monitoring.
Resistivity vs. temperature @ certain instantNormally, only the resistivity value at infusion temperature is
relevant for flow front monitoring applications. If infusion isplanned to be carried out at various themperatures,resistivity can be measured for the whole temperature range.Resistivity vs. time @ constant T Could be used for in-mouldmonitoring of the curing degree.
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SummaryO n
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 2
Impregnation speed: Although the only resin specific
parameter is viscosity, fabric permeability can be influencedby the type of liquid that is used for infusion, especially inthe range where impregnation through capillary effect isdominant.
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SummaryOutline
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Liquid Resin Properties - 2
Impregnation speed: Although the only resin specific
parameter is viscosity, fabric permeability can be influencedby the type of liquid that is used for infusion, especially inthe range where impregnation through capillary effect isdominant.
Curing behaviour: Curing time and temperature is an
important processing parameter that influences the cycletime and the production costs of a part.
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SummaryOutline
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Cured Resin Properties
Flexural properties, neat resin: Flexural properties such asflexure strength, modulus and strain at fracture provide anindication of the mechanical properties.
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SummaryOutline
O
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Cured Resin Properties
Flexural properties, neat resin: Flexural properties such asflexure strength, modulus and strain at fracture provide anindication of the mechanical properties.
Glass transition temperature: Most of the time, glasstransition temperature of the resin system defines the limitsof operating temperatures for a certain fibre reinforcedplastic.
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SummaryOutline
O M P
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OutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Cured Resin Properties
Flexural properties, neat resin: Flexural properties such asflexure strength, modulus and strain at fracture provide anindication of the mechanical properties.
Glass transition temperature: Most of the time, glasstransition temperature of the resin system defines the limitsof operating temperatures for a certain fibre reinforcedplastic.
Impact properties, laminate: Toughness of the resin system
has a crucial influence on the impact properties of thelaminate.
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SummaryOutline
Overview of Material Properties
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Overview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
Cured Resin Properties
Flexural properties, neat resin: Flexural properties such asflexure strength, modulus and strain at fracture provide anindication of the mechanical properties.
Glass transition temperature: Most of the time, glasstransition temperature of the resin system defines the limitsof operating temperatures for a certain fibre reinforcedplastic.
Impact properties, laminate: Toughness of the resin system
has a crucial influence on the impact properties of thelaminate.
Interlaminar shear strength: The matrix material is solelyresponsible for the interlaminar shear strength of alaminate.
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SummaryOutline
Methods Based on Existing Standards
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Testing Methods
1 Properties of RelevanceOverview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
2 Testing MethodsMethods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
3 ResultsHexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika Biresin R L84 / Biresin R L84T
4 Concluding Remarks
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SummaryOutline
Methods Based on Existing Standards
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Methods Based on Existing Standards
Viscometry: Performed using a rotational viscometer undercontrolled temperature, based on standard DIN 53019. Doneimmediately after mixing the resin.
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P RMethods Based on Existing Standards
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Methods Based on Existing Standards
Viscometry: Performed using a rotational viscometer undercontrolled temperature, based on standard DIN 53019. Doneimmediately after mixing the resin.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Performed after differentcuring intervals, to determine the time required to reach fullcuring. Tg is also determined with the fully cured sample.
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SummaryOutline
P s R aMethods Based on Existing Standards
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Methods Based on Existing Standards
Viscometry: Performed using a rotational viscometer undercontrolled temperature, based on standard DIN 53019. Doneimmediately after mixing the resin.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Performed after differentcuring intervals, to determine the time required to reach fullcuring. Tg is also determined with the fully cured sample.
Three-Point Bending: Performed with neat resin samples,according to the standard ISO 178.
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceMethods Based on Existing Standards
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Methods Based on Existing Standards
Viscometry: Performed using a rotational viscometer undercontrolled temperature, based on standard DIN 53019. Doneimmediately after mixing the resin.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Performed after differentcuring intervals, to determine the time required to reach fullcuring. Tg is also determined with the fully cured sample.
Three-Point Bending: Performed with neat resin samples,according to the standard ISO 178.
Pendulum Impact: Performed with glass fibre reinforcedsamples, according to the standard ISO 179.
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceMethods Based on Existing Standards
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Methods Based on Existing Standards
Viscometry: Performed using a rotational viscometer undercontrolled temperature, based on standard DIN 53019. Doneimmediately after mixing the resin.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Performed after differentcuring intervals, to determine the time required to reach fullcuring. Tg is also determined with the fully cured sample.
Three-Point Bending: Performed with neat resin samples,according to the standard ISO 178.
Pendulum Impact: Performed with glass fibre reinforcedsamples, according to the standard ISO 179.
Interlaminar Shear Test: Performed with glass-fibrereinforced specimens, according to norm ISO 14130.
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SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceMethods Based on Existing Standards
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 1
The relation of electrical resistancefor a wire with resistivity , length l,
cross-sectional area A:
R = l
A(1)
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Properties of RelevanceMethods Based on Existing StandardsE R T
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Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 1
The relation of electrical resistancefor a wire with resistivity , length l,
cross-sectional area A:
R = l
A(1)
In the case of resistance through two
rods immersed in resin:R = f{, l,A}with being theresistivity, lbeing the spacingbetween the rods and A being theimmersed area of the rods.
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Properties of RelevanceMethods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 1
The relation of electrical resistancefor a wire with resistivity , length l,
cross-sectional area A:
R = l
A(1)
In the case of resistance through two
rods immersed in resin:R = f{, l,A}with being theresistivity, lbeing the spacingbetween the rods and A being theimmersed area of the rods.
[Fickel, 2009]
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Properties of RelevanceMethods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 2
With the model of parallel resistances through the tip andthe sides of the rods:
R1 = R1tip + R1side
(2)
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 2
With the model of parallel resistances through the tip andthe sides of the rods:
R1 = R1tip + R1side
(2)
Analogous to the wire, the resistances can be expressedeffective quantities l = i land A = j A.
R1 =
l1Atip
1+
l2A
side1
(3)
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
T M
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 2
With the model of parallel resistances through the tip andthe sides of the rods:
R1 = R1tip + R1side
(2)
Analogous to the wire, the resistances can be expressedeffective quantities l = i land A = j A.
R1 =
l1Atip
1+
l2A
side1
(3)
After filling in for the cylindrical geometry of the rods andsolving for :
= C1 Rr2
l+ C2 R
2rh
l(4)
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
T M
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Electrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 3
Constants C1 and C2 relate to thegeometry of the set up. Equation 4 issuitable for using an estimationmethod to find C1 and C2 when theresistivity is known.
= C1 Rr2
l
+ C2 R2rh
l
(4)
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing Methods
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 3
Constants C1 and C2 relate to thegeometry of the set up. Equation 4 issuitable for using an estimationmethod to find C1 and C2 when theresistivity is known.
= C1 Rr2
l
+ C2 R2rh
l
(4)
Doing a set of measurement with aliquid of known resistivity, theconstants can be determined usingthe LSE. (Least Squares Estimator)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.160
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5x 10
5 Acetone resistance vs immersion depth
Immersion depth [m]
Resistance[]
Measurements
Model
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing Methods
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Electrical Resistivity Test - 3
Constants C1 and C2 relate to thegeometry of the set up. Equation 4 issuitable for using an estimationmethod to find C1 and C2 when theresistivity is known.
= C1 Rr2
l
+ C2 R2rh
l
(4)
Doing a set of measurement with aliquid of known resistivity, theconstants can be determined usingthe LSE. (Least Squares Estimator)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.160
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5x 10
5 Acetone resistance vs immersion depth
Immersion depth [m]
Resistance[]
Measurements
Model
C1 = 1.67 104 andC2 = 6.22 10
2
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing Methods
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity Test
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Impregnation Speed Test
Based on taking photographs anddetermining the flow front position.
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing Methods
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestI S T
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Testing MethodsResults
Concluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Impregnation Speed Test
Based on taking photographs anddetermining the flow front position.
Incorporates a MATLAB script to doimage analysis.
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing Methods
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Impregnation Speed Test
Based on taking photographs anddetermining the flow front position.
Incorporates a MATLAB script to doimage analysis. Requires precisepositioning of the camera
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing Methods
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Impregnation Speed Test
Based on taking photographs anddetermining the flow front position.
Incorporates a MATLAB script to doimage analysis. Requires precisepositioning of the camera
Taking a number of pictures during
infusion
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing Methods
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Impregnation Speed Test
Based on taking photographs anddetermining the flow front position.
Incorporates a MATLAB script to doimage analysis. Requires precisepositioning of the camera
Taking a number of pictures during
infusion
Luminance plot
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsR
Methods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
Impregnation Speed Test
Impregnation Speed Test
Based on taking photographs anddetermining the flow front position.
Incorporates a MATLAB script to doimage analysis. Requires precisepositioning of the camera
Taking a number of pictures during
infusion
Luminance plot
Wet area vs. time
0 20 40 60 80 100 1200
1
2
3
4
5
6x 10
4
Time [min]
Wetarea
[mm
2]
Calculated data
Smoothened curve
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsR
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika BiresinR L84 / BiresinR L84T
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
Sika Biresin L84 / Biresin L84T
Results
1 Properties of RelevanceOverview of Material PropertiesLiquid Resin PropertiesCured Resin Properties
2 Testing MethodsMethods Based on Existing StandardsElectrical Resistivity TestImpregnation Speed Test
3 ResultsHexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika Biresin R L84 / Biresin R L84T
4 Concluding Remarks
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika BiresinR L84 / BiresinR L84T
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
/
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Electrical Resistivity
At 30C resistivity is found to be = 6.5 109cm from thefollowing resistance vs immersion depth measurements:
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.160
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8x 10
7 Hexion - resistance vs immersion depth
Immersion depth [m]
Res
istance
[]
MeasurementsModel
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika BiresinR L84 / BiresinR L84T
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
/
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Impregnation speed
At 28 C the following wet area vs time plot is obtained:
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
1
2
3
4
5
6
7x 10
4
Time [min]
Wetarea
[mm
2]
Calculated data
Smoothened curve
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SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika BiresinR L84 / BiresinR L84T
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Electrical Resistivity
At the range 70 C 45 C resistivity is found to be = 8.6 109cm from the following measurements:
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.160.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5x 10
7 Huntsman - resist ance vs immersion depth
Immersion depth [m]
R
esistance[]
MeasurementsModel
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 18/23
SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika BiresinR L84 / BiresinR L84T
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ResultsConcluding Remarks
Sika Biresin R L84 / Biresin R L84TElectrical Resistivity
At 30C resistivity is found to be = 6.5 109cm from thefollowing resistance vs immersion depth measurements:
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.160
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9x 10
7 Sika - resistance vs immersion depth
Immersion depth [m]
Resistance[]
Measurements
Model
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 19/23
SummaryOutlineProperties of Relevance
Testing MethodsResults
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika BiresinR L84 / BiresinR L84T
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RConcluding Remarks
Sika Biresin R L84 / Biresin R L84TImpregnation Speed
At 32 C the following wet area vs time plot is obtained:
0 20 40 60 80 100 1200
1
2
3
4
5
6x 10
4
Time [min]
Wetarea
[mm
2]
Calculated data
Smoothened curve
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 20/23
SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
Results
Hexion EPIKOTETM/ EPIKURETM04908Huntsman LME 101142 / LME 101143Sika BiresinR L84 / BiresinR L84T
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Concluding Remarks
Rest of the Results
Hexion Huntsman SikaViscosity 0.14 Pa s @ 30 C 0.16 Pas @ 80 C 0.27 Ps @ 30 C
Curing Heat 435 J/g 390 J/g 390 J/gTg 96 C 186 C 125 C
Flexure strength 119 MPa 106 MPa 141 MPaFlexure modulus 2949 MPa 2647 MPa 3055 MPaUltimate strain 10% 5% 7%
ILS (longitudinal) 54.0 MPa 61.3 MPa 59.2 MPa
ILS (tansverse) 54.6 MPa 60.7 MPa 60.7 MPaImpact strength 356.1 kJ/m2 368.1 kJ/m2 365 kJ/m2
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 21/23
SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
Results
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Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Comprehensive enough characterisation, also focusing onspecific needs for LCM
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 22/23
SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsC
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Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Comprehensive enough characterisation, also focusing onspecific needs for LCM
New methods prove to be accurate enough for the purposes
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 22/23
SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsC R
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Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Comprehensive enough characterisation, also focusing onspecific needs for LCM
New methods prove to be accurate enough for the purposes
Electrical resistivity test potentially suitable for a wide rangeof liquids
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 22/23
SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
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Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Comprehensive enough characterisation, also focusing onspecific needs for LCM
New methods prove to be accurate enough for the purposes
Electrical resistivity test potentially suitable for a wide rangeof liquids
Image analysis in impregnation speed test an improvementon the manual inspection
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 22/23
SummaryOutline
Properties of RelevanceTesting Methods
ResultsConcluding Remarks
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Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Comprehensive enough characterisation, also focusing onspecific needs for LCM
New methods prove to be accurate enough for the purposes
Electrical resistivity test potentially suitable for a wide rangeof liquids
Image analysis in impregnation speed test an improvementon the manual inspection
Various other methods can be used for image analysis, toenhance the accuracy of the test, while requiring morestable testing conditions (lighting, no movement of thecamera etc.)
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 22/23
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Important References
M. Fickel.Sensor Recommendation for MAAXIMUS.Technical Report - Centre of Structure Technologies, 2009 .
W. Hellerich, G. Harsch and S. Haenle.Werkstoff-Fuhrer Kunststoffe: Eigenschaften, Prufungen,Kennwerte. Munchen: Carl Hanser Verlag, 2001.
R. J. Yates, M. M. Munzer and F. D. Hook.Liquid conductivity measurement system using avariable-frequency AC voltage.United States Patent 5.708.363 13 January 1988.
Gokturk Kuru LCM Resin Characterisation 23/23
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