LAYTIME AND

DEMURRAGESIXTH EDITION

LLOYDS SHIPPING LAW LIBRARY

Series editors: Andrew W. Baker, Q.C. and Hatty Sumption

LLOYD S SHIPPING LAW LIBRARY

The Ratification of Maritime Conventionsedited by The Institute of Maritime Law

University of Southampton(looseleaf)

The Law of Ship Mortgagesby Graeme Bowtle and Kevin McGuinness

(2001)

The Law of Shipbuilding Contractsthird edition

by Simon Curtis(2002)

The Law of Tug and Towsecond edition

by Simon Rainey(2002)

Merchant Shipping Legislationsecond edition

by Aengus R. M. Fogarty(2004)

Marine War Risksthird edition

by Michael D. Miller(2005)

Bareboat Charterssecond editionby Mark Davis

(2005)

Limitation of Liabilityfor Maritime Claims

fourth editionby Patrick Griggs, Richard Williams

and Jeremy Farr(2005)

Enforcement of Maritime Claimsfourth edition

by D. C. Jackson(2005)

Bills of Ladingby Richard Aikens, Richard Lord

and Michael Bools(2006)

Voyage Chartersthird edition

by Julian Cooke,Timothy Young, Q.C., Andrew Taylor,

John D. Kimball, David Martowskiand LeRoy Lambert

(2007)

Time Charterssixth edition

by Terrence Coghlin, Andrew W. Baker,Julian Kenny and John D. Kimball

(2008)

Ship Sale & Purchasefifth edition

by Iain Goldrein, Q.C., Matt Hannafordand Paul Turner

(2008)

Shipping and the Environmentsecond edition

by Colin de la Rue andCharles B. Anderson

(2009)

Ship Registration: Law and Practicesecond edition

by Richard Coles andEdward Watt

(2009)

Marine Cargo Insuranceby John Dunt

(2009)

London Maritime Arbitrationthird edition

by Clare Ambrose and Karen Maxwell(2009)

P&I Clubs Law and Pracefourth edition

by Steven J. Hazelwood and David Semark(2010)

Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practicefourth edition

by Nigel Meeson and John A. Kimbell(2011)

Berlingieri on Arrest of Shipsfifth edition

by Francesco Berlingieri(2011)

LAYTIME AND

DEMURRAGE

BY

JOHN SCHOFIELD, M.A.of Grays Inn, Barrister

SIXTH EDITION

First published 2009 by Informa Law & Finance Published 2013 by Informa Law from Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Informa Law is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright John Schofield 1986, 1990, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2011

First edition, 1986

Second edition, 1990 Third edition, 1996

Fourth edition, 2000 Fifth edition, 2005 Sixth edition, 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by

any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used

only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Reprinted material is quoted with permission. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this work is correct, neither the authors nor Informa Law from Routledge can

accept any responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any consequences arising therefrom.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-84311-945-6 (hbk)

Lloyds is the registered trade mark of the Society incorporated by the Lloyds Act 1871by the name of Lloyds.

Text set 10 on 12pt Times by Interactive Sciences Ltd, Gloucester

To

V.G.S.

L.J.S. C.G.S.

This page intentionally left blank

Preface to the Sixth Edition

Publication of the sixth edition is also the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of thefirst edition in 1986.

The law relating to laytime and demurrage is a creation of the English common lawarising from judicial decisions going back more than 200 years. The earliest case in thepresent edition is Wolff v. Hardcastle (1798) 1 B&P 316, a case in the section on liabilityfor demurrage dealing with the description of a cargo consignee. The most recent is TheVine [2011] 1 Lloyds Rep 301, a decision from part 6 of the first volume of Lloyds LawReports published on 18 March 2011, relating to a delay getting into berth. Sincepublication of the first edition of Laytime and Demurrage, some 300 new judicial andarbitral decisions have been added. This new edition on its own adds well over 40 suchdecisions.

The format of the book follows that adopted in previous editions. There is an importantnew section at the end of the first chapter tracing recent judicial thinking in relation to theconstruction of contractual terms, including charterparty laytime clauses, much of it led byLord Hoffmann.

It is worth at this time looking back, however, at some import milestones. The firstedition of this book was the first major maritime law text book to include reports ofLondon maritime arbitrations, brief anonymous reports of which have been published inLloyds Maritime Law Newsletter since that publication started its fortnightly publicationin 1979. The second edition joined the third edition of Time Charters to form thefoundation of the popular Lloyds Shipping Law Library of text books. The third editionwas the first major maritime law textbook to be translated into Chinese.

In the preface to the fifth edition, I highlighted three areas of the law, which I hopedwould receive further judicial consideration. Unfortunately none of these areas of the lawhave yet to come before the courts. I can therefore only hope that this will happen beforepublication of the seventh edition.

The law is stated as at 1 April 2011.

London JOHN SCHOFIELDApril 2011

vii

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Contents

PAGE

Preface to the Sixth Edition viiTable of Cases xviiTable of Statutes xxxix

PARA

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1.1

The construction of laytime clauses 1.38

CHAPTER 2. LAYTIME CLAUSESFIXED ANDCUSTOMARY LAYTIME 2.1

FIXED LAYTIME 2.1

Calendar days 2.6Conventional days 2.14Running days 2.17Working days 2.23Weather working days 2.41Calculation of weather interruptions in weather working days 2.59Saturdays and other incomplete days 2.80Voylayrules 1993 2.91Working days, running hours, running days, weather permitting 2.92Working hours, working days of 24 hours, weather permitting 2.112Working hours per working day 2.126Working days of 24 consecutive hours, working days of 24 running hours, weather

permitting 2.133Weather working day of 24 consecutive hours 2.140

LAYTIME BY REFERENCE TO RATES OF WORKING CARGO 2.144

Rate per working hatch (or available workable hatch) 2.145Availability of holds 2.163Rate per hatch 2.164Rate per hook 2.173Laytime expressed as a total daily rate 2.177Laytime expressed as a total daily rate basisa specified number of available workable

hatches 2.193

ix

CUSTOMARY LAYTIME 2.207

What is a reasonable time? 2.209Customary despatch 2.219Effect of custom 2.220Commencement of the obligation to load/discharge 2.229Delays due to charterers/shippers/receivers 2.239

Failure to provide a berth on arrival 2.240Failure to have a cargo in readiness 2.244As fast as the vessel could deliver 2.249Alternative methods of discharge 2.250Provision of defective cargo 2.253

Delays arising without the default of either shipowners or charterers 2.258Congestion 2.259Strikes 2.262Actions of port and other authorities 2.268Delay due to other third parties 2.273Weather and other natural phenomena 2.275

Other terms of the charterparty 2.279Where customary laytime is exceeded 2.283Customary quick despatch 2.285

CHAPTER 3. COMMENCEMENT OF LAYTIME 3.1

The specified destination 3.2Berth charters 3.32Dock charters 3.40Port charters 3.50

Arrival within the port 3.53At the immediate and effective disposition of the charterer 3.66

READINESS TO LOAD AND DISCHARGE 3.117

Physical readiness 3.124Overstowed cargo 3.154Equipment 3.157Other physical matters 3.169

Legal readiness 3.172Common law 3.176Customs clearance 3.178Free pratique and quarantine 3.179Additional requirements 3.197Contracts of sale 3.209Implied requirements 3.212

The Indian cases 3.215Notice of readiness 3.222

When and how to be given 3.226Express provisions 3.239

x CONTENTS

Notice in advance of arrival 3.255Time lapse between readiness and commencement of laytime 3.259The Gencon form of charter 3.264Notice given before commencement date for laytime 3.265Correctness of notice of readiness 3.267Notice of readiness and clause 6 of the Asbatankvoy form of charter 3.296Acceptance of notice 3.307

Readiness and readiness 3.340Readiness under GAFTA f.o.b. contracts 3.347

Work before laytime commences 3.348

CHANGES TO THE BEGINNING OF LAYTIME 3.358

Custom 3.361Obstacles created by the charterer 3.367

Failure to have cargo available or arrangements for discharge 3.370Congestion due to charterers other commitments 3.373

Charterers duty to act to enable a vessel to become an Arrived ship 3.380Whether in berth or not (WIBON) 3.387Whether in port or not (WIPON) 3.411Time lost in waiting for berth to count as laytime 3.419How time lost should be counted 3.437Time lost in waiting for berth to count in full 3.441Norgrain charterwaiting for berth 3.443Gencon 94 form 3.445Reachable on arrival/always accessible 3.451

Baltic Code 2007 3.477Always accessiblefor how long must the berth be accessible? 3.478Always afloat 3.492

So near thereto as she may safely get 3.493A. Nature of the obstacle 3.501B. Length of time actually spent waiting 3.505C. Length of expected delay 3.507D. Degree of risk known to exist 3.508E. How close to the intended port the vessel can get 3.510F. Proportion of cargo to be loaded/discharged at the obstructed port 3.512

In regular turn/in usual turn 3.514Limits of delay 3.528Custom and practice 3.529Loss of turn 3.531Delay after berthing 3.533Demurrage in respect of waiting time 3.534Time to commence on being reported at the Custom House 3.541To be loaded as per colliery guarantee 3.545

CHAPTER 4. INTERRUPTIONS AND EXCEPTIONS TO LAYTIME 4.1

The contra proferentem rule 4.5General principles 4.13

xiCONTENTS

Fault of the shipowner 4.18To which delays does this principle apply? 4.21Speed claims in voyage charters 4.24Fault 4.26Other cases relating to fault 4.33For whose fault is the shipowner responsible? 4.43Bunkering 4.57Ballasting and deballasting 4.64Opening and closing of hatches 4.70Seal inspections 4.71Payment of port dues 4.73

Non-production of bills of lading 4.74Crane and cargo gear breakdowns 4.81

Communications with vessel 4.82The Altus 4.83Exclusion of fault 4.85Any other cause beyond the control of charterers 4.94General exceptions clauses 4.105

Any other cause beyond the control of charterers 4.112Cases relating to principle A 4.114Cases relating to principle B 4.131Cases relating to principle C 4.135

Overtime ordered by port authorities to count as laytime 4.143Congestion 4.147

ADVERSE WEATHER 4.151

The limits of weather 4.157Particular types of weather 4.166

Frost 4.166Ice 4.173Surf 4.181Swell 4.185Bore tides 4.190

Causation and weather 4.195Interruptions 4.196Exceptions 4.202Conoco weather clause 4.218

HOLIDAYS 4.224

What is a holiday? 4.225Regulations and law 4.227Custom and practice 4.235

Particular types of holidays 4.240General or local holidays 4.241Legal holidays 4.243Official and local holidays 4.244Charterparty holidays 4.247

xii CONTENTS

Legal and local holidays 4.249Super holidays 4.251Non-working holidays 4.252

The BIMCO calendar 4.253Holidays and working days 4.254Part holidays 4.264Saturdays 4.269

Overtime 4.274Custom 4.275Local law 4.281Saturdays today 4.288Baltimore Form C Saturday clause 4.289Weekend clause 4.295

Working in excepted periods 4.300Where provided for 4.301Where not provided for 4.307

STRIKES 4.315

Meaning of strike 4.317Causation 4.327

A. Provision of cargo 4.332B. Congestion and consequential delays 4.335

Where consequential delay allowed 4.336When consequential delay not allowed 4.339

C. Duty to lessen effect 4.344Alternative action 4.344Alternative port 4.347Alternative cargo 4.348Alternative methods of loading/discharging and/or change of berth within the port 4.352Alternative labour 4.360

D. Length of delay 4.363Centrocon strike clause 4.370

First part 4.374The specified causes 4.377Obstructions beyond the control of the charterers in the docks or other loading

places 4.378Obstructions beyond the control of the charterers on the railways 4.381Stoppages 4.383Riots and civil commotion 4.386Strike or lock-out of any class of workmen essential to the loading/discharging 4.389

Second part 4.392Third part 4.398Fourth part 4.402

Gencon strike clause 4.404First paragraph 4.410Second paragraph 4.415Third paragraph 4.426

xiiiCONTENTS

SHIFTING AND LIGHTENING 4.438

Shifting 4.438From anchorage to berth 4.439

Clauses providing for time not to count 4.443Custom 4.449Shifting from anchorages outside the port 4.451Reachable on arrival 4.453The limits of The Laura Prima decision 4.460

From one berth to another 4.482Enforced shifting 4.489Shifting expenses 4.497

Warping 4.512Lightening 4.516

Time used in lightening 4.527

CHAPTER 5 . OTHER LAYTIME MATTERS 5.1

COMPLETION OF LAYTIME 5.1

Dry cargo 5.20Loading 5.20Discharge 5.35

Liquid cargo 5.44

AVERAGING AND REVERSING 5.72

Laytime averaged 5.78Reversible laytime 5.78Cases on averaging 5.80Cases on reversing 5.89Other similar clauses 5.100

MULTIPLE CHARTERS 5.103

Are the charters to be read separately or together? 5.106Commencement and running of laytime 5.114Time lost in waiting for berth 5.120Other cargo operations carried out whilst waiting 5.143Demurrage 5.147Carriage of edible vegetable oils 5.152

Nomination of loading and discharging berths 5.155Commencement of laytime and waiting time 5.156Laytime and demurrage 5.158Squeegeeing and sweeping 5.169Transhipment 5.171

xiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER 6 . DEMURRAGE 6.1

Meaning and nature 6.1Length of demurrage 6.9Rate and payment of demurrage 6.20

New WorldscaleFull title: New Worldwide Tanker Nominal Freight Scale 6.24Payment 6.25

Damages in addition to demurrage 6.26Mitigation and proof of loss 6.51Default of charterer 6.62Default of shipowner 6.71Exceptions clauses and demurrage 6.78Shifting 6.93Half rate demurrage 6.94

Storm 6.101Notices of readiness, periods of notice and commencement of demurrage 6.107Tanker warranties 6.116The effect of deviation on demurrage 6.151The end of demurragepermanent and temporary absence from the port 6.164

LIABILITY FOR DEMURRAGE 6.171

General principles 6.171Incorporation of charterparty terms into bills of lading 6.179Liability of shippers, consignees, indorsees and receivers 6.185Liability of charterers as bill of lading holders 6.200Nature of lien for demurrage 6.208Cesser clauses 6.216Construction of the charter 6.222Effectiveness of the lien 6.233Waiver of cesser clause 6.241Liabilities before and after shipment 6.242Masters rights to claim demurrage 6.248Liability of bills of lading holders inter se 6.252

One calculation or many calculations 6.253How much must each pay? 6.260

Demurrage time bars 6.265Time of payment 6.281Demurrage provisions in contracts of sale 6.284

CHAPTER 7 . DESPATCH 7.1

Some later cases 7.17Notice provisions 7.21Reversing and double despatch 7.25The Centrocon strike clause 7.30Delay after loading or discharging 7.34

xvCONTENTS

CHAPTER 8 . DETENTION 8.1

Delay before the vessel reaches its specified destination 8.8Delay after arrival at the specified destination and during the running of laytime 8.33Delay during the running of demurrage 8.45Delay after the end of laytime and/or demurrage 8.46Delay after the end of cargo operations 8.48Delay by agreement 8.68Exception clauses 8.74Lien for damages for detention 8.75

CHAPTER 9 . FRUSTRATION 9.1

A. Destruction of ship or cargo 9.15B. Inordinate delay 9.18C. Illegality 9.41Self-induced frustration 9.48The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 9.50

PAGE

APPENDIX 469

A. Laytime definitions 469B. Charterparty Laytime Definitions 1980 471C. Voyage Charterparty Laytime Interpretation Rules 1993 475D. Baltic Code 2003 Charterparty and Laytime Terminology and Abbreviations 479

Index 483

xvi CONTENTS

Table of Cases

A/B Nordiska Lloyd v. J Brownlie & Co (Hull) Ltd (1925) 30 CC 307; (1925) 22 Ll L Rep 79 (CA) .......... 3.232,3.3413.343

AET Inc Ltd v. Arcadia Petroleum Ltd (The Eagle Valencia) [2010] 1 Lloyds Rep 593; [2010] 2 LloydsRep 257 (CA) ...................................................................................................... 3.179, 3.189, 6.279, 6.280

APJ Priti, The. See Atkins International HA v. Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping LinesA/S Uglands Rederi v. The President of India (The Danita) [1976] 2 Lloyds Rep 377 ......................... 2.41A/S Westfal-Larsen & Co v. Russo-Norwegian Transport Co Ltd (1931) 40 Ll L Rep 259 ......... 4.226, 4.233Abqaiq, The. See National Shipping Co of Saudi Arabia v. BP Oil Supply CompanyAcatos v. Burns (1878) 3 Ex D 282 ............................................................................................................ 2.256Action SA v. Britannic Shipping Corporation Ltd (The Aegis Britannic), [1985] 2 Lloyds Rep 481 and

upheld on appeal [1987] 1 Lloyds Rep 119; LMLN 148, 4 July 1985 .................................... 6.85, 6.231Adelfa, The. See Adelfamar SA v. Mangimi & Martini SpAAdelfamar SA v. Mangimi & Martini SpA (The Adelfa), LMLN 218, 12 March 1988; [1988] 2 Lloyds

Rep 466 ........................................................................................................................................... 6.44, 6.51Aden Refinery Co Ltd v. Ugland Management Co Ltd [1986] 2 Lloyds Rep 336 .................................. 4.476Admiral Shipping Co Ltd v. Weidner Hopkins & Co [1916] 1 KB 429 ................................................... 9.19Adolf Leonhardt, The. See R Pagnan & Fratelli v. Finagrain Compagnie Commerciale Agricole et

Financiere SAAegean Sea Traders Corporation v. Repsol Petroleo SA and another (The Aegean Sea) [1998] 2 Lloyds

Rep 39 ................................................................................................................................................... 3.7Aegis Britannic, The. See Action SA v. Britannic Shipping Corporation LtdAegis Progress, The. See Cargill Inc v. Marpro LtdAello, The. See Agrimpex Hungarian Trading Co for Agricultural Products v. Sociedad Financiera de

Bienes Raices SAAfrapearl, The. See Portolana Compania Naviera Limited v. Vitol SA Inc & Vitol SA of SwitzerlandAgamemnon, The [1998] 1 Lloyds Rep 675 .......................................................................... 3.51, 3.282, 3.283Agios Stylianos, The. See Agios Stylianos Compania Naviera SA v. Maritime Associates International

Ltd LagosAgios Stylianos Compania Naviera SA v. Maritime Associates International Ltd Lagos (The Agios

Stylianos) [1975] 1 Lloyds Rep 426 ........................................... 3.155, 5.124, 5.127, 5.130, 5.1345.137Agrimpex Hungarian Trading Co for Agricultural Products v. Sociedad Financiera de Bienes Raices SA

(The Aello) [1957] 2 Lloyds Rep 423; [1958] 2 Lloyds Rep 65 (CA); [1961] AC 135; [1960] 1Lloyds Rep 623 (HL) ..... 3.50, 3.883.98 passim, 3.102, 3.173, 3.175, 3.196, 3.298, 3.386, 3.424, 4.17,

5.124, 7.30, 8.55Akties Adalands v. Whittaker (1913) 18 CC 229 ....................................................................................... 4.383Akties Glittre v. Gabriel, Wade & English (1926) 24 Ll L Rep 372 .................................... 2.225, 2.228, 2.274Akties Laboremus v. Steava Francaise (1925) 21 Ll L Rep 381 ............................................................... 3.238Aktieselskabet Dampskibs Cleveland v. Horsley, Smith & Co Ltd (1923) 16 Ll L Rep 323 .................. 2.277Aktieselskabet Hekla v. Bryson, Jameson & Co (1908) 14 CC 1 ............................................................. 2.241Aktieselskabet Inglewood v. Millars Karri and Jarrah Forests Ltd (1903) 8 CC 196 ............................. 3.375Aktieselskabet Olivebank v. Dansk Svovlsyre Fabrik Ltd [1919] 1 KB 388; [1919] 2 KB 162 (CA) ....... 3.7, 3.12Aktieselskabet Reidar v. Arcos Ltd (1926) 25 Ll L Rep 30; [1927] 1 KB 352; (1926) 25 Ll L Rep 513

(CA) ........................................................................ 6.5, 6.166.17, 6.28, 6.306.32, 6.34, 6.36, 6.42, 6.67Alaska, The. See Medtank Ltd v. Adam Maritime CorporationAlbion, The. See President of India v. Davenport Marine Panama SAAldebaran Compania Maritima SA v. Aussenhandel AG (The Darrah) [1974] 2 Lloyds Rep 435; [1976]

1 Lloyds Rep 285 (CA); [1977] AC 157; [1976] 2 Lloyds Rep 359 (HL) ... 2.41, 2.55, 2.100, 2.102, 3.421,3.423, 3.425, 3.426, 3.431, 3.432, 3.442, 3.476, 4.206, 4.2094.210, 5.102, 5.139

Alhambra, The (1881) 6 PD 68 ......................................................................................................... 4.516, 4.517

xvii

Allen v. Coltart (1883) 11 QBD 782 ........................................................................................................... 6.194Alma Shipping Co SA v. V M Salgaoncar E Irmaos Ltda [1954] 1 Lloyds Rep 220 ............. 5.80, 5.86, 5.88Altus, The. See Black Swan Inc v. Castle Supply and Marketing IncAltus, The. See Total Transport Corporation of Panama v. Amoco Trading CoAlvion Steamship Corporation Panama v. Galban Lobo Trading Co SA of Havana (The Rubystone)

[1954] 2 Lloyds Rep 309; [1955] 1 Lloyds Rep 9 (CA) ......... 2.27, 2.28, 2.31, 2.32, 2.46, 2.52, 2.612.63,2.79, 2.90

Amiral Fahri Engin, The. See Sale Corporation of Monrovia v. Turkish Cargo Lines General ManagerAmstelmolen, The. See NV Reederij Amsterdam v. President of IndiaAnderson v. Anderson [1895] 1 Q3 749 ..................................................................................................... 4.122Andreas Vergottis v. Robinson David & Co (1928) 31 Ll L Rep 23 ........................................................ 6.180Angelos Lusis, The. See Sociedad Carga Oceanica SA v. Idolinoele Vertriebsgesellschaft mbHAnglo-Danubian Transport Co Ltd v. Ministry of Food (1949) 83 Ll L Rep 137 .................................... 3.12Anglo-Oriental Navigation Co Ltd v. T & J Brocklebank Ltd (1927) 27 Ll L Rep 359 ......................... 6.227Anna Ch, The. See Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines v. The Royal Bank of Scotland plcAntaios Compania Naviera SA v. Salen Rederierna AB (The Antaios) (No 2) [1984] 2 Lloyds Rep 235;

[1985] AC 191 ...................................................................................................................................... 1.42Antalya, The. See Oceansky Co Ltd v. Hugo New & Sons IncAntclizo Shipping Corporation v. Food Corporation of India (The Antclizo) (No 2) [1991] 2 Lloyds Rep

485; [1992] 1 Lloyds Rep 558 (CA) ........................................................................................ 3.220, 6.283Ante Topic, The. See Compania Naviera Termar SA v. Tradax Export SAAntiparos ENE v. SK Shipping Co Ltd and others (The Antiparos) LMLN 745, 4 June 2008; [2008] 2

Lloyds Rep 286 ................................................................................................................................... 3.21Apollon, The. See NZ Michalos v. The Food Corporation of IndiaApostolis, The [1999] 2 Lloyds Rep 292 ........................................................................................ 2.180, 4.142Arden Steamship Co v. Andrew Weir & Co (1905) 11 CC 26; [1905] AC 501 ............................ 2.244, 2.247Arden Steamship Co v. Mathwin & Son, 1912 SC 215 ............................................................................. 4.333Argobeam, The. See J C Carras & Sons (Shipbrokers) Ltd v. President of IndiaArgonaut Navigation Co Ltd v. Ministry of Food (1948) 81 Ll L Rep 371; (1949) 82 Ll L Rep 223

(CA) ....................................................................................................................................... 5.225.25, 6.67Armada Lines Continent Mediterranean Service Ltd v. Naviera Murueta SA (The Elexalde) [1985] 2

Lloyds Rep 485 ................................................................................................................................... 4.413Armement Adolf Deppe v. John Robinson & Co Ltd [1917] KB 204 ...................................................... 3.159Ashcroft v. Crow Orchard Colliery Co (1874) LR 9 QB 540 ................................... 2.210, 2.211, 2.214, 2.285Athamas, The. See Athamas (Owners), The v. Dig Vijay Cement Co LtdAthamas (Owners), The v. Dig Vijay Cement Co Ltd (The Athamas) [1962] 2 Lloyds Rep 120; [1963]

1 Lloyds Rep 287 (CA) .......................................................................... 3.493, 3.494, 3.502, 3.5063.513Athinoula, The. See Bravo Maritime (Chartering) Est v. Alsayed Abdullah Mohamed BaroomAtkins International HA v. Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (The APJ Priti) [1987] 2 Lloyds Rep

639 ......................................................................................................................................................... 4.501Atkinson v. Ritchie (1809) 10 East 530 ...................................................................................................... 4.119Atlantic Sun, The. See Fury Shipping Co Ltd v. State Trading Corporation of India LtdAtlantic Sunbeam, The. See Sunbeam Shipping Co Ltd v. President of IndiaAustin Friars, The (1894) 10 TLR 633 ............................................................................................. 3.1823.184Australian Wheat Board v. British India Steam Navigation Co Ltd and Associated Companies (1923) 14

Ll L Rep 117 ........................................................................................................................................ 7.17

BHP Petroleum Ltd v. British Steel plc and Dalmine SpA [1999] 2 Lloyds Rep 583 ............................ 4.12BTP Tioxide Ltd v. Pioneer Shipping Ltd. See Pioneer Shipping Ltd v. BTP Tioxide LtdBabanaft International Co SA v. Avant Petroleum Inc (The Oltenia) [1982] 1 Lloyds Rep 448 ........... 6.267,

6.2786.279Balian v. Joly, Victoria & Co (1890) 6 TLR 345 ....................................................................................... 6.155Bank Line Ltd v. Arthur Capel & Co [1919] AC 435 .................................................................. 9.9, 9.43, 9.48Bargate Steam Shipping Co Ltd v. Penlee & St Ives Stone Quarries Ltd (1921) 6 Ll L Rep 71 ........... 2.231, 2.236Barque Quilpue Ltd v. Brown (1903) 9 CC 13 ..................................................................... 2.243, 3.378, 3.529Barrie v. Peruvian Corporation (1896) 2 CC 50 ......................................................................................... 4.8Bastifell v. Lloyd (1862) 1 H & C 388 ....................................................................................................... 3.507Batis Maritime Corporation v. Petroleos Mediterraneo SA (The Batis) LMLN 263, 2 December 1989;

[1990] 1 Lloyds Rep 345 .................................................................................................................... 3.13Bedford Steamship Co Ltd v. Navico AG (The Ionian Skipper) [1977] 2 Lloyds Rep 273 ................... 6.39Bennetts & Co v. J & A Brown (1907) 13 CC 110 ......................................................... 2.482.50, 2.51, 4.183

TABLE OF CASES

xviii

Black Swan Inc v. Castle Supply and Marketing Inc (The Altus) (NY Arb), LMLN 275, 19 May 1990 ....... 4.466,6.92

Blight v. Page (1801) 3 B & P 295n ........................................................................................................... 4.7Blue Anchor Line Ltd v. Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH (The Union Amsterdam) [1982] 2 Lloyds

Rep 432 ......................................................................................................................... 4.20, 4.29, 4.854.88Bocimar NV v. Bayway Refining Co (The Permeke), LMLN 416, 14 October 1995 .............................. 3.203Bonde, The. See Richco International Ltd v. Alfred C Toepfer International GmbHBoral Gas, The. See Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd v. Huddart Parker Industries LtdBoukadora Maritime Corporation v. Societe Anonyme Marocaine de LIndustrie et du Raffinage (The

Boukadora) [1989] 1 Lloyds Rep 393 ......................................................................................... 5.62, 8.59Bow Cedar, The. See Oddjfell Seachem A/S v. Continentale Des Petroles et DInvestissements and

AnrBow Princess, The (NY Arb), LMLN 349, 20 March 1993 ...................................................................... 6.143Brandt and others v. Liverpool, Brazil and River Plate Steam Navigation Co Ltd (1923) 29 CC 57 (CA) .... 6.153,

6.194Brankelow Steamship Co Ltd v. Canton Insurance Office Ltd; sub nom. Williams & Co and the

Brankelow Steamship Co Ltd v. Canton Insurance Office Ltd [1899] 2 QB 178; [1901] AC 462(HL) ....................................................................................................................................................... 6.235

Brankelow Steamship Co Ltd v. Lamport & Holt (The Highfield) [1897] 1 QB 570; (1897) 2 CC 89 ... 2.47, 2.50,2.602.61, 4.308

Bravo Maritime (Chartering) Est v. Alsayed Abdullah Mohamed Baroom (The Athinoula) [1980] 2Lloyds Rep 481 ................................................................................................................................... 6.229

Brereton v. Chapman (1831) 7 Bing 559 .................................................................................................... 3.68Brightman & Co v. Bunge y Born Ltda Sociedad. See H A Brightman & Co v. Bunge y Born Ltda

Sociedad.British and Mexican Shipping Co Ltd v. Lockett Brothers & Co Ltd (1910) 16 CC 75; [1911] 1 KB 264

(CA) ................................................................................................................ 2.26, 2.30, 2.51, 4.184, 4.225British Steel Corporation v. National Dock Labour Board [1971] 2 Lloyds Rep 439 (CA) ................... 4.169Brouncker v. Scott (1811) 4 Taunt 1 ........................................................................................................... 6.249Brown v. Johnson (1842) 10 M & W 331 .................................................................................................. 3.70Brunner v. Webster and another (1900) 5 CC 167 ..................................................................................... 9.42Brutus v. Cozens [1972] 3 WLR 521 .......................................................................................................... 4.152Bryden v. Niebuhr (1884) C & E 241 ......................................................................................................... 6.204Budgett & Co v. Binnington & Co [1891] 1 QB 35 .................... 4.18, 4.31, 4.32, 4.434.45, 4.55, 4.57, 6.57Bulk Shipping AG v. Ipco Trading SA (The Jasmine B) [1992] 1 Lloyds Rep 39 ................................. 3.14Bulman & Dickson v. Fenwick & Co [1893] 1 QB 179 ............................................................................ 4.344Burmester v. Hodgson (1810) 2 Camp 488 ............................................................................ 2.209, 2.210, 2.259Burnett Steamship Co Ltd v. Joint Danube & Black Sea Shipping Agencies [1933] 2 KB 438; (1933) 46

Ll L Rep 231 (CA) .............................................................................................................. 2.22, 2.53, 4.203Burnett Steamship Co Ltd v. Olivier & Co Ltd (1934) 48 Ll L Rep 238 ................................................. 3.235

C A Van Liewen v. Hollis Bros & Co Ltd (The Lizzie) (1918) 23 CC 332; (1918) 24 CC 117 (CA); (1919)1 Ll L Rep 529; (1919) 25 CC 83 (HL) ................................................. 2.211, 2.218, 2.226, 2.227, 2.241

California and Hawaiian Sugar Co v. The National Cereal and Produce Board of Kenya (The SugarIslander), (NY Arb), LMLN 318, 11 January 1992 ............................................................................ 8.44

Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v. Howard Smith Industries Pty Ltd (The Howard Smith) [1973] 1 LloydsRep 544 ................................................................................................................................................. 4.129

Camelia, The and The Magnolia. See Magnolia Shipping Co Ltd of Limassol v. Joint Venture of theInternational Trading & Shipping Enterprises and Kinship Management Co Ltd of Brussels

Cantiere Navale Triestina v. Handelsvertretung der Russe Soviet Republik Naphtha Export (1925) 21 LlL Rep 204 (CA) .............................................................................................................. 4.491, 4.492, 6.166

Cape Equinox, The. See Frontier International Shipping Corp v. Swissmarine Corporation IncCapper & Co v. Wallace Brothers (1880) 5 QBD 163 ............................................................................... 3.503Carga del sur Compania Naviera SA v. Ross T Smyth & Co Ltd (The Seafort) [1962] 2 Lloyds Rep

147 ......................................................................................................................................................... 3.389Cargill Inc v. Marpro Ltd (The Aegis Progress) [1983] 2 Lloyds Rep 570 ........ 2.154, 2.155, 2.156, 2.163, 2.204Cargill Inc v. Rionda de Pass Ltd (The Giannis Xilas) [1982] 2 Lloyds Rep 511 ............. 2.158, 2.163, 2.198Carlton Steamship Co Ltd v. Castle Mail Packets Co Ltd (1897) 2 CC 286; (1898) 3 CC 207 (CA); [1898]

AC 486 (HL) ....................................................................... 2.216, 2.275, 2.276, 2.278, 2.279, 3.47, 3.378Carron Park, The (1890) 15 PD 203 ........................................................................................................... 4.90Castel and Latta v. Trechman (1884) 1 C & E 276 .................................................................................... 3.502Castlegate Steamship Co Ltd v. Dempsey and others [1892] 1 QB 854 (CA) .................... 2.225, 2.262, 3.290

TABLE OF CASES

xix

Cawthron v. Trickett (1864) 15 CB(NS) 754 .............................................................................................. 6.250Cazalet v. Morris [1916] Sc 952 .................................................................................................................. 6.58Central Argentine Railway Ltd v. Marwood [1915] AC 981 (HL) ....................................... 4.328, 4.3664.367Cero Navigation Corp v. Jean Lion & Cie (The Solon) [2000] 1 Lloyds Rep 292 ................................. 4.109Chadwick Weir & Co Ltd v. Louis Dreyfus & Co (1923) 14 Ll L Rep 108 ............................................ 7.33Chanda, The. See Valla Giovanni & C SpA v. Gebr Van Weelde Scheepvaartkantoor BVChandris v. Government of India [1955] 2 Lloyds Rep 212; [1956] 1 Lloyds Rep 11 (CA) ....... 5.36, 5.395.41,

8.59Chandris v. Isbrandtsen-Moller Co Inc (1950) 83 Ll L Rep 385 ......................................................... 6.31, 6.33Charlton Steam Shipping Co v. T W Allen & Sons and Gabriel, Wade & English (1921) 9 Ll L Rep 148 ... 2.236Chief Controller of Chartering of the Government of India v. Central Gulf Steamship Corporation (The

Mosfield) [1968] 2 Lloyds Rep 173 ............................................ 4.2284.229, 4.260, 4.273, 4.282, 4.288Chios Faith, The. See Sunward Overseas SA v. Cargill IncChristensen v. Hindustan Steel Ltd [1971] 1 Lloyds Rep 395 ............................................. 3.156, 3.2713.275Christos, The. See EG Cornelius & Co Ltd v. Christos Maritime Co LtdChrysovalandou Dyo, The [1981] 1 Lloyds Rep 159 ............................................................................... 8.31Cia Argentina de Pesca v. Eagle Oil & Shipping Co Ltd (1939) 65 Ll L Rep 168 ................................. 6.126Clerco Compania Naviera SA v. The Food Corporation of India (The Savvas) [1981] 1 Lloyds Rep 155;

[1982] 1 Lloyds Rep 22 (CA) ............................................................................ 2.179, 2.180, 4.5274.531Cleeves Western Valleys Anthracite Collieries Ltd v. Penelope (Owners) (The Penelope) (1928) 31 Ll L

Rep 96 ................................................................................................................................................... 9.27Clink v. Hickie, Borman & Co (No 2) (1899) 4 CC 292 ........................................................................... 6.79Clink v. Radford & Co [1891] 1 QB 625 (CA) ............................................................. 6.223, 6.238, 8.75, 8.76Clydebank Engineering & Shipbuilding Co Ltd v. Don Jose Ramos Yzquierdo y Castoneda [1905] AC

6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 6.51Cobelfret Bulk Carriers NV v. Swissmarine Services SA (The Lowlands Orchid) LMLN 783, 25

November 2009; [2010] 1 Lloyds Rep 317 ....................................................................................... 4.251Cobelfret NV v. Cyclades Shipping Co Ltd (The Linardos) [1994] 1 Lloyds Rep 28 ....... 3.1473.153, 3.450Cochran v. Retberg (1800) 3 Esp 121 ........................................................................................ 2.13, 2.24, 4.255Commercial Steamship Co v. Boulton (1875) LR 10 QB 346 ............................................................... 2.9, 6.22Compagnie Chemin de Fer du Midi v. A Bromage & Co (1921) 6 Ll L Rep 178 .................................. 3.45Compania Argentina de Navegacion de Ultramar v. Tradax Export SA (The Puerto Rocca) [1978] 1

Lloyds Rep 252 ......................................................................................................................... 3.200, 3.542Compania Crystal de Vapores v. Herman & Mohatta (India) Ltd (The Maria G) [1958] 1 Lloyds Rep 616 ... 2.56.

4.165, 4.191, 4.200, 4.490, 4.494, 4.499Compania de Naviera Nedelka SA v. Tradax International SA (The Tres Flores) [1973] 2 Lloyds Rep

247 (CA) ...................................................... 3.1333.134, 3.1363.137, 3.146, 3.147, 3.176, 3.267, 3.319Compania de Navigacion Zita SA v. Louis Dreyfus & Cie (The Corfu Island) [1953] 2 Lloyds Rep 472 ..... 1.33,

1.35, 2.150, 2.152, 2.153, 2.163, 2.198, 2.204, 7.2Compania Naviera Azuero SA v. British Oil & Cake Mills Ltd [1957] 2 QB 293; [1957] 1 Lloyds Rep

312 ..................................................... 2.41, 2.47, 2.53, 2.54, 2.182, 2.183, 4.168, 6.2536.255, 6.263, 7.5Compania Naviera Termar SA v. Tradax Export SA (The Ante Topic) [1965] 1 Lloyds Rep 198; [1965]

2 Lloyds Rep 79 (CA); [1966] 1 Lloyds Rep 566 (HL) ............................................ 4.4514.452, 4.488Conrad Alfred Van Liewen v. Hollis Bros & Co Ltd. See C A Van Liewen v. Hollis Bros & Co LtdConstantine Line v. Imperial Smelting Corporation [1942] AC 164 (HL) ................................................ 9.49Continental Grain Co v. Armour Fertiliser Works, Fed Supp 49 (1938) ................................................... 6.68Cordelia, The [1909] P 27 ........................................................................................................................... 3.520Corfu Island, The. See Compania de Navigacion Zita SA v. Louis Dreyfus & CieCorrado Societa Anonima di Navigazione v. Expothleb (1932) 43 Ll L Rep 509 ................................... 4.274Cosmar Compania Naviera SA v. Total Transport Corporation (The Isabelle) [1982] 2 Lloyds Rep 81;

[1984] 1 Lloyds Rep 366 (CA) ................................................................................................ 4.185, 4.505Crawford and Rowat v. Wilson, Sons & Co (1895) 1 CC 154 ........................................................ 4.1154.116Crossman v. Burrill, 179 US 100 (1900) ..................................................................................................... 6.68Cunard Carrier, Eleranta and Martha, The [1977] 2 Lloyds Rep 261 ................................. 6.208, 6.220, 6.239

D A Stathatos Steamship Co Ltd v. Cordoba Central Railway Co Ltd (1931) 40 Ll L Rep 274 ............ 4.362D/S A/S Gulnes v. ICI Ltd (1937) 59 Ll L Rep 144 .................................................................................. 9.15Dahl v. Nelson. See Nelson v. Dahl.Dahl (Robert H) v. Nelson, Donkin. See Nelson v. Dahl.DAmico Mediterranean Pacific Line Inc v. Procter and Gamble Manufacturing Co (The Giovanni

DAmico) [1975] 1 Lloyds Rep 202 .................................................................................................. 6.59

TABLE OF CASES

xx

Damodar General T J Park and King Theras, The. See Mosvolds Rederi A/S v. Food Corporation ofIndia

Dampskibsselskabet Botnia A/S v. C P Bell & Co [1932] 2 KB 569; (1931) 41 Ll L Rep 160 ... 4.180, 4.186Dampskibsselskabet Svendborg v. Love & Stewart Ltd, 1915 SC 543 ..................................................... 4.391Danita, The. See A/S Uglands Rederi v. The President of IndiaDarrah, The. See Aldebaran Compania Maritima SA v. Aussenhandel AGDavies v. McVeagh (1879) 4 Ex D 265 ...................................................................................................... 3.45Davies-Evans v. Ladoga Ltd (The Kingsland) (1910) 16 CC 18 ............................................................... 2.272Davis v. Garrett (1830) 6 Bing 716 ............................................................................................................. 6.155Davis Contractors Ltd v. Fareham Urban District Council [1956] AC 696 ........................................ 9.13, 9.33Delian Leto, The. See The Food Corporation of India v. Carras Shipping Co LtdDelian Spirit, The. See Shipping Developments Corporation SA v. V/O Sojuzneftexport Demosthenes v.

The (Gerani Compania Naviera SA v. General Organization for Supply Goods) (No 1)Demosthenes v. The. See Gerani Compania Naviera SA v. Alfred C Toepfer (No 2)Denniston & Co v. Zimmerman (1894) 11 TLR 113 ................................................................................. 4.237Denny, Mott & Dickson Ltd v. Jas B Fraser & Co [1944] AC 265 (HL) ................................................. 9.11Dias, The. See Dias Compania Naviera SA v. Louis Dreyfus CorporationDias Compania Naviera SA v. Louis Dreyfus Corporation (The Dias) [1976] 2 Lloyds Rep 395; [1977]

1 Lloyds Rep 485 (CA); [1978] 1 Lloyds Rep 325; [1978] 1 WLR 261 (HL) ...... 6.6, 6.18, 6.20, 6.82Dickinson v. Martini & Co (1874) 1 R (Sess Cas) 1185 ........................................................................... 4.521Dimech v. Corlett (1858) 12 Moo PC 199 .................................................................................................. 6.11Dow Chemical (Nederland) BV v. BP Tanker Co Ltd (The Vorras) [1983] 1 Lloyds Rep 579 (CA) ....... 2.3, 2.45,

2.92, 2.96, 2.101, 2.109, 2.139, 2.143, 4.1974.198Dreyfus & Co v. Tempus Shipping Co [1931] AC 726 (HL) .................................................................... 4.91Dunlop & Sons v. Balfour, Williamson & Co [1892] 1 QB 507 (CA) .................................... 6.224, 8.75, 8.77

E B Aabys Rederi A/S v. LEP Transport Ltd (1948) 81 Ll L Rep 465 ................................................... 9.17E G Cornelius & Co Ltd v. Christos Maritime Co Ltd (The Christos) [1995] 1 Lloyds Rep 106 ....... 5.173, 6.178Eagle Valencia, The. See AET Inc Ltd v. Arcadia Petroleum LtdEastern City, The. See Leeds Shipping Co Ltd v. Societe Francaise BungeEleni 2, The. See Lemythou Compania Naviera SA v. Ahmed BamaodahElevit, The. See Hanjin Shipping Co Ltd v. R J International IncElexalde, The. See Armada Lines Continent Mediterranean Service Ltd v. Naviera Murueta SAElli 2, The. See Ilyssia Compania Naviera SA v. Ahmed BamaodahEllis Shipping Corp v. Voest Alpine Intertrading (The Lefthero) [1991] 2 Lloyds Rep 599; [1992] 2

Lloyds Rep 109 (CA) ....................................................................... 4.294.32 passim, 4.120, 5.145, 6.90Embiricos v. Sydney Reid & Co (1914) 19 CC 263 ............................................................................ 9.229.23Emeraldian Ltd Partnership v. Wellmix Shipping Ltd and another (The Vine) LMLN 798, 24 June 2010;

[2011] 1 Lloyds Rep 301 ............................................................................................... 3.337, 4.140, 4.503Epaphus, The. See Eurico SpA v. Philipp BrothersEtabllissements Soules et Cie v. Intertradax SA (The Handy Mariner) [1991] 1 Lloyds Rep 378; LMLN

288, 17 November 1990 ....................................................................................................................... 3.38Eternity, The. See Petroleum Oil and Gas Corp of South Africa (Pty) Ltd, The v. FR8 Singapore Pte

LtdEthel Radcliffe Steamship Co v. W R Barnett Ltd (1926) 24 Ll L Rep 277 (CA) ............................ 6.17, 8.12Eugenia, The. See Ocean Tramp Tankers Corp v. V/O SovfrachtEurico SpA v. Philipp Brothers (The Epaphus) [1986] 2 Lloyds Rep 387; [1987] 2 Lloyds Rep 215 (CA) .... 3.7,

3.9, 3.10, 3.137Eurus, The [1998] 1 Lloyds Rep 351 .................................................................................................... 5.85.13Evans v. Forster (1830) 1 B & Ad 118 ....................................................................................................... 6.249Evia, The. See Kodros Shipping Corporation v. Empresa Cubana de Fletes

Fairbridge v. Pace (1844) 1 C & K 317 ...................................................................................................... 3.231Fal Oil Co Ltd; Credit Agricole Indosuez (Suisse) SA y Petronas Trading Corporaion Sn Bhd (The

Devon) [2004] 1 Lloyds Rep 9; [2004] 2 Lloyds Rep 282 ............................................................. 6.284Federal Commerce & Navigation Co Ltd v. Tradax Export SA (The Maratha Envoy) [1975] 2 Lloyds

Rep 223; [1977] 3 WLR 1372; [1977] 2 Lloyds Rep 217 (CA); [1977] 2 Lloyds Rep 301(HL) ....................................................................................... 3.1073.109, 3.117, 3.298, 3.300, 3.393, 8.23

Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v. Fairbairn, Lawson [1943] AC 32 .............................................................. 9.10, 9.43Fidelitas Shipping Co Ltd v. V/O Exportchleb [1963] 1 Lloyds Rep 246; [1963] 2 Lloyds Rep 113

(CA) .................................................................................. 6.180, 6.214, 6.218, 6.235, 6.2416.246 passimField v. Receiver of Metropolitan Police [1907] 2 KB 859 ....................................................................... 4.387

TABLE OF CASES

xxi

Fina Supply Ltd v. Shell UK Ltd (The Poitou) [1991] 1 Lloyds Rep 452 .............................................. 4.174Finix, The. See Nea Tyhi Maritime Co v. Compagnie Grainiere SAFitzgerald v. Lona (Owners) (1932) 44 Ll L Rep 212 ............................................................................... 2.252Fjordaas, The. See K/S Arnt J Moerland v. Kuwait Petroleum CorporationFontevivo, The. See Gem Shipping Co of Monrovia v. Babanaft (Lebanon) SARLFood Corporation of India, The v. Carras Shipping Co Ltd (The Delian Leto) [1983] 2 Lloyds Rep 496 .... 2.180,

3.217, 6.82Ford and others v. Cotesworth and another (1868) LR 4 QB 127; (1870) LR 5 QB 544 .......... 2.210, 2.213, 2.269,

4.8, 5.49Forest Steamship Co Ltd v. Iberian Iron Ore Co Ltd; sub nom. Rhymney Steamship Co Ltd v. Iberian Iron

Ore Co Ltd (1898) 3 CC 316 (CA); (1899) 5 CC 83 (HL) .... 2.117, 2.119, 2.121, 2.123, 2.126, 2.137, 2.138Fornyade Rederiaktiebolaget Commercial v. Blake & Co (1931) 39 Ll L Rep 205 (CA) ............. 3.372, 3.505Forum Craftsman, The. See Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines v. Ierax Shipping CoFowler v. Knoop (1878) 4 QBD 299 ........................................................................................................... 6.186France, Fenwick & Co Ltd v. Philip Spackman & Sons (1912) 18 CC 52 ............................................... 4.136Francesco v. Massey (1873) LR 8 Ex 101 .................................................................................................. 6.244Franco-British Steamship Co Ltd v. Watson & Youell (1921) 9 Ll L Rep 282 ................................ 3.233, 4.11Freedom Maritime Corporation v. International Bulk Carriers SA (The Khian Captain) [1985] 2 Lloyds

Rep 212 ......................................................................................................................................... 2.41, 4.107Freijo, The. See Logs & Timber Products (Singapore) Pte Ltd v. Keeley Granite (Pty) LtdFront Commander, The. See Tidebrook Maritime Corporation v. Vitol SAFrontier International Shipping Corp v. Swissmarine Corporation Inc (The Cape Equinox) LMLN 657,

26 January 2005 ......................................................................................................................... 4.112, 4.344Furness Bridge, The. See Seabridge Shipping Ltd v. Antco Shipping LtdFury Shipping Co Ltd v. State Trading Corporation of India Ltd (The Atlantic Sun) [1972] 1 Lloyds Rep

509 ................................................................................................................................. 5.92, 5.985.99, 7.28

Galaxy Energy International Ltd v Novorossiysk Shipping Co (The Petr Schmidt); [1997] 1 Lloyds Rep284; [1998] 2 Lloyds Rep 1 (CA) ................................................................................. 3.191, 3.2513.254

Gardano & Giampieri v. Greek Petroleum George Mamidakis & Co [1961] 2 Lloyds Rep 259 ........ 6.191, 6.193Gardiner v. Macfarlane, MCrindell & Co (1889) 26 Sc LR 492 .............................................................. 8.75Gardner & Sons v. Trenchmann (1884) 15 QBD 154 ................................................................................ 6.180Gatoil International Inc v. Tradax Petroleum Ltd (The Rio Sun), LMLN 127, 13 September 1984; [1985]

1 Lloyds Rep 350 ............................................................................................................... 3.24, 6.121, 8.19Gebr Broere BV v. Saras Chimica SpA [1982] 2 Lloyds Rep 436 ........ 2.55, 2.58, 2.92, 2.102, 2.1042.108,

4.2124.215, 4.490Geipel v. Smith (1872) LR 7 QB 404 ......................................................................................................... 9.23Gem Shipping Co of Monrovia v. Babanaft (Lebanon) SARL (The Fontevivo) [1975] 1 Lloyds Rep 339 .... 4.26,

4.496General Capinpin, Proteus, Free Wave and Dinara, The. See President of India v. Jebsens (UK) LtdGeneral Guisan, The. See Suisse Atlantique Societe dArmement Maritime SA v. NV Rotterdamsche

Kolen CentraleGeorge Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v. Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] 3 WLR 163 ................................... 4.89Gerani Compania Naviera SA v. General Organization for Supply Goods (The Demosthenes V) (No 1)

[1982] 1 Lloyds Rep 275 .......................................................................................................... 3.167, 6.240Gerani Compania Naviera SA v. Alfred C Toepfer (The Demosthenes V) (No 2) [1982] 1 Lloyds Rep

282 ......................................................................................................................................................... 3.167Giannis Xilas, The. See Cargill Inc v. Rionda de Pass LtdGill & Duffus SA v. Rionda Futures Ltd [1994] 2 Lloyds Rep 67 ................................................ 3.119, 6.212Giovanni DAmico, The. See DAmico Mediterranean Pacific Line Inc v. Procter and Gamble

Manufacturing CoGlen & Co v. Royal Commission on the Sugar Supply (1922) 10 Ll L Rep 510 (CA) .......................... 2.243Glencore Grain Ltd v Flacker Shipping (The Happy Day) [2001] 1 Lloyds Rep 754; [2002] 2 Lloyds

Rep 487 (CA) ................................................................................ 3.2853.292, 3.324, 3.330, 3.333, 3.334Glencore Grain Ltd v. Goldbeam Shipping Inc (The Mass Glory) [2002] 2 Lloyds Rep 244 ..... 3.2853.290,

3.316, 8.27Glendevon, The [1893] P 269 ...................................................................................................... 7.77.15 passimGood & Co v. Isaacs [1892] 2 QB 555 (CA) ........................................................................ 2.226, 2.232, 2.271Goulandris Brothers Ltd v. B Goldman & Son [1958] 1 QB 74 ............................................................... 4.91Government of Ceylon v. Societe Franco-Tunisienne dArmement-Tunis (The Massalia) (No 2) [1960] 2

Lloyds Rep 352 ... 3.122, 3.155, 3.156, 3.269, 3.279, 3.436, 3.438, 5.116, 5.1235.124, 5.130, 5.1375.139Graigwen (Owners) v. Anglo-Canadian Shipping Co Ltd [1955] 2 Lloyds Rep 260 .............................. 3.268

TABLE OF CASES

xxii

Grampian Steamship Co Ltd v. Carver & Co (1893) 9 TLR 210 .............................................................. 3.166Grant v. Coverdale (1884) 9 App Cas 470 ................................................................................. 4.14, 4.15, 4.332Granvias Oceanicas Armadora SA v. Jibsen Trading Co (The Kavo Peirantis) [1977] 2 Lloyds Rep 344 ... 6.230,

6.239Gray v. Carr (1871) LR 6 QB 522 ...................................................................................................... 6.180, 8.75Greenmast Shipping Co SA v. Jean Lion et Cie SA (The Saronikos) [1986] 2 Lloyds Rep 277 .... 8.698.72Groves, Maclean & Co v. Volkart Brothers (1885) 1 TLR 454 ................................................................. 3.124Gullischen v. Stewart Brothers (1884) 13 QBD 317 (CA) .................................................... 6.180, 6.204, 6.206

H A Brightman & Co v. Bunge y Born Ltda Sociedad (1923) 16 Ll L Rep 200; [1924] 2 KB 619; (1924)19 Ll L Rep 384 (CA); (1925) 22 Ll L Rep 395 (HL) .......................... 4.334, 4.348, 4.358, 4.381, 4.385

Hain Steamship Co Ltd v. Canadian Transport Co Ltd (1942) 73 Ll L Rep 80 ....................................... 4.128Hain Steamship Co Ltd v. Minister of Food (1949) 82 Ll L Rep 386 ...................................................... 2.178Hain Steamship Co Ltd v. Sociedad Anonima Comercial de Exportacion e Importacion (Louis Dreyfus

& Cia Ltda) (The Tregantle) (1932) 43 Ll L Rep 136 ............................................................. 4.243, 4.259Hain Steamship Co Ltd v. Sociedad Anonima Comercial de Exportacion e Importacion (Louis Dreyfus

& Co Ltd) (The Trevarrack) (1934) 49 Ll L Rep 86 .................... 2.15, 4.227, 4.234, 4.284, 4.2864.287Hain Steamship Co Ltd v. Tate and Lyle Ltd (1936) 41 CC 350 .................................................... 6.1596.160Hall Steamship Co v. Paul (1914) 19 CC 384 ............................................................................................ 4.518Hamburg Arbitration, LMLN 32, 22 January 1981 .................................................................................... 4.188Handy Mariner, The. See Establissements Soules et Cie v. Intertradax SAHanjin Shipping Co Ltd v. R J International Inc (The Elevit) (NY Arb), LMLN 372, 5 February 1994 ....... 9.39Hankey v. Clavering [1942] 2 KB 326 ........................................................................................................ 1.46Hans Maersk, The, 266 Fed 806 (1920) ..................................................................................................... 6.68Hanse Schiffahrtskontor GmbH v. Andre SA. See Heinrich Hanno Co BV v. Fairlight Shipping Co

LtdHansen v. Harrold Brothers [1894] 1 QB 612 (CA) .............................................................. 6.225, 6.238, 6.242Happy Day, The. See Glencore Grain Ltd v. Flacker Shipping LtdHarman v. Clarke (1815) 4 Camp 159 ........................................................................................................ 3.237Harman v. Mant (1815) 4 Camp 161 .......................................................................................................... 3.237Harris v. Best, Ryley & Co (1892) 68 LT 76 (CA) .............................................................................. 4.46, 4.55Harris v. Jacobs (1885) 15 QBD 247 .......................................................................................................... 6.3Harris and Dixon v. Marcus Jacobs & Co (1885) 15 QBD 247 ................................................................ 8.6Harrowing and others v. Dupre (1902) 7 CC 157 ............................................................................ 2.242, 3.377Hayton v. Irwin (1879) 5 CPD 130 ............................................................................................................. 3.503Heinrich Hanno Co BV v. Fairlight Shipping Co Ltd; Hanse Schiffahrtskontor GmbH v. Andre SA (The

Kostas K), LMLN 135, 3 January 1985; [1985] 1 Lloyds Rep 231 .......................................... 3.25, 8.19Helle Skov, The. See Sofial SA v. Ove Skou RederiHenry & MacGregor Ltd v. Galbraith & Roy (1940) 66 Ll L Rep 71 ............................................ 4.167, 4.169Hermine, The. See Unitramp v. Garnac Grain Co IncHeyman v. Darwins Ltd [1942] AC 356 ..................................................................................................... 6.162Hick v. Rodocanachi. See Pantland Hick v. Raymond & Reid.High Seas Venture Ltd Partnership v. Sinom (Hong Kong) Ltd (The Newforest) LMLN 717, 9 May 2007;

[2008] 1 Lloyds Rep 504 .................................................................................................................... 4.152Highfield, The. See Brankelow Steamship Co Ltd v. Lamport & HoltHill Harmony, The [2001] 1 Lloyds Rep 147 ........................................................................................... 6.73Hirji Mulji v. Cheong Yue Steamship Co [1926] AC 497 ......................................................................... 9.50Hirsley v. Price (1883) 11 QBD 244 ........................................................................................................... 3.503Holman & Sons v. Peruvian Nitrate Co (1878) 15 SLR 349; (1878) 5 Ct of Sess Cas (4th series) 657 ......... 3.371,

4.17, 4.184Horsley Line Ltd v. Roechling Brothers, 1908 SC 866 .............................................................................. 3.544Houlder v. General Steam Navigation Co (1862) 3 F & F 170 ................................................................. 3.237Houlder v. Weir (1905) 10 CC 228 ....................................................................... 2.10, 4.27, 4.64, 4.3094.310Howard Smith, The. See Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v. Howard Smith Industries Pty LtdHulthen v. Stewart & Co (1901) 6 CC 65; (1902) 7 CC 139 (CA); (1903) 8 CC 297 (HL) ...... 2.234, 2.260, 2.281,

3.773.79, 3.813.83Huyton SA v. Inter Operators SA (The Stainless Emperor) [1994] 2 Lloyds Rep 298 .................... 4.17, 6.83

Ilyssia Compania Naviera SA v. Ahmed Bamaodah (The Elli 2); Kition Compania Naviera SA v. AhmedBamaodah (The Toulla); Lemythou Compania Naviera SA v. Ahmed Bamaodah (The Eleni 2)[1985] 1 Lloyds Rep 107 .................................................................................................................... 6.195

TABLE OF CASES

xxiii

Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd v. Joseph Constantine Steamship Line Ltd (1941) 70 Ll L Rep 1(HL) ....................................................................................................................................................... 9.16

Inca Compania Naviera SA and Commercial and Maritime Enterprises Evanghelos P Nomikos SA v.Mofinol Inc (The President Brand) [1967] 2 Lloyds Rep 338 ....... 3.432, 3.433, 3.4543.458, 3.471, 4.454,

4.461, 4.472, 4.475, 4.477, 8.23, 8.34, 8.35Internationale Guano-En Superphosphaatwerken v. Robert MacAndrew & Co (1909) 14 CC 194 ......... 6.156Inverkip Steamship Co Ltd v. Bunge & Co (1916) 22 CC 147; [1917] 2 KB 193; (1917) 22 CC 200 (CA) ...... 6.4,

6.14, 6.15, 6.29, 6.34, 7.2, 8.34, 8.35Investors Compensation Scheme v. West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896 ............... 1.431.44Ionian Navigation Co Inc v. Atlantic Shipping Co SA (The Loucas N) [1970] 2 Lloyds Rep 482; [1971]

1 Lloyds Rep 215 (CA) ..................................................................................... 3.429, 3.431, 3.439, 4.378Ioanian Skipper, The. See Bedford Steamship Co Ltd v. Navico AGIsabelle, The. See Cosmar Compania Naviera SA v. Total Transport CorporationIslamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines v. Ierax Shipping Co (The Forum Craftsman), LMLN 276, 2

June 1990; [1991] 1 Lloyds Rep 81 ...................................................................... 3.487, 4.38, 4.110, 6.89Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines v. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc (The Anna Ch) [1987] 1

Lloyds Rep 266 ................................................................................................................................... 4.36Isles Steam Shipping Co Ltd v. Theodoridi & Co (1926) 24 Ll L Rep 362 ............................................. 9.43

J C Carras & Sons (Shipbrokers) Ltd v. President of India (The Argobeam) [1970] 1 Lloyds Rep282 .......................................................................................................................................... 5.425.43, 8.59

J Glynn & Son Ltd v. Consorzio Approvvigionamenti Fra Meccanici Ed Affini (1920) 4 Ll L Rep 183 ...... 3.161J Vermaas Scheepvaartbedriff NV v. Association Technique de LImportation Charbonniere (The Laga)

[1966] 1 Lloyds Rep 582 .................................................................................................................... 4.326Jackson v. Union Marine Insurance Co (1874) LR 10 CP 125 .................................................................. 6.14Jag Leela, The. See Union of India v. The Great Eastern Shipping Co LtdJames Curley v. Barrellier & Francastel (1923) 16 Ll L Rep 42 ............................................................... 9.27Jasmine B, The. See Bulk Shipping AG v. Ipco Trading SAJay Ganesh, The. See United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation World Food Programme v.

Caspian Navigation IncJenneson, Taylor & Co v. Secretary of State for India in Council [1916] 2 KB 702 ............................... 6.225Jesson v. Solly (1811) 4 Taunt 52 ............................................................................................................... 6.249Johanna Oldendorff, The. See Oldendorff (EL) & Co GmbH v. Tradax Export SAJohn and James White v. The Steamship Winchester Co (1886) 23 SLR 342 .......................................... 3.181John Michalos, The. See President of India v. N G Livanos Maritime CoJohn Sadd & Sons Ltd v. Bertrum Ratcliffe & Co (1929) 34 Ll L Rep 18 .............................................. 3.259John Stove, The. See Sametiet M/T Johs Stove v. Istanbul Petrol Rafinerisi A/SJones v. Adamson (1876) 1 Ex D 60 .......................................................................................................... 3.532Jones Ltd v. Green & Co (1903) 9 CC 20 .................................................................................................. 2.245Joseph Thorley Ltd v. Orchis Steamship Co Ltd (1907) 12 CC 251 (CA) ..................................... 6.155, 6.167

K/S Arnt J Moerland v. Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (The Fjordaas) [1988] 1 Lloyds Rep 336 ... 3.465, 3.475,3.488, 4.478

K/S A/S Seateam Co v. Iran National Oil Co (The Sevonia Team) [1983] 2 Lloyds Rep 640 .............. 6.191Kalliopi A, The. See Marc Rich & Co Ltd v. Tourloti Compania Naviera SAKaty, The [1895] P 56 (CA) .................................................................................................................. 2.7, 3.350Kavo Peirantis, The. See Granvias Oceanicas Armadora SA v. Jibsen Trading CoKawasaki Steel Corporation v. Sardoil SpA (The Zuitio Maru) [1977] 2 Lloyds Rep 552 .................... 9.45Kay v. Field (1882) 10 QBD 241 ................................................................................................................ 4.14Kell v. Anderson (1842) 10 M & W 331 .................................................................................................... 3.69Khian Captain, The. See Freedom Maritime Corporation v. International Bulk Carriers SAKhios Breeze, The. See Pteroti Compania Naviera SA v. National Coal BoardKing v. Hinde (1883) 12 LR Ir 113 ............................................................................................................ 3.530King v. Parker (1876) 34 LT 887 ................................................................................................................ 4.319King Line Ltd v. Moxey, Savon & Co Ltd (1939) 62 Ll L Rep 252 .............................................. 4.353, 4.491Kingsland, The. See Davies-Evans v. Ladoga LtdKish v. Cory (1875) LR 10 QB 553 ............................................................................................................ 6.245Kish & Co v. Taylor (1910) 15 CC 268; (1910) 16 CC 59 (CA); (1912) 17 CC 355 (HL) .................... 6.157Kition Compania Naviera SA v. Ahmed Bamaodah (The Toulla) [1985] 1 Lloyds Rep 107 ................. 6.195Kodros Shipping Corporation v. Empresa Cubana de Fletes (The Evia) (No 2) [1982] 2 Lloyds Rep 307

(HL) ....................................................................................................................................................... 9.6Kokusai Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha v. Flack & Son (1922) 10 Ll L Rep 635 ............................................. 3.46

TABLE OF CASES

xxiv

Kokusai Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha v. Wm H Muller & Co (Inc) (1925) 21 Ll L Rep 290 (CA) .............. 6.64Kostas K, The. See Heinrich Hanno Co BV v. Fairlight Shipping Co Ltd; Hanse Schiffahrtskontor GmbH

v. Andre SAKristiandsands Tankrederi A/S v. Standard Tankers (Bahamas) Ltd (The Polyglory) [1977] 2 Lloyds Rep

353 ......................................................................................................................................................... 4.501Kronos Worldwide Ltd v. Sempra Oil Trading SARL (The Spear I) [2004] 1 Lloyds Rep 260 ............ 3.209Kurt A Becher GmbH & Co KG v. Roplak Enterprises SA (The World Navigator ) [1991] 2 Lloyds Rep

23 ............................................................................................... 3.173, 3.380, 3.385, 3.386, 8.368.42, 8.55Kyzikos, The. See Seacrystal Shipping Ltd v. Bulk Transport Group Shipping Co Ltd

L Schuler AG v. Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1973] 2 Lloyds Rep 53 ........................................ 1.141La Pintada, The [1983] 1 Lloyds Rep 37 .................................................................................................. 6.283Laga, The. See J Vermaas Scheepvaartbedriff NV v. Association Technique de LImportation Char-

bonniereLaing v. Holloway (1878) 3 QBD 437 ...................................................................................................... 7.7, 7.8Larrinaga Steamship Co v. Societe Franco-Americaine (1923) 29 CC 1 .................................................. 9.1Larsen v. Sylvester & Co (1908) 13 CC 328 .................................................................................... 4.135, 4.136Latus, Linsley & Co v. J H Douglas & Co (1922) 12 Ll L Rep 63 .......................................................... 2.277Laura Prima, The. See Nereide SpA di Navigazione v. Bulk Oil International LtdLavabre v. Wilson (1779) 1 Doug KB 284 ................................................................................................. 6.152Lawson v. Burness (1862) 1 H & C 396 .................................................................................................... 3.519Lee Frances, The. See R & H Hall plc v. Vertom Scheepvaart en Handelsmaatschappij BVLeeds Shipping Co Ltd v. Duncan Fox & Co Ltd (1932) 37 CC 213; (1932) 42 Ll L Rep 123 ...... 4.27, 6.546.58,

6.656.66Leeds Shipping Co Ltd v. Societe Francaise Bunge (The Eastern City) [1958] 2 Lloyds Rep 127 ....... 4.501Leer v. Yates (1811) 3 Taunt 387 ................................................................................................................ 6.260Lefthero, The. See Ellis Shipping Corp v. Voest Alpine IntertradingLeidemann v. Schultz (1853) 14 CB 38 ...................................................................................................... 3.518Lemythou Compania Naviera SA v. Ahmed Bamaodah (The Eleni 2) [1985] 1 Lloyds Rep 107 ......... 6.195Leonidas D, The [1985] 2 Lloyds Rep 18 ................................................................................................. 3.328Leonis Steamship Co Ltd v. Joseph Rank Ltd (No 1) (1906) 12 CC 173; [1908] 1 KB 499; (1907) 13 CC

136 (CA) ............................. 1.22, 2.235, 3.59, 3.73, 3.833.97 passim, 3.102, 3.104, 3.160, 3.175, 3.298Leonis Steamship Co Ltd v. Joseph Rank Ltd (No 2) (1908) 13 CC 161; (1908) 13 CC 295 (CA) ...... 2.14, 4.336,

4.341, 4.378Lep Air Services Ltd v. Rolloswin Ltd; sub nom. Moschi v. Lep Air Services Ltd [1972] 2 WLR

1175 ............................................................................................................................................. 6.1616.162Leto, The. See NV Maatschappij Zeevart v. Friesacher SoehneLewis (T) v. Louis Dreyfus & Co (1926) 31 CC 239; (1926) 24 Ll L Rep 333 (CA) ..... 4.1784.179, 4.3554.358Lilly v. Stevenson (1895) 22 Rett 278 ........................................................................................... 6.3, 6.11, 6.14Linardos, The. See Cobelfret NV v. Cyclades Shipping Co LtdLips, The. See President of India v. Lips Maritime CorporationLiquid Bulk Tanker Services Inc v. The Embassy of Bangladesh (The Westport Clipper) (NY Arb),

LMLN 360, 21 August 1993 .......................................................................................... 3.353, 4.296, 4.312Little v. Stevenson [1896] AC 108 (HL) ..................................................................................................... 2.244Lizzie, The. See CA Van Liewen v. Hollis Bros & Co LtdLockhart v. Falk (1875) LR 10 Ex 132 ............................................................................................ 6.2, 6.5, 8.75Lodza Compania de Navigacione SA v. Govt of Ceylon (The Theraios) [1970] 2 Lloyds Rep 142; [1971]

1 Lloyds Rep 209 (CA) ................................................................................................. 2.165, 2.167, 2.198Logs & Timber Products (Singapore) Pte Ltd v. Keeley Granite (Pty) Ltd (The Freijo) [1978] 1 Lloyds

Rep 257; [1978] 2 Lloyds Rep 1 (CA) ............................................................... 3.65, 3.195, 3.198, 3.199London and Northern Steamship Co Ltd v. Central Argentine Railway Ltd (1913) 108 LT 527 ......... 4.365, 4.368London Arbitration, LMLN 1, 15 November 1979 .................................................................................... 4.82London Arbitration, LMLN 2, 29 November 1979 .................................................................................... 2.257London Arbitration, LMLN 10, 20 March 1980 ......................................................................................... 4.264London Arbitration, LMLN 15, 29 May 1980 ............................................................................................ 3.243London Arbitration, LMLN 18, 10 July 1980 ............................................................................................ 4.471London Arbitration, LMLN 19, 24 July 1980 ............................................................................................ 6.46London Arbitration, LMLN 35, 5 March 1981 ........................................................................................... 3.177London Arbitration, LMLN 44, 9 July 1981 .............................................................................................. 3.244London Arbitration, LMLN 62, 18 March 1982 ......................................................................................... 3.143London Arbitration, LMLN 64, 15 April 1982 ........................................................................................... 4.185London Arbitration, LMLN 71, 22 July 1982 .................................................................................. 3.155, 5.133

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xxv

London Arbitration, LMLN 72, 5 August 1982 ................................................................................... 4.67, 5.67London Arbitration, LMLN 74, 2 September 1982 .................................................................................... 6.25London Arbitration, LMLN 80, 25 November 1982 .................................................................................. 6.167London Arbitration, LMLN 90, 14 April 1983 ........................................................................................... 3.217London Arbitration, LMLN 91, 28 April 1983 ........................................................................................... 4.423London Arbitration, LMLN 102, 29 September 1983 ................................................................................ 6.153London Arbitration, LMLN 103, 13 October 1983 .................................................................................... 3.265London Arbitration 2/84, LMLN 113, 1 March 1984 ................................................................................ 9.36London Arbitration, LMLN 114, 15 March 1984 ....................................................................................... 3.441London Arbitration, LMLN 115, 29 March 1984 ............................................................................. 4.165, 4.214London Arbitration 6/84, LMLN 117, 26 April 1984 ...................................................................... 3.201, 4.517London Arbitration 10/84, LMLN 121, 21 June 1984 ..................................................................... 6.116, 6.137London Arbitration, LMLN 123, 19 July 1984 ..................................................................... 4.441, 4.472, 4.476London Arbitration, LMLN 127, 13 September 1984 ................................................................................ 2.160London Arbitration, LMLN 129, 11 October 1984 .................................................................................... 2.173London Arbitration 29/84, LMLN 134, 20 December 1984 ...................................................................... 4.33London Arbitration, LMLN 143, 25 April 1985 ......................................................................................... 3.412London Arbitration, LMLN 151, 15 August 1985 ..................................................................................... 3.240London Arbitration 13/85, LMLN 160, 19 December 1985 ................................................................ 6.84, 6.93London Arbitration 15/85, LMLN 160, 19 December 1985 ...................................................................... 6.93London Arbitration 2/86, LMLN 166, 13 March 1986 .............................................................................. 6.105London Arbitration 14/86, LMLN 179, 11 September 1986 ........................................................... 3.187, 3.206London Arbitration 15/86, LMLN 180, 25 September 1986 ........................................................... 3.146, 3.322London Arbitration 16/86, LMLN 180, 25 September 1986 ..................................................................... 2.142London Arbitration 7/87, LMLN 197, 21 May 1987 ................................................................................. 4.478London Arbitration 12/87, LMLN 204, 29 August 1987 ........................................................................... 8.56London Arbitration 13/87, LMLN 205, 12 September 1987 ..................................................................... 8.28London Arbitration 14/87, LMLN 205, 12 September 1987 ..................................................................... 3.223London Arbitration 15/87, LMLN 206, 26 September 1987 ..................................................................... 3.323London Arbitration 18/87 and 22/87, LMLN 209, 7 November 1987 ...................................................... 4.237London Arbitration 19/87, LMLN 209, 7 November 1987 ........................................................................ 6.138London Arbitration 21/87, LMLN 209, 7 November 1987 ........................................................................ 4.295London Arbitration 23/87, LMLN 212, 19 December 1987 ...................................................................... 4.232London Arbitration 5/88, LMLN 230, 27 August 1988 ............................................................................. 3.444London Arbitration 7/88, LMLN 239, 31 December 1988 ........................................................................ 3.144London Arbitration 10/89, LMLN 247, 22 April 1989 .............................................................................. 6.92London Arbitration 11/89, LMLN 248, 6 May 1989 ................................................................................. 3.212London Arbitration 13/89, LMLN 251, 17 June 1989 ............................................................................... 6.94London Arbitration 16/89, LMLN 253, 15 July 1989 ................................................................................ 5.32London Arbitration 18/89, LMLN 254, 29 July 1989 ........................................................... 6.110, 6.268, 6.275London Arbitration 19/89, LMLN 256, 26 August 1989 ........................................................................... 3.24London Arbitration 26/89, LMLN 262, 18 November 1989 ................................................. 3.324, 5.150, 5.159London Arbitration 1/90, LMLN 266, 13 January 1990 ............................................................................ 3.207London Arbitration 2/90, LMLN 267, 27 January 1990 ......................................................... 3.207, 4.466, 6.92London Arbitration 4/90, LMLN 274, 5 May 1990 ................................................................................... 3.207London Arbitration 5/90, LMLN 274, 5 May 1990 ................................................................................... 3.110London Arbitration 6/90, LMLN 274, 5 May 1990 ................................................................................... 3.328London Arbitration 9/90, LMLN 285, 6 October 1990 ......................................................... 3.132, 3.266, 6.113London Arbitration 10/90, LMLN 285, 6 October 1990 ............................................................................ 6.138London Arbitration 11/90, LMLN 285, 6 October 1990 ......................................................... 6.25, 6.110, 6.269London Arbitration 12/90, LMLN 286, 20 October 1990 ...................................................................... 8.4, 8.68London Arbitration 1/91, LMLN 299, 20 April 1991 ................................................................................ 4.65London Arbitration 6/91, LMLN 300, 4 May 1991 ................................................................................... 4.297London Arbitration 7/91, LMLN 303, 15 June 1991 ................................................................................. 4.461London Arbitration 8/91, LMLN 304, 29 June 1991 ......................................................................... 3.51, 4.442London Arbitration 9/91, LMLN 304, 29 June 1991 ................................................................................. 4.68London Arbitration 11/91, LMLN 304, 29 June 1991 ............................................................................... 5.45London Arbitration 12/91, LMLN 304, 29 June 1991 ............................................................................... 8.32London Arbitration 13/91, LMLN 304, 29 June 1991 ..................................................................... 6.281, 6.283London Arbitration 15/91, LMLN 305, 13 July 1991 ................................................................................ 4.22London Arbitration 17/91, LMLN 307, 10 August 1991 ........................................................................... 3.265London Arbitration 18/91, LMLN 308, 24 August 1991 ........................................................................... 6.271

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xxvi

London Arbitration 27/91, LMLN 316, 14 December 1991 ...................................................................... 4.444London Arbitration 2/92, LMLN 319, 25 January 1992 ............................................................................ 5.44London Arbitration 4/92, LMLN 321, 22 February 1992 .......................................................................... 4.21London Arbitration 6/92, LMLN 321, 22 February 1992 .......................................................................... 8.59London Arbitration 7/92, LMLN 323, 21 March 1992 .................................................................... 4.187, 4.214London Arbitration 8/92, LMLN 324, 4 April 1992 ........................................................................ 3.324, 3.353London Arbitration 11/92, LMLN 324, 4 April 1992 ................................................................................ 8.7London Arbitration 17/92, LMLN 328, 30 May 1992 ..................................................................... 3.151, 3.380London Arbitration 20/92, LMLN 328, 30 May 1992 ............................................................................... 8.34London Arbitration 21/92, LMLN 329, 13 June 1992 ....................................................................... 4.78, 6.174London Arbitration 24/92, LMLN 336, 19 September 1992 ..................................................................... 6.257London Arbitration 25/92, LMLN 337, 3 October 1992 ............................................................................ 6.272London Arbitration 26/92, LMLN 337, 3 October 1992 ............................................................................ 6.273London Arbitration 27/92, LMLN 337, 3 October 1992 ............................................................................ 3.135London Arbitration 30/92, LMLN 338, 17 October 1992 .......................................................................... 2.170London Arbitration 31/92, LMLN 338, 17 October 1992 .......................................................................... 3.308London Arbitration 3/93, LMLN 351, 17 April 1993 ................................................................................ 5.135London Arbitration 4/93, LMLN 351, 17 April 1993 ................................................ 3.1673.169 passim, 4.39London Arbitration 5/93, LMLN 351, 17 April 1993 ................................................................................ 8.43London Arbitration 11/93, LMLN 356, 26 June 1993 ............................................................................... 3.482London Arbitration 14/93, LMLN 358, 24 July 1993 ................................................................................ 5.48London Arbitration 19/93, LMLN 363, 2 October 1993 ............................................................................ 6.139London Arbitration 1/94, LMLN 383, 9 July 1994 .................................................................................... 3.256London Arbitration 2/94, LMLN 385, 6 August 1994 ............................................................................... 4.130London Arbitration 5/94, LMLN 386, 20 August 1994 ............................................................................. 4.156London Arbitration 10/94, LMLN 387, 3 September 1994 ....................................................................... 3.280London Arbitration 4/95, LMLN 403, 15 April 1995 ................................................................................ 4.40London Arbitration 8/95, LMLN 408, 24 June 1995 ....................................................................... 3.246, 4.269London Arbitration 18/95, LMLN 417, 28 October 1995 .......................................................................... 3.199London Arbitration 21/95, 22/95 and 23/95, LMLN 421, 23 December 1995 ......................................... 4.28London Arbitration 24/95, LMLN 421, 23 December 1995 ...................................................................... 5.19London Arbitration 4/96, LMLN 426, 2 March 1996 ................................................................................ 6.175London Arbitration 8/96, LMLN 433, 8 June 1996 ................................................................................... 2.186London Arbitration 9/96, LMLN 434, 22 June 1996 ............................................................ 3.199, 3.310, 3.364London Arbitration 10/96, LMLN 435, 6 July 1996 .................................................................................. 3.143London Arbitration 12/96, LMLN 445, 23 November 1996 ...................................................................... 3.139London Arbitration 14/96, LMLN 466, 7 December 1996 ................................................................ 3.208, 4.41London Arbitration 1/97, LMLN 450, 1 February 1997 ............................................................................ 3.354London Arbitration 3/97, LMLN 450, 1 February 1997 ............................................................................ 5.119London Arbitration 7/97, LMLN 459, 7 June 1997 ......................................................................... 4.298, 6.256London Arbitration 11/97, LMLN 463, 2 August 1997 ........................................................ 3.482, 3.489, 3.490London Arbitration 12/97, LMLN 464, 16 August 1997 ........................................................................... 4.195London Arbitration 15/97, LMLN 465, 30 August 1997 ........................................................................... 4.269London Arbitration 16/97, LMLN 466, 13 September 1997 ..................................................................... 4.196London Arbitration 17/97, LMLN 471, 22 November 1997 ...................................................................... 3.111London Arbitration 20/97, LMLN 473, 20 December 1997 ...................................................................... 3.256London Arbitration 4/98, LMLN 481, 14 April 1998 ............................................................. 4.17, 6.116, 6.275London Arbitration 5/98, LMLN 481, 14 April 1998 ................................................................................ 4.110London Arbitration 9/98, LMLN 488, 21 July 1998 ........................................................................ 3.191, 4.526London Arbitration 11/98, LMLN 488, 21 Jul