Latinoamericanos en Canadá: Historia migratoria, el contexto de

recepción y diversidad en las formas de transnacionalidad

Luin GoldringYork University, Toronto

AgendaProblemática ObjetivosMigración e inserción en Canadá (poco)Vínculos transnacionalesDiscusión

Problemática

Los modelos de incorporación y transnacionalidad de latinoamericanos en loa EEUU, son aplicables dentro del contexto canadiense?Hoy – enfoque sobre patrones de transnacionalidad (tipos, niveles, formas), menos sobre incorporación

Objetivos

Entender mejor las especificidades de diferentes contextos de recepción,Contextos de expulsión,Y procesos que los vinculan

Contexto canadienseToronto y Montreal tienen casi la mitad de la población hispana/latina. Empieza la migración a ciudades mediasVínculo histórico con el Reino Unido – migración británica y de ex-colonias inglesasLos latinoamericanos son una minoría en términos comparativos, con mayor inmigración de Asia

. Top Ten Foreign Born Groups in Canada and the United States, 2001.Canada United States

Country Number Percent Country Number Percent

Total 5,647,125 100.0 Total 31,107,899 100.0

United Kingdom 614,610 10.9 Mexico 9,177,487 29.5

China * 345,520 6.1 Philippines 1,369,070 4.4

India 322,215 5.7 India 1,022,552 3.3

Italy 318,095 5.6 China* 988,857 3.2

United states 258,420 4.6 Vietnam 988,174 3.2

Hong Kong 240,045 4.6 Cuba 872,716 2.8

Philippines 239,160 4.2 Korea 864,125 2.8

Poland 181,810 3.2 Canada 820,771 2.6

Germany 177,675 3.1 El Salvador 817,336 2.6

Portugal 155,770 2.8 Germany 706,704 2.3

All others 2,692,805 49.5 All others 13,480,097 43.3

* Excluding Hong Kong and TaiwanSource: Migration Information Source (Migration Policy Institute, 2004b)

Migración latinoamericana a Canadá

Nota metodológicaLugar de nacimiento, étnia, minoria visible, “hispanos”

Historia migratoriaDiversidad – país de origenMecánica y geografía de la migraciónPolítica estatal en Canadá

Sistema de puntosEstatus migratorio, refugiadosPerfil socioeconómico, selectividadMulticulturalismo

Historia migratoria, patrones migratorios

Migración recienteDiversidad de países de origen

Period of Entry to Canada by Country of Birth for Latin American Immigrants (pre 1961 to 2001) and rate of change between1981-1990 and 1991-2001

Total - Immigrants

Before 1961 % 1961-1970 % 1971-1980 % 1981-1990 % 1991-1995 % 1996-2001 % Total

% change 1981-1990 to 1991-2001

Total - Place of birth of respondent 5,448,480 894,465 745,565 936,275 1,041,495 867,355 963,325

Costa Rica 2,230 30 1.3% 60 2.7% 75 3.4% 850 38.1% 610 27.4% 605 27.1% 100.0% 42.94

El Salvador 38,460 15 0.0% 60 0.2% 1,145 3.0% 23,780 61.8% 10,690 27.8% 2,770 7.2% 100.0% -43.40

Guatemala 13,670 40 0.3% 125 0.9% 930 6.8% 6,215 45.5% 4,360 31.9% 2,000 14.6% 100.0% 2.33

Honduras 4,335 0 0.0% 50 1.2% 355 8.2% 1,190 27.5% 1,690 39.0% 1,050 24.2% 100.0% 130.25

Mexico 36,225 1,445 4.0% 2,140 5.9% 4,865 13.4% 9,660 26.7% 6,650 18.4% 11,465 31.6% 100.0% 87.53

Nicaragua 9,375 0 0.0% 45 0.5% 125 1.3% 4,695 50.1% 3,560 38.0% 950 10.1% 100.0% -3.94

Panama 2,405 30 1.2% 60 2.5% 220 9.1% 640 26.6% 1,130 47.0% 325 13.5% 100.0% 127.34

Cuba 4,930 150 3.0% 275 5.6% 295 6.0% 715 14.5% 960 19.5% 2,535 51.4% 100.0% 388.81 Dominican Republic 4,970 65 1.3% 80 1.6% 310 6.2% 1,670 33.6% 1,695 34.1% 1,150 23.1% 100.0% 70.36

Puerto Rico 240 20 8.3% 30 12.5% 65 27.1% 50 20.8% 45 18.8% 30 12.5% 100.0% 50.00

Argentina 12,015 645 5.4% 1,200 10.0% 3,180 26.5% 2,790 23.2% 2,140 17.8% 2,060 17.1% 100.0% 50.54

Bolivia 2,275 50 2.2% 160 7.0% 320 14.1% 775 34.1% 475 20.9% 495 21.8% 100.0% 25.16

Brazil 11,700 500 4.3% 1,090 9.3% 1,765 15.1% 2,345 20.0% 2,630 22.5% 3,370 28.8% 100.0% 155.86

Chile 24,500 155 0.6% 515 2.1% 10,995 44.9% 7,190 29.3% 3,550 14.5% 2,095 8.6% 100.0% -21.49

Colombia 15,510 175 1.1% 520 3.4% 3,520 22.7% 2,935 18.9% 1,880 12.1% 6,480 41.8% 100.0% 184.84

Ecuador 10,900 65 0.6% 385 3.5% 4,285 39.3% 2,165 19.9% 2,195 20.1% 1,805 16.6% 100.0% 84.76

Paraguay 4,955 785 15.8% 1,210 24.4% 1,115 22.5% 1,075 21.7% 280 5.7% 490 9.9% 100.0% -28.37

Peru 17,110 180 1.1% 585 3.4% 2,330 13.6% 5,660 33.1% 5,275 30.8% 3,080 18.0% 100.0% 47.61

Uruguay 6,095 55 0.9% 790 13.0% 2,285 37.5% 1,385 22.7% 1,015 16.7% 565 9.3% 100.0% 14.08

Venezuela 7,055 270 3.8% 525 7.4% 805 11.4% 1,490 21.1% 1,660 23.5% 2,305 32.7% 100.0% 166.11

Total 228,955 4,675 2.0% 9,905 4.3% 38,985 17.0% 77,275 33.8% 52,490 22.9% 45,625 19.9% 100.0% 26.97

Source: Elaborated from the 2001 Census of Canada, Table 9, (Statistics Canada, 2003). Note: Does not include temporary residents.

Selected Latin American Ethnic Groups: Immigrants' period of immigration (Census 2001)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Before 1961 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2001 1991-1995* 1996-2001*

Nu

mb

er o

f p

eop

le

Chilean Salvadoran Colombian Mexican Peruvian Other

Place of Birth for Immigrants and Non-Permanent Residents in Canada from Selected Countries in Latin American and the Caribbean, 2001Census

Total - Immigrants and non-permanent

residents % Immigrant population %

Non-Permanent Residents %

Total - Place of birth of respondent, all countries 5,647,125 5,448,480 198,640 Costa Rica 2,500 1.01% 2,230 0.97% 270 1.44% El Salvador 39,200 15.83% 38,460 16.80% 740 3.95% Guatemala 14,095 5.69% 13,680 5.97% 415 2.22% Honduras 4,505 1.82% 4,340 1.90% 170 0.91% Mexico 42,740 17.26% 36,225 15.82% 6,525 34.83% Nicaragua 9,535 3.85% 9,380 4.10% 155 0.83% Panama 2,520 1.02% 2,400 1.05% 125 0.67% Cuba 5,320 2.15% 4,940 2.16% 385 2.05% Dominican Republic 5,155 2.08% 4,965 2.17% 190 1.01% Puerto Rico 260 0.10% 245 0.11% 15 0.08% Argentina 13,830 5.58% 12,015 5.25% 1,815 9.69% Bolivia 2,420 0.98% 2,270 0.99% 145 0.77% Brazil 13,455 5.43% 11,700 5.11% 1,750 9.34% Chile 25,210 10.18% 24,495 10.70% 715 3.82% Colombia 18,115 7.31% 15,500 6.77% 2,615 13.96% Ecuador 11,370 4.59% 10,905 4.76% 465 2.48% Paraguay 5,020 2.03% 4,960 2.17% 60 0.32% Peru 18,105 7.31% 17,120 7.48% 985 5.26% Uruguay 6,300 2.54% 6,095 2.66% 210 1.12% Venezuela 8,035 3.24% 7,055 3.08% 985 5.26% Total- Selected L.A. and Caribbean Countries 247,690 100% 228,980 100% 18,735 100% LAC countries as % of all countries 4.39% 4.20% 9.43% Source: 2001 Census of Canada. (Statistics Canada, 2003b).

Inserción socioeconómicaIngreso – bajo en comparación a población totalOcupaciones – polarizadas para hombres, no muy claro para mujeres, aunque estan por debajo de la población totalNegocios y la latinización del paisaje urbano y cultural

Total income groups of the population

4.9

22.7

28.8 28.0

15.6

7.9

28.0 28.6

25.2

10.3

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

No income Less than$10,000

$10,000 to$24,999

$25,000 to$49,999

$50,000 ormore

% Total Hispanic

Average total incomeTotal population: $29,769Hispanic: $24,917

Ingreso de hispanos y pob. total

Top five industry groups of the population age 25 to 54 yearsMen

7.6

3.6

7.1

9.7

19.9

52.1

6.3

6.4

7.5

9.8

24.3

45.7

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0

Transp./ warehs

Admin.

Profes/ sci/ tech

Constr.

Manuf.

Other ind.

%

Hispanic

Totalpopulation

Top five industries for the population age 25 to 54 years Women

10.2

3.9

10.7

9.6

18.4

47.2

7.5

7.7

9.5

12.8

17.0

45.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

Educ

Admin/ waste

Retail

Manuf

Health/ soc.Assist

Other ind

%

Hispanic

Totalpopulation

Ocupación

TransnacionalidadTrabajo de los EEUU:

Mucha transnacionalidad; no necesariamente implica falta de incorporación o pobreza; clubes

TipologíasTipos de transnacionalidadActores e instituciones, poderNivel, frecuencia, proporción de participación TNGrado de institucionalizaciónDeterminantes de tipos de transnacionalidad en diferentes grupos (Portes, Itzigsohn, Guarnizo)

Evidencia de transnacionalidad en

Canadá?

Pocos estudios que buscan, toman en cuenta, o analizan estos vínculos, prácticas e identidades

Trabajo sobre latinoamericanos cubre otros temas

Transnacionalidad?Fuentes secundarias

EDS, Ethnic Diversity SurveyLSIC, Longitudinal Survey of ImmigrantsEncuesta de Hibert y Ley (Vancouver)

Fuentes primariasUn estudio sobre guatemaltecos, otro sobre salvadoreñosTrabajos sobre el programa de trabajadores agrícolas

Frequency of contact with family in country/countries of origin (excluding Canada), for the population with family in their place of birth or the place of birth of their parents and/or grandparents, for Canada, 2002

Total Valid responses

Subtotal: At least once/ month (incl. min. once/ week)

At least once a week

At least once a month

At least 3 times a

year

Once or twice a

year

Not at all

PUNJABI 91,200 91,200 60,400 66% 11,500E 48,900 9,200E 13,100E 8,400E

FILIPINO 225,800 225,100 139,900 62% 56,300 83,500 31,600 28,900 24,800 EAST INDIAN 393,300 390,700 213,400 55% 70,800 142,600 65,800 47,900 63,500

AFRICAN BLACK NIE 97,700 97,400 52,100 54% 18,200E 33,900 16,700E 11,600E 16,900E

SPANISH 148,500 148,500 76,300 51% 36,400 39,900 27,900 18,100E 26,100

GREEK 118,400 117,700 54,700 46% 15,100E 39,600 20,800 20,200 22,000 CHINESE 702,800 697,000 317,900 46% 143,900 174,000 113,300 114,700 151,100 PORTUGUESE 255,500 255,400 102,100 40% 29,000 73,100 49,000 46,600 57,700

JAMAICAN 109,600 109,600 41,700 38% 11,300E 30,400 27,900 21,500E 18,500E

RUSSIAN 146,200 144,800 49,300 34% 19,000E 30,300 13,300E 16,300E 65,900 ITALIAN 789,800 787,800 240,400 31% 59,300 181,100 142,400 139,700 265,300 POLISH 347,800 347,600 97,700 28% 36,300 61,500 38,700 48,700 162,400 AMERICAN (USA) 181,400 181,400 50,100 28% 22,100 28,000 23,900 46,700 60,700 FRENCH 504,100 500,600 136,200 27% 60,600 75,700 47,800 87,800 228,800 BRITISH NIE 416,200 416,100 104,100 25% 35,400 68,700 62,500 100,400 149,200 DUTCH 441,800 441,100 107,100 24% 35,300 71,700 57,400 92,800 183,900 GERMAN 916,400 911,100 185,700 20% 62,900 122,800 100,500 162,000 462,900 ENGLISH 1,532,400 1,528,400 281,300 18% 96,900 184,400 155,900 324,500 766,700 IRISH 944,600 932,600 161,500 17% 57,700 103,700 88,600 184,700 497,900 SCOTTISH 1,184,200 1,178,700 186,600 16% 73,800 112,900 132,400 230,500 629,100

CANADIAN/CANADIEN 420,700 418,100 50,600 12% 11,500E 39,000 50,500 94,700 222,300

E. Use with caution.Note: Refers to Canada's non-Aboriginal population aged 15 and over.Source: Statistics Canada, Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002.

Frequency of contact with family in country/countries of origin (excluding Canada), for the population with family in their place of birth or the place of birth of their parents and/or grandparents, by period of arrival in Canada, for Canada, 2002

Total non-Aboriginal

population 15 and over

Before 1961 1961 to 1970 1971 to 1980 1981 to 1990 1991 to 2001

# % # % # % # % # % # %Total 9,172,000 - - 760,200 - - 649,100 - - 758,300 - - 919,900 - - 1,327,900 - -Valid responses

9,122,000 100% 756,400 100% 647,900 100% 755,200 100% 919,700 100% 1,323,200 100%

Subtotal: At least once a month

3,107,000 34% 262,100 35% 295,400 46% 335,400 44% 527,500 57% 991,200 75%

At least once a week

1,114,100 12% 60,300 8% 102,600 16% 115,500 15% 174,900 19% 478,100 36%

At least once a month

1,992,900 22% 201,700 27% 192,800 30% 219,900 29% 352,600 38% 513,100 39%

At least 3 times a year

1,296,800 14% 160,600 21% 131,700 20% 154,400 20% 152,000 17% 174,200 13%

Once or twice a year

1,600,500 18% 158,000 21% 106,000 16% 136,900 18% 130,100 14% 79,100 6%

Not at all 3,117,700 34% 175,600 23% 114,700 18% 128,500 17% 110,100 12% 78,800 6%

Note: Refers to Canada's non-Aboriginal population aged 15 and over.Source: Statistics Canada, Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002.

Hiebert & LeyEncuesta de migrantes en Vancouver, con módulo TNLos latinoamericanos reciben visitas y mandan dinero (1/3), pero nadamás

Aunque mandan más que casi todos los demás

Latinoamericanos son muy limitados en sus prácticas TNLos menos incorporados son más TN

Re-leer el contexto canadiense

Importancia de las organizaciones de solidaridad, con y sin migrantesTransnacionalidad psicológica (Nolin)Entrada de exiliados y refugiados en grupos, sin redes, implica migración no siempre de cadena/redesSAWP, economia política de la transnacionalidadPoca TN desde arriba (salvo SAWP)Diversidad nacional limita la organización de clubes de oriundos

Formas de transnacionalidadEl contexto canadiense diferentes formas de organizar lo transnacional

Menos redes, en el pasado (esto cambia)Menos organizaciones de oriundosMenos atención por parte de estados expulsoresMás vínculos familiares/individualesImportancia del papel de las organizaciones de solidaridad (sociedad civil canadiense)

Preguntas a futuroLa demografía y redes de la transnacionalidadCanadá:

Análisis de la inserción laboralAnálisis del impacto del estatus migratorio en la inserción socioeconómicaEstudios cualitativos sobre desarrollo institucional, identidades, y otros temas

Estudios comparativosPolítica multicultural en estados receptoresPolítica migratoria en estados receptores