Latin III/IV Readings * Vocabulary * Translation Worksheets 4th Quarter 2015 Nomen:_______________________

Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________ 13 Story Gerard. A PYRRHIC VICTORY A Pyrrhic victory is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Someone who wins a Pyrrhic victory has been victorious in some way; however, the heavy toll negates any sense of achievement or profit (another term for this would be "hollow victory"). The phrase Pyrrhic victory is named after Greek King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at Heraclea in 280 BC and Asculum in 279 BC during the Pyrrhic War. In both of Pyrrhus's victories, the Romans suffered greater casualties than Pyrrhus did. However, the Romans had a much larger supply of men from which to draw soldiers and their casualties did less damage to their war effort than Pyrrhus's casualties did to his. Pyrrhus is often quoted as having said "Another such victory and I come back to Epirus alone." And "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined." Pyrrhus erat imperator notissimus et rex Epiri in Graecia. In Italia Graeci multi cum Romanis acriter pugnabant. Pyrrho in Italiam vocato, Graeci bellum in Romanos paraverunt. multi cum Romanis: what kind of ablative? Pyrrho…vocato: what kind of construction? Give two ways of translating the clause. ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Anxio animo Graeci in Italia Pyrrhum exspectabant. Tandem cum elephantis et multis viris Pyrrhus ad Italiam navigavit. Mox Pyrrhus cum copiis Graecis in Italiam venit, ubi bellum gerere incepit. anxio animo: what kind of ablative? cum elephantis: what kind of ablative? How would you say: After having proceeded into Italy with Greek troops, Pyrrhus….Use a participle and the deponent verb prōgredior, -ī, -gressus sum go forth, advance, proceed ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________ Milites Graeci gladios longos, hastas, scuta habebant; galeas validas in capitibus gerebant. ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Praeterea Pyrrhus multos elephantos habebat. Romani pedites et equites valida arma quoque habebant sed gladii et hastae eorum non satis longi autem erant. longi: what kind of genitive? ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Primo Romani fortiter steterunt; tum Pyrrhus elephantos in proelium misit. Hi elephanti nova atque mira animalia erant. Equi Romanorum elephantos timentes fugerunt et dominos suos interfecerunt et per Romanos graviter cucurrerunt. timentes: what verbal form and tense? modifying what? ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Hoc modo Graeci primo proelio Romanos vicerunt. Tamen victoria Pyrrhi pretiosa (costly) erat. Nam Romani multos Graecos vulneraverant; in campo corpora militum Gracecorum iacebant. In proximo proelio Romani fortissimi Pyrrhum et viros Graecos superaverunt. Hoc modo: what kind of ablative? primo proelio: what kind of ablative? vulneraverant: tense? militum: case? fortissimi: what is the comparative form of the adjective? ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________

The Ablative Absolute

An Ablative Absolute phrase is used when a thought, condition or action is grammatically separate but modifies the

meaning of the rest of the sentence. The ablative absolute is sometimes called an adverbial phrase because it modifies

the whole sentence as an adverb modifies the action of a verb. We use absolute adverbial phrases in English too: 'They

had a pleasant trip, all things considered.'

Here's a description from Arnold's Latin Prose Composition of the Latin ablative absolute:

"...the words in the ablative seem to stand apart, as if set free (absolutus) from the main section of the sentence.... The construction is widely used by Roman authors to indicate ideas of cause or time. The absence [in Latin] of a perfect active participle also determines the frequent use of this construction."

How do you recognize an ablative absolute? Look for these features:

• Often -- but not always -- the phrase is set off from the rest of the sentence with commas. • A grouping of two or more words in the ablative case, in these combinations:

o Noun or pronoun plus participle. o Two or more nouns or pronouns with some form of 'esse' implied, since Latin has no present or perfect participle for

'esse'. o Noun or pronoun plus adjective with some form of 'esse' implied.

• The phrase is not linked grammatically to other parts of the sentence. For instance, there will be no preposition introducing the phrase.

• The phrase reflects upon the action of the main clause with regard to one or more of these: o Time sequence o Precondition or causation o Attendant circumstance o Opposing or contrasting circumstance

Exempli Gratia

Study these examples:

A. Nuntio misso dux dormivit per nocte ('A messenger having been sent, the general slept through the night'). The noun-participle phrase tells us the sequence of events. It also suggests causation -- that the general was able to sleep soundly because a messenger had been sent.

B. Duce nuntium mittente milites sua arma preparavunt ('While the general was sending a messenger, the soldiers readied their weapons'). Nuntium, although not in the ablative case, is considered part of the AA phrase because it is direct object of the active participle.

C. Eo discessuro tabulae geographicae sunt paratae ('As he was about to depart, maps were prepared'). A pronoun, taking the place of a noun, combined with a future participle.

D. Caesare ipso legiones ducente tamen bellum in Gallia longum erat ('Although Caesar himself was leading the legions, the war in Gaul was lengthy'). With tamen in the main clause, the AA phrase becomes a circumstance that opposes or contrasts with the main clause.

E. Hannibale mortuo res publica salva est ('With Hannibal dead the republic is safe'). A noun-adjective combination with 'being' implied.

F. Nuntiis gravibus Caesar misit Labienum ad Galliam ('The news being serious, Caesar sent Labienus to Gaul). A noun-adjective combination, with 'esse' implied. Serious news is the pre-condition; Caesar sends Labienus because of this news.

G. Omnibus paratis familia discessit ad urbem ('Since everything was prepared, the family departed for the city'). Latin has no perfect participle for the verb 'esse' so we must supply 'was.'

H. Caesare Bibulo consulibus flumen Tiberis urbem inundavit ('When Caesar and Bibulus were the co-consuls, the river Tiber flooded the city'). This noun-noun-noun combination requires us to supply the English 'were.' This is a common way to date a year. Since two men served together as joint consuls for a one-year term, 'consul' takes plural form.

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Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________ Practice Exercise

Practice with the sentences below. Separate the ablative absolute phrase from the rest of the sentence. Is it noun +

participle? Noun + noun with esse implied? Noun + adjective with esse implied? Try different ways of translating the

phrase and then the whole sentence into English. Most ablative absolutes are best translated with clauses introduced

by when, although, since, or if. NB: the last sentence is tough!

Answer these questions in Quia: “8 Ablative Absolute Sentences”

1. Servo accusato dominus discessit. 2. Oppidis nostris a barbaris captis, bellum geremus. 3. Eo volente omnes agentur. 4. Bello terminaturo milites domum ire parabant. 5. Omnibus perditis tamen milites spem habuerunt. 6. Senatores, nullo adversante, leges scelestas deleverunt. 7. Roma salva erit, Tito principe. 8. Claudio et Catone consulibus, Galli petentes ducti a Vercingetorice repulsi sunt a militibus Romanis Caesare

ducente.

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29. interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus: kill; destroy

30. miles, militis M: soldier; foot soldier; soldiery; knight; knight'sfee/service

31. mirus, mira, mirum: wonderful, strange, remarkable,amazing, surprising, extraordinary

32. mitto, mittere, misi, missus: send, throw, hurl, cast; let out,release, dismiss; disregard

33. modus, modi M: manner, mode, way, method; rule, rhythm,beat, measure, size; bound, limit

34. mox: soon, next

35. navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus: sail; navigate

36. notus, nota -um, notior -or -us, notissimus -a -um: wellknown, familiar, notable, famous, esteemed; notorious, of illrepute

37. novus, nova -um: new, unusual

38. paro, parare, paravi, paratus: prepare;furnish/supply/provide; produce; obtain/get; buy; raise; put up;plan

39. pedes, peditis M: foot soldier, infantryman; pedestrian, whogoes on foot; infantry

40. praeterea: besides, thereafter; in addition

41. pretiosus, pretiosa -um, pretiosior -or -us,pretiosissimus -a -um: expensive, costly, of great value,precious; rich in

42. proelium, proeli(i) N: battle/fight/bout/conflict/dispute;armed/hostile encounter; bout of strength

43. proximus, proxima, proximum: nearest/closest/next; mostrecent, immediately preceding, last; most/very like

44. pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus: fight; dispute

45. quoque: likewise/besides/also/too; not only; even/actually

46. satis: enough, adequately; sufficiently; well enough, quite; fairly,pretty

47. scutum, scuti N: shield

48. sto, stare, steti, status: stand, stand still, stand firm; remain,rest

49. supero, superare, superavi, superatus: overcome,conquer; survive; outdo; surpass, be above, have the upper hand

50. tandem: finally; at last, in the end; after some time, eventually;at length

51. timeo, timere, timui, -: fear, dread, be afraid

52. tum: moreover

53. ubi: where, whereby

54. validus, valida, validum: strong, powerful; valid

55. venio, venire, veni, ventus: come

56. victoria, victoriae F: victory

57. vinco, vincere, vici, victus: conquer, defeat, excel; outlast;succeed

1. acriter, acrius, acerrime: sharply, vigilantly, fiercely;severely, steadfastly; keenly, accurately

2. animal, animalis N: animal, living thing/offspring; creature,beast, brute; insect

3. animus, animi M: mind; intellect; soul; feelings; heart; spirit,courage, character, pride; air

4. anxius, anxia, anxium: anxious, uneasy, disturbed;concerned; careful; prepared with care; troublesome

5. armum, armi N: arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fightingweapons; equipment; force

6. atque: and, as well/soon as; together with; and moreover/even;and too/also/now; yet

7. bellum, belli N: war, warfare; battle, combat, fight; war; militaryforce, arms

8. campus, campi M: plain; level field/surface; open space forbattle/games; sea; scope; campus

9. caput, capitis N: head; person; life; leader; top; source/mouth;capital

10. copia, copiae F: plenty, abundance, supply; troops, supplies;forces; resources; wealth

11. corpus, corporis N: body; person, self; virility; flesh; corpse;trunk; frame; collection/sum

12. curro, currere, cucurri, cursus: run, move/flow swiftly

13. elephantus, elephanti M: elephant

14. elephas, elephantis M: elephant; ivory; large variety of lobster,large sea creature; elephantiasis

15. eques, equitis M: horseman/cavalryman/rider; horsemen,cavalry; equestrian order

16. equus, equi M: horse; steed

17. exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatus: lookout for,await; expect, anticipate, hope for

18. fortis, forte, fortior -or -us, fortissimus -a -um: strong,powerful, mighty, vigorous, firm, steadfast, courageous, brave,bold

19. fortiter, fortius, fortissimo: strongly; bravely; boldly

20. fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus: flee, fly, run away; avoid, shun; gointo exile

21. galea, galeae F: helmet

22. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus: bear, carry, wear; carry on;manage, govern

23. gladius, gladi(i) Msword: ...

24. graviter: violently; deeply; severely; reluctantly

25. hasta, hastae F: spear/lance/javelin; spear stuck in ground forpublic auction/centumviral court

26. iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitus: lie; lie down; lie ill/inruins/prostrate/dead; sleep; be situated

27. imperator, imperatoris M: emperor; general; ruler;commander

28. incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus: begin; start, undertake

13 Story PyrrhusStudy online at quizlet.com/_19y1j3

58. vir, viri M: man; husband; hero; person of courage, honor, and nobility

59. voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus: call, summon; name; call upon

60. vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratus: wound/injure/harm, pain/distress; inflict wound on; damage

Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ Cincinnatus Lesson 58 LFA I

During the struggle against the Aequians (a neighboring tribe), a Roman army was trapped along with both consuls, and the Senate appointed Cincinnatus (the curly haired) dictator to raise a relief army and save the trapped army and consuls. This Cincinnatus does. After completing his mission, Cincinnatus gives up his power and returns to his farm, even though he might have remained as dictator for up to six months.

In addition to illustrating the use of infinitives in indirect statement, this story also illustrates the use of various pronouns. A complete presentation of pronouns is included at the end.

Hostes Minucium ducem Romanum, et milites eius in loco alieno magna vi premebant.

How is vis declined? (index)

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Ubi id nuntiatum est, omnes Romani timentes vim hostium cupiverunt Cincinnatum dictatorem facere, quod is solus Romam a pericula non levi prohibere et civitatem servare poterat. Ille trans Tiberim eo tempore agrum parvum colebat.

case of hostium?

what kind of ablative is eo tempore?

“is” give whole declension of this demonstrative pronoun

“ille” give whole declension of this demonstrative pronoun.

Translation:

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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Nuntii a senatu missi eum in agro laborantem invenerunt et constiterunt. Salute data acceptaque, Cincinnatus uxorem parare togam iussisse dicitur; nam non oportebat sine toga nuntios audire.

missi: what kind of verbal? what does it modify?

a senatu: what kind of ablative

laborantem: what kind of verbal? tense? modifies?

salute data acceptaque: what kind of construction?

iussisse: what verbal form? what tense?

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Hi nuntii eum dictatorem appellant et dicunt: "Milites nostri ab hostibus premuntur et cives terrentur. Periculum nostrum non leve est. Hostes non consistent sed mox ad portiis nostras ipsas venient.

Decline the demonstrative pronoun “hi” in all forms

premuntur: tense and voice

consistent: tense and voice

venient: tense and voice:

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Auxilium tuum rogamus." Itaque Cincinnatus, vocibus eorum adductus, contra hostes contendit. Romani, telis iactis, hostes opprimunt et castra expugnant. Minucio servato, Cincinnatus dicitur hostes sub iugum misisse.

adductus=persuaded, influenced

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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ vocibus: what kind of ablative?

telis iactis: what kind of construction; translate

Munucio servato: what kind of construction?

misisse: what verbal form and tense?

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Tum, nullis hostibus prohibentibus, milites ad urbem reduxit et triumphavit. Vis hostium fracta erat. Ducti sunt in pompa ante eum duces hostium, capta arma ostenta sunt; post eum milites venerunt praedam gravem ostendentes.

nullis hostibus prohibentis: “with no enemy blocking (his) way” what kind of construction?

ostendentes: what verbal form? tense? modifying?

Translate: praedam gravem ostendentes.

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Et haec omnia Cincinnatus magna celeritate gessit: potestate dictatoris in sex menses accepta, sexto decimo die ad agros discessit, non iam dictator sed triumphans agricola. Eodem mense agricola et dictator et iterum agricola fuit.

gessit: accomplished

potestate…accepta: what kind of construction? translate

die: what kind of ablative?

eodem mense: what kind of ablative?

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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ Questions

1. Why did the Romans elect Cincinnatus dictator?

2. Where was Cincinnatus’ farm?

3. What did he tell his wife to do when the messengers arrived? Why?

4. How long did he stay away from his farm?

5. What did Cincinnatus accomplish?

6. What did the triumphal military parade (pompa) look like?

7. What lesson does the story teach about holding the all-powerful position of dictator?

Translate

1. Vim prohibere et pacem conservare est nobile.

2. Regis filia librum scripsisse sine auxilio dicitur.

3. Milites consistentes arma levia magna cum vi iecisse dicuntur.

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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ Indirect Statement Dies ____________________

I. Write the Latin infinitives with their English translations.

1) prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus = prevent

Pres. Act.

Pres. Pass.

Perf. Act.

Perf. Pass.

Fut. Act.

2) solvō, solvere, solvī, solutus = pay

Pres. Act. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Pres. Pass. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Perf. Act. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Perf. Pass. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Fut. Act. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ consisto, consistere, constiti, constitus stop/stand/halt/cease; pause, linger; stop spreading/flowing; take a position

mox soon, next

venio, venire, veni, ventus come

auxilium, auxili(i) N help, assistance; remedy

rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus ask, ask for; invite; introduce

vox, vocis Fvoice, tone, expression

adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductus lead up/to/away; bring up/to; persuade, induce

contra (preposition + accusative) against, facing, opposite

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus stretch, draw tight, make taut; draw/bend; tune; stretch out

telum, teli N dart, spear; weapon, javelin; bullet

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus throw, hurl, cast; throw away; utter

opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressuspress down; suppress; overthrow; crush, overwhelm, fall upon, oppress

castrum, castri N fort/fortress; camp, military camp/field; army; war service; day's march

expugno, expugnare, expugnavi, expugnatus assault, storm; conquer, plunder; accomplish; persuade

servo, servare, servavi, servatus watch over; protect, store, keep, guard, preserve, save

sub iugum mittere to subjugate

sub (preposition + ablative) under; up to, up under, close to; until, before, up to, about

iugum, iugi N yoke; ridge, summit

mitto, mittere, misi, missuss end, throw, hurl, cast; let out, release

tum moreover

nullus, nulla, nullum (gen -ius) no; none, not any

prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus hinder, restrain; forbid, prevent

urbs, urbis F city; City of Rome

reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus lead back, bring back; restore; reduce

frango, frangere, fregi, fractus break, shatter, crush; dishearten, subdue, weaken; move, discourage

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus lead, command; think, consider, regard; prolong

pompa, pompae F procession; retinue; pomp, ostentation

ante (preposition +ablative) in front of, in the presence of, before; facing

capta arma ostenta sunt; post eum milites venerunt praedam gravem ostendentes.

capio, capere, cepi, captustake hold, seize; grasp; take bribe; arrest/capture; put on; occupy; captivate

armum, armi N arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fighting weapons; equipment; force

ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus show; reveal; make clear, point out, display, exhibit 8

1. accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus: take, grasp, receive,accept, undertake; admit, let in, hear, learn; obey

2. adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductus: lead to/away; bringto; persuade, induce; INFLUENCE

3. ager, agri M: field, ground; farm, land, estate, park; territory,country; terrain; soil

4. agricola, agricolae M: farmer

5. alienus, aliena -um, alienior -or -us, alienissimus -a -um:foreign; another's; hostile, UNFAVORABLE

6. ante (preposition +ablative): in front of, in the presence of,before; facing

7. appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus: call; address;appeal; name

8. armum, armi N: arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fightingweapons; equipment; force

9. audio, audire, audivi, auditus: hear, listen, accept, agreewith; obey; harken, pay attention; be able to hear

10. auxilium, auxili(i) N: help, assistance; remedy

11. capio, capere, cepi, captus: take hold, seize; grasp; takebribe; arrest/capture; put on; occupy; captivate

12. castrum, castri N: fort/fortress; camp, military camp/field;army; war service; day's march

13. celeritas, celeritatis F: speed, quickness, rapidity; speed ofaction, dispatch; haste; early date

14. cincinnatus, cincinnata, cincinnatum: with curled/curlyhair; with hair in ringlets

15. civis, civis: fellow citizen; countryman/woman; citizen, freeperson; a Roman citizen

16. civitas, civitatis F: community/city/town/state

17. colo, colere, colui, cultus: inhabit; till, cultivate, foster,maintain

18. consisto, consistere, constiti, constiturus: stand still, stop

19. consisto, consistere, constiti, constitus:stop/stand/halt/cease; pause, linger; stop spreading/flowing;take a position

20. contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus: hurry, hasten

21. contra (preposition + accusative): against, facing, opposite

22. cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus: wish/long/be eager for;desire/want

23. decimus, decima, decimum: tenth

24. dictator, dictatoris M: dictator

25. dicto, dictare, dictavi, dictatus: dictate; compose; draw up;order/prescribe; fix

26. dies, diei: day; daylight; open sky; weather

27. discedo, discedere, discessi, discessus: go/march off,depart, withdraw; scatter, dissipate; abandon; lay down

28. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus: lead, command; think, consider,regard; prolong

29. dux, ducis M: leader, guide; commander, general

30. eodem: to the same place/purpose

31. expugno, expugnare, expugnavi, expugnatus: assault,storm; conquer, plunder; accomplish

32. frango, frangere, fregi, fractus: break, shatter, crush;dishearten, subdue, weaken; move, discourage

33. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus: bear, carry, wear; carry on;manage, govern

34. gravis, grave, gravior -or -us, gravissimus -a -um: heavy;painful; important; serious; pregnant; grave, oppressive,burdensome

35. hostis, hostis m or f: enemy; stranger, foreigner

36. iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus: throw, hurl, cast; throw away; utter

37. iam: now, already, by/even now

38. invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus: come upon; discover,find; invent, contrive

39. iterum: again; a second time; for the second time

40. iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus: order/tell/command/direct;enjoin/command; decree/enact; request/ask/bid; pray

41. iugum, iugi N: yoke

42. laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus: work, labor

43. levis, leve, levior -or -us, levissimus -a -um: light, thin,trivial

44. locus, loci M: position; soldier's post; place

45. mensis, mensis M: month

46. miles, militis M: soldier; foot soldier

47. mitto, mittere, misi, missuss: end, throw, hurl, cast; let out,release

48. mox: soon, next

49. nam: for

50. non oportebat: it is not fitting, appropriate

51. nullus, nulla, nullum (gen -ius): no; none, not any

52. nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus: announce,report

53. oporteo, oportere, oportui, oportuitus: require, order

54. opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressus: overthrow;crush, overwhelm, oppress

55. ostendeo, ostendere, ostendi,: -show; reveal; make clear,point out, display, exhibit

56. ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus: show; reveal; makeclear, point out, display, exhibit

57. paro, parare, paravi, paratus: prepare;furnish/supply/provide; produce; obtain/get; buy; raise; put up;plan

58. parvus, parva -um, minor -or -us, minimus -a -um:small, little, cheap; unimportant

59. periculum, periculi N: danger, peril; trial, attempt; risk;responsibility for damage, liability

60. pompa, pompae F: procession; retinue; pomp, ostentation

61. post: behind, after; subordinate to

LFA LVIII Cincinnatus All VocabularyStudy online at quizlet.com/_18qkz6

62. potestas, potestatis F: power, rule, force; strength, ability; chance, opportunity

63. praeda, praedae F: booty, loot, spoils, plunder, prey

64. premo, premere, pressi, pressus: press, press hard, pursue; oppress; overwhelm

65. prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus: hinder, restrain; forbid, prevent

66. reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus: lead back, bring back; restore; reduce

67. rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus: ask, ask for; invite; introduce

68. salus, salutis F: health; prosperity; good wish; greeting; salvation, safety

69. senatus, senatus M: senate

70. servo, servare, servavi, servatus: watch over; protect, store, keep, guard, preserve, save

71. sex: 6

72. solus, sola, solum (gen -ius): only, single; lonely; alone, having no companion/friend/protector; unique

73. sub iugum mittere: to subjugate

74. sub (preposition + ablative): under; up to, up under, close to; until, before, up to, about

75. telum, teli N: dart, spear; weapon, javelin

76. terreo, terrere, terrui, territus: frighten, scare, terrify, deter

77. Tiberis, Tiberis: Tiber

78. timeo, timere, timui,: fear, dread, be afraid

79. toga, togae F: toga

80. trans: across, over; beyond; on the other side

81. triumpho, triumphare, triumphavi, triumphatus: triumph over; celebrate a triumph; conquer completely, triumph

82. tum: moreover

83. ubi: where, whereby

84. urbs, urbis F: city; City of Rome

85. uxor, uxoris F: wife

86. venio, venire, veni, ventus: come

87. vis, vis F: strength, force, power, might, violence

88. vox, vocis F: voice, tone, expression

Infinitives

General: An infinitive is, strictly speaking, an abstract verbal noun.

The infinitive is used in Latin, as in English, as a noun: Errare humanum est = To err is human. When so used, the Latin infinitive is an indeclinable neuter noun.

The infinitive is also used in Latin, as in English, to complete the meaning of another verb (complementary infinitive): Possum videre = I am able to see.

Unlike English, Latin rarely uses an infinitive to indicate purpose.

The infinitive is most widely used in Latin in Indirect Speech (Oratio Obliqua), which combines an accusative subject with an infinitive in subordinate clauses after a verbs of saying, thinking, and perceiving.

Puto eum sapientem esse = I think that he is wise.

Because the infinitive is widely used in the Indirect Speech, it must in Latin show tense and voice and (where able) gender. Note the forms of the infinitive:

Formation:

Active Passive

Present: amäre (to love) amärï (to be loved)

Perfect: amävisse (to have loved) amätus esse (to have been loved)

Future: amätürus esse (to be about amätum ïrï (to be going to be to love) loved) Notes:

1) The present passive infinitive is formed by dropping the -e from the active infinitive and adding -ï. But in the third conjugation, the entire infinitive ending (-ere) is dropped before adding the -ï: ducere ducï (to be led).

2) The perfect passive and future active infinitives will show gender where appropriate: Puto eam me amaturam esse = I think she will love me. Puto eos eam ad oppidum ducturos esse = I think they will lead her to the town.

3) The future active infinitive, rare in English, is widely used in Latin for Indirect Speech constructions (see 2 above).

4) The future passive infinitive is rarely seen.

PRONOUNS

14. PERSONAL 15. REFLEXIVE Norn. ego tii Gen. mei tui sui

SINGULAR Dat. mihi ti bi sibi Acc. me te se or sese Ab!. me te se or sese

Norn. nos VOS

Gen. nostrum or nostri vestrum or vestri sui PLURAL Dat. nob is vobis sibi

Acc. nos VOS se or sese Ab!. nobis vobis se or sese

16. DEMONSTRATIVE

SINGULAR

Norn. hic,rn. haec,f hoc, n. ille, rn. illa,f illud, n. 'Gen. huius buius huius illius illius illius Dat. huic huic huic illi illi illi Acc. hunc bane hoc ilium illam illud Ab!. hOc hie hoc mo ma. mo

PLURAL

Norn. hi hae haec illi illae ilia Gen. hOrum hi rum ho rum illorum illirum illorum Dat. his his his ill is ill is illis Acc. hos his haec illos ill is ilia Ab!. his his his illis ill is ill is

SINGULAR

Norn. is, rn. ea,f id, n. idem, rn. eadem,f idem, n. Gen. eius eius eius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem Dat. ei ei ei eidem eidem eidem Acc. eum earn id eundem eandem idem Ab!. eo ea eo eodem eidem eOdem

PLURAL

Norn. ei (ii) eae ea eidem, iidem eaedem eadem Gen. eorum ear um eorum eorundem eirundem eorundem

Dat. eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) { eisdem eisdem eisdem isdem isdem isdem

Acc. eos eas ea eosdem easdem eadem

Ab!. eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) { eisdem eisdem eisdem isdem isdem isdem

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SINGULAR

Nom. ipse, m. ipsa, f. Gen. ipsius ipsius Dat. ipsi ipsi Acc. ipsum Abt. ipso

Nom. qui, m. Gen. cuius Dat. cui Acc. quern Abt. quo

ipsam ipsa

SINGULAR

quae, f. cuius cui quam qua

17. INTENSIVE PLURAL

ipsum, n. ipsi, m. ipsae, f. ipsa, n. ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

18. RELATIVE PLURAL

quod, n. qui, m. quae, f. quae, n. cuius quorum quarum quorum cui quibus quibus qui bus quod quos quas quae quo quibus qui bus quibus

19. INTERROGATIVE

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abt.

SINGULAR

quis, m. f. cuius cui quern quo

quid, n. cuius cui quid quo

NoTES. 1. The plural of the inter­rogative pronoun quis is like the plural of the relative qui.

2. The interrogative adjective is de­clined throughout like the relative qui; qui deus, what god? quae via, what road? quod donum, what gift?

20. INDEFINITE

Substantive Form

SINGULAR

Nom. aliquis, m. f. Gen. alicuius

aliquid, n. alicuius alicui aliquid aliquo

Dat. alicui Acc. aliquem Ab!. aliquo

Nom. aliqui, m. Gen. aliquorum Dat. aliquibus Acc. aliquos Ab!. aliquibus

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PLURAL

aliquae, f. aliquarum aliquibus aliquas aliquibus

aliqua, n. aliquorum aliquibus aliqua aliquibus

Adjective Form

Norn. aliqui, rn. Gen. alicuius Dat. alicui Acc. aliquem Ab!. aliquo

Norn. aliqui, rn. Gen. aliquorum Dat. aliquibus Acc. aliquos Ab!. aliquibus

SINGULAR

aliqua,/. alicuius alicui aliquam aliqua

PLURAL

aliquae,f. aliquarum aliquibus aliquas aliquibus

aliquod, n. alicuius alicui aliquod aliquo

aliqua, n. aliquorum aliquibus aliqua aliquibus

NOTE. After si, nisi, ne, and num the indefinite pronoun quis, quid is generally used. It is declined like the interrogative pronoun. The adjective form is qui, qua, quod.

Norn. quidam, rn. Gen. cuiusdam Dat. cuidam Acc. quendam Abl. quodam

Norn. quidam, rn. Gen. quorundam Dat. quibusdam Acc. quosdam Ab!. quibusdam

SINGULAR

quaedam,f. cuiusdam cuidam quandam quadam

PLURAL

quaedam,f. quarundam quibusdam quasdam quibusdam

quiddam, n. cuiusdam cuidam quid dam quodam

quaedam, n. quorundam quibusdam quaedam quibusdam

NoTE. The adjective form has quoddam, n., instead of quiddam.

SINGULAR

Norn. quisque, rn. f. quidque, n. Gen. cuiusque cuiusque Dat. cuique cuique Acc. quemque quidque Ab!. quoque quoque

(Plural rare)

NOTE. The adjective form of quisque is quisque, quaeque, quodque.

SINGULAR

quisquam, rn. f. cuiusquam cuiquam quemquam

quidquam, n. cuiusquam cuiquam quidquam

quoquam quoquam (Plural lacking)

NoTE. Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences, and in questions im­plying a negative answer.

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