Latin 1 / Intro to Latin

A study of the Latin language and the history, culture, and geography of

ancient Rome

Verb formation

• Latin verbs: stem + tense sign + personal ending

• Present tense: tense sign = stem + tense sign + personal ending

• Imperfect tense: tense sign = stem + tense sign + personal ending

• Future tense: tense sign = stem + tense sign + personal ending

n/a

ba +

ba bi

bi

Plural

1st Person ama + bi + mus amabimus We will be loving

2nd Person ama + bi + tis amabitis Y’all will love

3rd Person ama + bi + nt amabunt They will be loving

Verb formation – FutureSingular

1st Person ama + bi + o amabo I will love/be loving

2nd Person ama + bi + s amabis You will be loving

3rd Person ama + bi + t amabit He/she/it will love

Second Declension – Endings

• For neuter, Nominative = Accusative

Singular PluralM N M N

Nom -us -um -ī -aGen -ī -ī -ōrum -ōrumDat -ō -ō -īs -īsAcc -um -um -ōs -aAbl -ō -ō -īs -īs

Second Declension “r” Nouns

Nominative Singularpuervirmagisterliberager

Genitive Singularpuer i vir i magistr ilibr i agr i

Masculine nouns w/ stem ending in “r” will often omit the “us” ending in the Nominative Singular.

When necessary, an “e” will be added before the “r” to make a full syllable.

Second Declension “r” Nouns

Notes: • Does not apply to all nouns whose stem ends

in “r” – primarily those ending in “er” or a consonant + “r”.e.g., taurus, tauri, M: bull is regular.

• “vir” is the only “ir” noun; the rest end in “er” for Nom Sg.

Second Declension “r” Adjectives

Dexter, dextra, dextrum

Liber, libera, liberum

Miser, misera, miserum

Plucher, pulchra, pulchrum

Second Declension – Declined

puer, puerī, M: boy

Singular PluralM M

Nom puer puerī

Gen puerī puerōrum

Dat puerō puerīs

Acc puerum puerōs

Abl puerō puerīs

Second Declension – Declined

ager, agrī, M: field

Singular PluralN N

Nom ager agrī

Gen agrī agrōrum

Dat agrō agrīs

Acc agrum agrōs

Abl agrō agrīs

Adjective/Noun Agreement

• The good boy (nominative)– Boy• Puer, puerī, M• Nominative Sing Masculine• Puer

– Good• Bonus, bona, bonum• Nominative Sing Masculine• bon + us = bonus

• Puer bonus

Adjectives without Nouns

With a be verb to describe the subject.• The girl is beautiful.• Puella est pulchra.• Must match the noun it describes in C,N,G

Where the noun is assumed. (generic or context)• The good (man) was praising the queen.• Bonus laudabat reginam.• Must match C,N,G of the assumed noun

Speaking of Be Verbs…

Present Imperfect Future1st Person Sing sum eram erō2nd Person Sing es erās eris3rd Person Sing est erat erit1st Person Pl sumus erāmus erimus2nd Person Pl estis erātis eritis3rd Person Pl sunt erant erunt

Sumus = We are Erat = She was Eritis = y’all will be