LATIN AMERICAN THOUGHT and IDEOLOGIES

From Liberty and National Identity to Justice and Human Rights

INS 584 Fall 2008

Mondays 3:30-6:00pm, Merrick 307

Joaquín Roy Office Hours: Ferre #301: Mondays, 1-3pm; Tuesdays: 1-3:30pm, Wednesdays: 1-5pm Office Telephone: 305-284-3266/fax 284-4406; cell: 305-505-6045; Home phone: 305-443-3435 E-Mail: jroy@miami.edu Content While Cubans with different inclinations profess unquestioned reverence for patriot and writer José Martí, the president of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, claims his populist policies to be dictated by the thinking of Simón Bolívar. While the governments of most of Latin American countries led by Chile have opted in the last decade for moderate or open neoliberal development policies, others, like Brazil’s Lula, and most recently Bolivia, have insisted that social-oriented measures are the only way to reduce poverty and inequality. In any event, the teachings and life experiences of nation-building figures and writers in Latin America have a long tradition of influence in the shaping of societies and in the formulation of political and economic blueprints. In the era of globalization, Latin American identity is still in the making. Who are we?-the Latin Americans ask themselves. Nations are born or imagined. Nation-states are what their citizens and leaders want them to be. Latin American Thought is the answer reflected in the mirror. It is how Latin Americans see themselves and how they wanted to build their nation-states. Latin American writers, intellectuals, statesmen, and thinkers have devoted much attention to a fundamental topic: the search for national identity and political organization. This central theme has been developed in different subtopics: the future of Latin American civilization; political independence; culture, originality and tradition; economic autonomy and sustainable development; attitude towards the United States; language and literature; social and racial conflicts; search for protection for human rights. This course/seminar will explore the evolution of Latin American Thought in three levels: (1) a review of Latin American political and intellectual history; (2) an in-depth reading of the classical writings of the main "pensadores," the Latin American political, social and economic thinkers, and the main protagonists of the sociological and political essay, whose main interest was and is the inquest of the national identity, social and economic development, and (3) a comparative consideration of the main ideological trends of the past and the present and their future prospects for the reshaping of Latin America. Requisites

2 (1) One major paper, 15-30 pages (50%) (compulsory for graduate students). This is composed of an introduction (about 5-10 pages) to place the selected topic in the proper historical context; a rigorous examination of the main elements of the selected thinker's main works or the main characteristics of an ideology; a bibliography (with at least 20 academic sources), and a contribution to new knowledge documented by creative comments and reference to sources not included in basic bibliographies. 30% is subdivided in the following categories (5 points each): originality (new ideas, bold propositions, current reading), organization (subdivisions, paragraph structure, use of lead), research, bibliography, coherent scholarly format (MLA, Chicago, "new" social sciences, etc.), language (spelling and basic grammar). Papers can be written in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Alternative for undergraduate students: One take-home essay-examination, 15-20 pages. Select five thinkers or ideologies with a lasting impact on today's Latin America. Draft your answer in the form of an essay, to be used as comprehensive examination answer. Grade will be granted in the following categories (5 points each): originality, knowledge of basic information (simple references to classic and scholarly sources), organization, standard language and spelling (in English). (2) 10 selected topics minipapers, (600-800 words (50%). These minipapers are developed for each session. They are composed of a title (reflecting a possible research project for each topic (from III to XII), a precise reference to three sources, one from each of the subsections (a, b, and c), and a narration/precise outline, and an opinion, and a news item to anchor the relevance of the topic to today’s Latin America. Each abstract/presentation is worth 5 points. The grade is subdivided in the following categories: basic research, originality of topic/today's reading, precise sources, organization, and short/informative verbal presentation/question-answer. Each minipaper is to be sent to all participants and instructor by email by 9am the day of class. Basic books: Bethel, Leslie (ed.) Ideas and Ideologies in Twentieth Century Latin America. Cambridge/NY:

Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0521-46833-7 H53.L3 I34 1996 Bethell, Leslie. Latin America since 1930: Ideas, Culture and Society. Vol. 10 of The Cambridge

History of Latin America. NY: Cambridge, 1984. F1410.C1834 1984 V. 10. Chasteen, John Charles, and Joseph S. Tulchin. Problems in Modern Latin American History: A

Reader. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1994. F1413.P76 1994 Fuentes, Carlos. The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World. N.Y. Houghton,

1992. @ $ DP96.F84 1992 Nuccetelli, Susana. Latin American Thought.: Philosophical Problems and Arguments. Boulder,

CO: Westview Press, 2002. isbn: 0-81-33-6553-8 Márquez, Iván. Contemporary Latin American Social and Political Thought: An Anthology.

H62.5.l3c65.2008 10-7425-3992-x Schutte, Ofelia. Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought. Buffalo, NY:

State University of NY, 1993. f1414.36 1993 ISBN 0-7914-1317-9

3 Basic Outline Monday, September 8: I. Introduction; Focus: Identity, Literature, and Ideas II. The Impact of Spain (and Portugal September 15: III. The Road to Freedom Focus: Simón Bolívar September 22 IV. The Race to Build a Nation. Focus: Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Civilization or Barbarism September 29: V. The Image of the United States. Focus: Martí, Darío, Rodó October 6: VI. The New Search for National Identity: The Essay and the Novel Focus: Martínez Estrada, X-Ray of the Pampa October 13: VII. Failed Revolutions, Populism, Reform Focus: Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude October 20 VIII. The Revolutionary Solutions Focus: José Carlos Mariátegui, Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality October 27 IX. The Reformist Ideas from the Church Focus: Christian Democratic Thought November 3 X. Christianity and Revolution Focus: Liberation Theology November 10 XI. Social Democracy Focus: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre November 17 XII. Development, Dependency

4Focus: Raúl Prebisch November 24 XIII. Integration, Neoliberalism, Populism, Nationalism Ideas in the Future of Latin America. Review and reports December Final paper due on date of exam (see schedule).

5 (a) Sources and Editions to be Recommended/Ordered/Reserve Bolívar, Simón. Escritos políticos. Madrid: Alianza, 1969; Ideas fundamentales. Caracas: Academia

Nacional de la Historia, 1980; His basic thoughts. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1980.

Buela Lamas, Alberto. (ed.) Pensadores nacionales iberoamericanos. Buenos Aires: Biblioteca del Congreso de la Nación, 1993. 2 vol. F1408.3.P43 1993.

Fuentes, Carlos. The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World. N.Y. Houghton, 1992. @ $

Guevara, Ernesto 'Che'. Ernesto 'Che' Guevara. Ed. de Juan Maestre. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1988. no. 4.

Gutiérrez, Gustavo. A Theology of Liberation. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1973 @ bt738.g8613 ______. Teología de la liberación. Salamanca: Sígueme, 1972. Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl. Edición de Rivarola, Milda and Planas, Pedro. Victor R. Haya de la

Torre. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, No. 5, 1988. Iturrieta, Aníbal. El pensamiento peronista. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1990, No. 11. Jorrín, Miguel, and John Martz. Latin American Political Thought and Ideology. Chapel Hill:

University of North Carolina Press, 1970. Mariátegui, José Carlos. José Carlos Mariátegui. Edición de Juan Marchena. Madrid: Ediciones de

Cultura Hispánica, 1988. ______. Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana. ______. Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974. Márquez, Iván. Contemporary Latin American Social and Political Thought: An Anthology.

H62.5.l3c65.2008 10-7425-3992-x Martí, José. José Martí. Ed. de Laviana Cuetos, María Luisa. José Martí. Madrid: Ediciones de

Cultura Hispánica, 1988, No. 1, 1988. Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel. Radiografía de la pampa. Buenos Aires: Losada, 1933 ______. X-Ray of the Pampa. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press,1968. Menegus Bornemann, Margarita, ed. El agrarismo de la revolución mexixana. Madrid: Ediciones

Cultura Hispánica, 1990, no. 9. Paz, Octavio. El laberinto de la soledad. México: FCE, 1950; The Labyrinth of Solitude. Life and

Thought in Mexico. New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1961. Prebisch, Raúl. ed. de Alburquerque, Francisco. Raúl Prebisch. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura

Hispánica, No. 7, 1989. HC172.5.p74 a25 1989. Rodó, José Enrique. Ed. de José Luis Abellán. José Enrique Rodó. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura

Hispánica, 1988. ______. Ariel. Trans. by Margaret Peden. Austin: University of Texas, 1988. pq8519.r6 a713 1988 ______.México: Editorial Porrúa, S.A., 1972. Roy, Joaquín (ed). El pensamiento demócratacristiano. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica,

1991, pp. 63-69 Roy, Joaquín (ed.) Latin American Thought and Ideologies: A Special Anthology. Unpublished

compilation prepared with texts in English and Spanish. Sarmiento, Domingo F. Domingo F. Sarmiento. Edición de Galvini, Victoria. Madrid: Ediciones de

6Cultura Hispánica, 1990, No. 13. Tamayo Acosta, Juan José. Ed. La Teología de la Liberación. Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1990.

7 (b) Fundamental Commentary Texts Abellán, José Luis. La idea de América: Origen y evolución Madrid: Itsmo 1972. Crawford, William Rex. A Century of Latin American Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1961 Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought: The History of Its Development Since

Independence, with Selected Readings. Washington: University Press of Washington, D.C. 1963.

Fowler, Will (ed.) Ideologues and ideologies in Latin America. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1997. JL966 I34.1997.

Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. A Concise Historv of Latin American Culture. New York: Praeger, 1947. Jorrín, Miguel, and John Martz. Latin American Political Thought and Ideology. Chapel Hill:

University of North Carolina Press, 1970. Marichal, Juan. Cuatro fases de la historia intelectual latinoamericana (1810-1970). Madrid:

Fundación March/Cátedra, 1978. Mead, Robert G. Breve historia del ensayo hispanoamericano México: De Andrea, 1956. Expanded

with Peter G. Earle under the title of Historia del ensayo hispanoamericano. Mexico: De Andrea, 1973.

Ripoll, Carlos. Conciencia Intelectual de América. Antología del ensayo hispanoamericano. N.Y.: Las Américas, 1966; Eliseo Torres, 1974.

Stabb, Martin. In Quest of Identity. Patterns in the Spanish American Essay of Ideas. 1890-1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967; América Latina: en busca de una identidad. Caracas: Monte Avila, 1967.

Romero, José Luis. Latinoamérica: las ciudades y las ideas. México: Siglo XXI, 1976. Romero, José Luis. El pensamiento político de la derecha latinoamericana. Buenos Aires: Paidós,

1970. f1410.r6 Villegas, Abelardo. Reformismo y revolución en el pensamiento latinoamericano. México: Siglo

XXi, 1972, 1977. Werz, Nikolaus. Pensamiento político moderno en América Latina. Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1995.

JA84.L3 W4718 1995. Zea, Leopoldo. El pensamiento latinoamericano. Barcelona: Ariel, 1965; The Latin American Mind.

Translated by James H. Abbott and Lowell Dunham. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1963. b1001.z423

8(c) Supplementary Critical Texts Arocena, Felipe, y Eduardo de León. El complejo de Próspero. Montevideo: Vintén, 1992. Di Tella, Torcuato S. Historia de los partidos políticos en América Latina. México: FCE, 1993.

jl969.a45d58 1993 Liss, Sheldon B. Marxist Thought in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

hx1105.a6457 1984. Morse, Richard. El espejo de Próspero. México: Siglo XXI, 1982. Morse, Richard. New World Soundings: Culture and Ideology in the Americas. Baltimore: The

Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1990. Castañeda, Jorge G. Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left after the Cold War. N.Y. Alfred

Knopf, 1993. Pike, Frederick B. The United States and Latin America: Myths and Stereotypes of Civilization and

Nature. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. Romero, José Luis and Romero, Luis Alberto. Pensamiento político de la emancipación 1790-1825

(23-24). Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1977. Romero, José Luis and Romero, Luis Alberto. Pensamiento conservador 1815-1898. Caracas:

Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1978. Schutte, Ofelia. Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought. Buffalo, NY:

State University of NY, 1993. f1414.36 1993

9 I. Introduction Focus: History, Identity, Literature, and Ideas Outline: History, Culture, Identity, Politics, Development Ideology and Political Thought. History of Ideas and Intellectual History. Intellectuals, Writers, Statesmen, Pensadores, Politicians. The Search for Latin American Identity. Latin American Problems and Solutions. Latin American Literature and the Role of the Novel and the Essay What is an Essay? What is a Novel? What is the Difference between Literature and Journalism, Informative Documents? The Study of Latin America, and Latin American Thought and Literature in the United States. Background Readings: Ideas and Ideology: Blachman, Morris J. and Ronald G. Hellman. "Introduction", Terms of Conflict, Ideology in Latin American Politics.

Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1977. 275 p. F1410 .T47. READER @ Bennet, Douglass. "Defining Ideology: The Danger of Methodological Deformation", pp. 249-263, Blachman, Morris J.

and Ronald G. Hellman. Terms of Conflict, Ideology in Latin American Politics. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1977. 275 p. F1410 .T47. READER @

Schutte, Ofelia. "Introduction", Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought. Buffalo, NY: State University of NY, 1993. f1414.36 1993.

Essay Theory: Roy, Joaquín, 'En las fronteras del ensayo", pp 27-42; "La poética del columnista", pp. 109-121, ALA. Klaus, Carl, and Robert Scholes, Elements of the Essay, Hernadi, Paul, Beyond Genre Context: Skidmore/Smith, "Why Latin America?", 3-13). Rosenberg, Ch. 1, "Introduction", pp. 3-16. @

10II. The Impact of Spain (and Portugal): Focus: Carlos Fuentes, The Buried Mirror Outline: The Pre-Columbian Legacy. Discovery, Conquest, and Colonization. The Legacy of Columbus and Cortés. The View from Spain The 'Black Legend' Do the Americas have a Common Heritage? Do Latin America and the United States belong to a Different Civilization? The Other Iberian Imperial Partner: Portugal. The Eighteenth Century and the Enlightenment. The Spanish Shadow and the Idea of America. Readings: (a) Original Fuentes, Carlos. The Buried Mirror Reflections on Spain and the New World. N.Y. Houghton, 1992. "The Virgin and the

Bull"; "The Conflict of the Gods", "Children of La Mancha", "The Price of Freedom", pp. 15-233. Other Original Sources: Eyzaguirre, "Una raza ecuménica", Buela, I, 221-227 Carrión, Benjamín, "Raíz e itinerario de la cultura latinoamericana", "La transculturación colonial", Buela, I, 255-258;

263-267. Picón Salas, Mariano, "Viejos y nuevos mundos", Buela, II, 275-293. Maiz Vallenilla, Ernesto, "El problema de América", Buela, II, 295-310. Maeztu, Ramiro de, "La unidad de la Hispanidad", Buela, II, 347-364. Zea, Leopoldo. América en la historia. Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1957. (b) Commentary: Romero, José Luis. Latinoamérica: las ciudades y las ideas. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1984. "Latinoamérica en

la expansión europea", "El ciclo de las fundaciones" "Las ciudades hidalgas de Indias". Zea, Leopoldo. Latinoamérica en la encrucijada de la historia. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,

Coordinación de Humanidades, Centro Coordinador y Difusor de Estudios Latinamericanos, 1981. 205 p. F1406.8 .Z4

Zea, Leopoldo. Quinientos años de historia, sentido y proyeccion. Mexico : Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1991. 200 p. F1408.3 .Q47 1991.

Zea, Leopoldo. (ed.) Ideas y presagios del descubrimiento de América. México: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1991. 193 p. E123 .I34 1991.

Zea, Leopoldo. El Descubrimiento de América y su sentido actual. México: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1989. 227 p. E121 .D47 1989

11 (c) Background Burkholder, Mark A., and Lyman L. Johnson, Colonial Latin America. N.Y.: Oxford, 1994. Burns, "The Institutions of Empire", Ch. 2, 27-63. Burns, "The Origins of a Multiracial Society", Ch 1, 3-23. Crosby, Alfred W., Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. (Westport, CT:

Greenwood Press, 1973), 221 p. Halperin Donghi, Tulio. "The Colonial Heritage", p. 1-41; Contemporary History of Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke

University Press, 1994. @ $ ______. "El legado colonial", Historia, pp. 11-73. Hanke, Lewis, and Jane M. Rausch, eds. People and Issues in Latin American History: The Colonial Experience.

Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1993. Haring, C. H. The Spanish Empire in America. (New York, 1947), 3-22, 293-325; Henríquez Ureña, Ch. 1, 2, and 3. Jorrín, Miguel, and John D. Martz. "Introduction", pp. 23-33; "The Eighteenth-Century Background", pp. 34-54; "Natural

Rights and Popular Sovereignty", pp. 55-86; in Latin American Political Thought and Ideology. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970. 453 p. JA84.L3 J65 @

Lockhart, James, and Stuart B. Schwartz, Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil. (New York, 1983), 3-57.

Madariaga, Salvador de. Cortés ______. Columbus. Parry, J. H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966) Pike, Frederick B. The United States and Latin America: Myths and Stereotypes of Civilization and Nature. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1992, pp. 1-85. Skidmore/Smith "The Andean Region: Peru: Soldiers, Oligarchs and Indians" (SS Ch. 6, 185-220) Skidmore/Smith, "The Caribbean: Colonies and Ministates" (SS, Ch. 9, 283-307) Skidmore, "Toward Independence: The Colonial Response" (SS 29-42); Skidmore, "The Colonial Foundations, 1492-1880" (SS 14-29) Stein, Stanley J. and Barbara H., The Colonial Heritage of Latin America. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970),

198 p. pp. 3-119. Stein, Stanley, and Barbara H. Stein. The Colonial Heritage of Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970,

pp. 124-98. Thomas, Hugh. Cortés. Research "Critical Views from Spain from Las Casas" "The 'Black Legend': Causes and Consquences" "The Impact of the 'Discovery' in Spain"

12III. The Road to Freedom. Focus: Simón Bolívar Outline: The Search for Independence, Sovereignty and Nation Building: Simón Bolívar. The Legal Tradition and Constitutional Search The Development of the Conservative/Authoritarian Tradition. The Development of the centralist Tradition The Role of the Military in the Political Process The Impact of the Independence Era on the Future Development of the Doctrine of National Security. Readings: (a) Basic: Bolívar, Simón. "Address Delivered at the Inauguration of the Second National Congress in Angostura (February 15,

1819)," in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought. Washington D.C.: University Press of Washington D.C., 1966, pp. 17-31.

______. "Message to the Congress of Bolivia," in Davis, pp. 31- 36. READER, and Hanke/Rausch, pp. 20-35. ______. "The Jamaica Letter", in Hanke/Rausch, pp. 17-25. @ $ Other Original Sources: Miranda, Francisco de, "Proclamación a los pueblos del continente colombiano, alias Hispanoamérica", Latinoamérica.

Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. Mexico: UNAM, 1978. Viscardo, Juan Pablo, "Carta a los españoles americanos", II, 121-129. Bolívar, Simón. "Address Delivered at the Inauguration of the Second National Congress in Angostura (February 15,

1819)," in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought. Washington D.C.: University Press of Washington D.C., 1966, pp. 17-31.

______. "Message to the Congress of Bolivia," in Davis, pp. 31- 36. READER, and Hanke/Rausch, pp. 20-35. ______. "The Jamaica Letter", in Hanke/Rausch, pp. 17-25. @ $ Bolívar, Simón, "Carta de Jamaica. Contestación de un americano meridional a un caballero de esta isla (Henry Cullen)",

Buela, II, 261-274. Fernández de Lizardi, José Joaquín. "Political Constitution of an Imaginary Republic," in Davis, pp. 39-55. READER @ Rosenberg, Ch. 2, "Legacy of Empire", pp. 17-47; "Authoritarianism and Democratization", pp. 71-93. @ Fiction: Fuentes, Carlos. La campaña. México: FCE, 1992; The Campaign García Márquez, Gabriel. El general en su laberinto; The General in His Laberynth Pasive/active: Fuentes, Carlos, "The Price of Freedom", The Buried Mirror, pp. 234-312.

13(b) Commentary Hanke/Rausch, Sec. I, "Simón Bolívar", pp. 1-46. @ $ Marichal, Juan. "El designio constitucional: de Moreno a Bolívar (1810-1830)", ch. 1, Cuatro fases de la historia

intelectual latinoamericana (1810-1970). Madrid: Fundación March/Cátedra, 1978. Romero, José Luis. Latinoamérica: las ciudades y las ideas. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1984. "Las ciudades

criollas". (c) Background: Burns, "New Nations", "The Emergence of the New State", pp.84-168; Burns, "Independence" (EBB 67-83; Bushnell, David, and Neill Macaulay. The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1988. 335 p. (pp. 3-12); F1413 .B88 1988 Domínguez, Jorge I. Insurrection or Loyalty: The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire. (Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 1980), 264 p. Graham, Richard. Independence in Latin America. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1972. 140 p. F1412 .G64 1972 Johnson, Lyman, "Spanish American Independence and Its Consequences", pp. 1-35, in Chasteen, John Charles, and

Joseph Tulchin, eds. Problems in Modern Latin American History. Wilmington, Del. Scholarly Resources, 1994.

Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826, 2d ed. (New York, 1986), 1-37. Topics for Abstracts and Papers: "Bolívar, as Latin American Myth" "Bolívar, Today". "Bolívar by García Márquez". "Simón Bolívar: a US Portrait: The Scholarly View" "Bolívar in the United States: The Sources of The Archives". "From Bolívar to AFTA".

14IV. The Race to Build New Nations Focus: Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Outline: Europe or America? The Liberal Experiment in Latin America. The Role of Culture Romantics and Idealists. Civilization or Barbarism? The Rise of the United States as a Model for Latin America. Realism and Utilitarianism. Positivisism: Order and Progress. José Martí and Our America. Readings: (a) Basic: Sarmiento, Domingo F. "Facundo," in Davis, pp. 135-139. READER ______. "Concept of Liberty," in Davis, pp. 140-141. ______. "Concerning National Power," in Davis, pp. 142-147. @ $ Other Original Sources: Alberdi, Juan Bautista. "Bases and Points of Departure for the Constitution of the Government of the Argentine

Republic," in Davis, pp. 126-132. READER @ Arosemena, Justo. "Discurso de Julio de 1856", Buela II, 67-80. Bello, Andrés. "Las repúblicas hispanoamericanas. Autonomía cultural". Latinoamérica, UNAM, No. 11, 1978. ______. "El castellano de América", Prólogo. Gramática de la lengua castellana. Chile, 1847. Bilbao, Francisco, "Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un congreso federal de las repúblicas", Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de

Cultura Económica. México: UNAM, No. 3, 1978. Caro, Miguel Antonio. "La independencia y la raza". Buela I, pp. 153-162. Castillo, Florencia del. "Exposición ante las Cortes de Cádiz", Buela I, 177-186. Darío, Rubén. "José Martí". Del Valle, José Cecilio, "Soñaba el Abad de San Pedro"; "Elogio al proyecto de Confederación", Buela I, 317-324. González Prada, Manuel. "Nuestros indios" Horas de lucha. Lima, 1908. ______. "Notas acerca del idioma". Páginas libres. París, 1894. Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "La utopía de América". La utopía de América. Patria de la justicia. La Plata, 1925. Hostos, Eugenio Marí de. "El día de América", Obras, Vol. X, La Habana 1939. Martí, José. "Nuestra América", El Partido Liberal. Mexico, enero 1891, Buela I, 195-203. ______. "Agrupamiento de los pueblos de América", La América. NY, octubre 1883. ______. "Tres héroes". Patria. NY, febrero 1893. ______. "El padre de Las Casas", La Edad de Oro. NY, setiembre 1889. ______. "Mi raza". Patria. NY, 16 abril 1893. ______. "Buenos y malos americanos". La América. NY, abril 1884. ______. "Inmigración en América". Patria. NY, dic. 1894.

15______. "El hombre antiguo de América y sus artes primitivas" La América. NY, abril 1884. ______. "Nuestra América", Latinoamérica, UNAM, No. 7. Martí, José. "The Moral Basis of Revolution," in Davis, pp. 259-266. READER; in Hanke/Rausch, pp. 205-211. Montalvo, Juan. "The Heroes," in Davis, pp. 353-362. READER Montalvo, Juan, "Ojeada sobre América. Washington y Bolívar" Latinoamérica, UNAM, No. 13, 1978. ______. "Tirano de media marca", Las catolinarias, Panamá, 1880. Rodó, José Enrique. "A la juventud de América", Ariel. Montevideo, 1900. ______. "Ariel (Fragmento)" Latinoamérica. UNAM, NO. 19, 1978; Buela II, 205-230. Sarmiento, Domingo F. "Conflicto y armonías de las razas en América", Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura. Mexico:

UNAM, No. 27, 1978. ______. "Evovación de Juan Facundo Quiroga" Introducción de Civilización y Barbarie. Chile, 1845. Passive/active commentary: Ribeiro, Darcy. "La cultura latinoamericana", Buela I, pp. 101-11 Freyre, Gilberto, "Casa grande y zenzala", Buela I, 129-147. (b) Commentary: Bosch García, Carlos, "Las ideologías europeístas", Zea, América Latina en sus ideas, 239-269. Hernández Arregui, Juan José, "El siglo XIX y el nacimiento de las nacionalidades", Buela I, pp. 57-69; "La inteligencia

nacional", Buela I, 71-75. Marichal, Juan. "De Echeverría a Sarmiento: el liberalismo romántico (1837-1868)", Ch. II, Cuatro fases de la

historiaintelectual latinoamericana (1810-1970). Madrid: Fundación March/Cátedra, 1978. Romero, Josdé Luis. El pensamiento político de la derecha latinoamericana, pp. 11-102. Romero, José, Latinoamérica: las ciudades, "Las ciudades patricias". Villegas, Abelardo, Reformismo y revolución, "Fin de siglo", "Teorías de la dictadura", "La segunda conquista", "Teoría

de la democracia", pp. 9-82. Zea, Leopoldo, Discurso desde la marginación (c) Background: Chasteen, John Charles, "Making Sense of Caudillos and 'Revolutions' in Nineteenth-Century Latin America", in

Chasteen, John Charles, and Joseph S. Tulchin. Problems in Modern Latin American History: A Reader. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1994, pp. 37-68. @ $

Fuentes, Carlos. The Buried Mirror. Ch. 10-11-12-13, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin, 1992 (CF) DP 96.F84 1992. @ $ Halperin Donghi, Tulio. "The Crisis of Independence", pp. 42-73; "The Early National period", pp. 74-114; "The

Emergence of the Neocolonial Order", pp. 115-157; Contemporary History of Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994. @ $

______. The Aftermath of Revolution in Latin America. Translated by Josephine de Bunsen. N.Y. Harper, 1973. ______. Historia contemporánea, "La crisis de la independencia", pp. 74-133; "Una larga espera", pp. 206; "Surgimiento

del orden neocolonial", pp. 207-279. Hanke/Rasuch, Sec. II, "The Age of Caudillos: Juan Manuel de Rosas", pp. 47-82. Henríquez Ureña, "Culture in the Organization and Stability of New Societies" (PHU, Ch 5-6-7) ______. Culture (PHU, Ch 4-5; Jorrín, Miguel, and John D. Martz. "Romantic Liberalism and Realism", pp. 87-120; "Positivism and Its Interpreters", pp.

121-153; "Idealism", pp. 154-169; Latin American Political Thought and Ideology. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970. 453 p. JA84.L3 J65 READER @

Knight, Franklin W. "The State of Sovereignty and the Sovereignty of States", in Stepan, Alfred. Americas: New

16Interpretive Essays. N.Y.: Oxford, 1992, pp. 11-29. Mosk, Sanford A. "Latin America and the World Economy", in Hanke/Rausch, pp. 85-101. O'Donnell, Guillermo A. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley, Cal.: Institute of International

Studies, 1973. Smith, Peter, "The State and Development in Historical Perspective" in Stepan, Alfred. Americas: New Interpretive

Essays. N.Y.: Oxford, 1992, pp. 30-56. @ Topics for abstracts and research papers "Sarmiento and Models for Latin America". "The Legacy of Sarmiento in Latin American XIXth Century Thought" "Positivism and Neo-Positivism in Latin America" "Development, Liberalism, Neoliberalism" "Sarmiento and Rosas: Two Faces of Latin America?"

17 V. The Image of the United States in Latin America. Focus: Martí, Darío, Rodó Outline: The Actions of the Unites States From the Monroe Doctrine to Regional Integration. International Law and Inter-American Relations. The United States, Latin America, and the World. The Age of Transition. The Monroe Doctrine. The Interventionist Era. The Panama Canal. Pan Americanism and the Good Neighbor Policy. Conflict and Change in the Postwar Era. Social Revolution in the 1960's. The Alliance for Progress and After. The Perception from Latin America Latin American Perspective until Today. Evolution of An Image Bolívar and a Word of Caution Sarmiento and Civilization A Classic Trio: Martí, Darío, Rodó The Anti-Imperialists. The Brief Interlude of the Good Neighbor Policy. When the Essay is Dressed-Up as Poetry. The 1960s. The Bicentennial Review. From Carter's Human Rights to Reagan's 'Contra Wars'. Today's Mutual Perceptions. Readings: (a) Basic Rodó, José Enrique. Ariel; in Hanke/Rausch, pp. 211-221. @ $ Martí, Selected essays, "Nuestra América", Buela I, 43-45. http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXA/marti/index.htm Darío, Rubén. "Ode to Roosevelt", in Hanke/Rausch, pp. 222-224. @; "A Roosevelt", Buela II, 43-45. Other Original Sources:

18Edwards Bello, Joaquín, "¿Es el norteamericano superior al iberoamericano"; "América vasalla", Buela I, 234-240. Figueres, José, "La América de Hoy", Buela I, 187-190. Fuentes, Carlos. "A Harvard Commencement," Myself with Others. Selected Essays. New York: Farrar, Straus &

Giroux, 1983, pp. 199-214. @ Mariátegui, José Carlos, "El iberoamericanismo y el panamericanismo", Buela II, 139-142. Pedreira, Antonio. "Intermezzo", Buela II, 166-175. Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino. Travels. Viajes. Ugarte, Manuel, "La América Latina...", Buela II, 5-24. Fiction: Fuentes, Carlos. The Old Gringo, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Gallegos, Rómulo. Doña Bárbara Asturias, Miguel Angel. El Papa Verde. (b) Commentary: Aguilar, Alonso. Pan-Americanism from Monroe to the Present: A View from the Other Side. New York: Monthly

Review Press, 1968, 184 p. Marichal, Juan. "De Martí a Rodó: el idealismo democrático", Ch. III, Cuatro fases de la historia intelectual

latinoamericana (1810-1970). Madrid: Fundación March/Cátedra, 1978. Real de Azúa, Carlos, "Ante el imperialismo, colonialismo, neocolonialismo", Zea, América Latina en sus ideas, 270-

299. Reid, John T. Spanish American Images of the United States. Gainesville, Fla.: University of Florida, 1977. Tulchin, Robert, "Inter-American Relations", in Chasteen/Tulchin, pp. 287-339. @ $ (c) Background: Gil, Federico, Latin American-United States Relations. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich, 1971). Ch. 2-9.

@ $ Halperin-Donghi, "Maturity of Neocolonial Order", pp. 15-8-207; "Progress in a Stormy World", pp. 208-246; "New

Directions in the Postwar Period", pp. 247-291. @ $ Hanke/Rausch, sec. VI, "Conflicting Latin and Yankee Attitudes at the Turn of the Twentieth Century", pp. 199-232. @ Kryzanek, Michael J., U.S.-Latin American Relations. (New York: Praeger, 1990), pp. 1-27. Pike, "Myths and Stereotypes of Civilization and Nature" (FP) Rosenberg, Ch. 10, "Get Up, Stand Up: the Problems of Sovereignty", pp. 272-297. @ Skidmore, "The United States, Latin America, and the World" (SS Ch. 11, 344-381); Skidmore/Smith, "The United States, Latin America, and the World" (SS Ch. 11, 344-381); Research Topics: "The Spanish-American War: Perspectives from Spain, Cuba and the U.S." "US Latin American Cultural Policy during World War II" "Recent Actors in the Latin American View of the U.S." "The U.S. and Latin American Integration" "NAFTA, AFTA and other experiments".

19VI. The New Search for National Identity: The Essay and the Novel. Focus: Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Radiografía de la Pampa and the cxlassical novels of nacional iodentity Outline: The Search for Literary Identity in Colonial Hispanic America. The Role of the Intellectuals in Shaping Latin America. The Molding of a New Literature in the 19th Century. Foundational Fictions. From Modernismo to Criollismo. The Novela Regionalista: Doña Bárbara The Literature of Protest The Boom: National and Universal Identity The Essay in Search of National Identity. The Sick Continent. The Many Faces of Mexico: Vasconcelos, Ramos, Reyes, Paz. The Argentine Crisis: Martínez Estrada. Other National Inquiries. Latest and Conflicting Interpretations. Readings: (a) Basic: Martínez-Estrada, Ezequiel. "Civilization and Barbarity," in X-Ray of the Pampa, pp. 392-399.READER @ $ and examples of classic novels of national identity Other Essay Original Sources: Arciniegas, Germán. "Qué llevaron los españoles a América", El continente de los siete colores-Historia de la cultura en

América Latina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Suramericana, pp. 64-93. [reader] Arévalo, Juan José, "Istmania", Buela I, 297-307. Caballero, Diego Domínguez, "Motivo y sentido deuna investigación de los panameño", Buela II, 81-92. Chocano, José Santos, "Alma América", Buela II, 131-138. Da Cunha, Euclides, "Los sertones", Buela I, 113-128. Darío, Rubén, "A Colón" [a poem], Buela II, 41-43. Edwards Bello, Joaquín, "Qué piensan de nosotros en Europa", Buela I, 229-233. Francovich, Guillermo, "Pachamama", Buela I, 89-96. Gálvez, Manuel. "The Cradle of Our Place," in Davis, pp. 415-425.READER García Márquez, Gabriel. Cien años de soledad. González-Prada, Manuel. "Our Indians," in Davis, pp. 196-208.READER Guillén, Nicolás, "West Indies LTD", Buela I, 205-215. Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "La utopía de América. La América española y su originalidad". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de

Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 25, 1978 [reader] Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel. "Civilización y barbarie (comentario)", Radiografía de la pampa. Editorial Losada, ____, pp.

336-342 [reader]

20______. "Desmembración", La cabeza de Goliath-Microscopía de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Club del Libro, 1940, pp. 162-166 [reader]

Murena, Héctor. "Psiquis", El pecado original de América. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1965, pp. 172-187 [reader]

Ortíz, Fernando. Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar, 1940 [reader] Paz, Octavio. El ogro filantrópico (fragmento). México: 1978, pp. 358-361 [reader] ______. "La democracia imperial. América Latina y la democracia", Tiempo Nublado. Biblioteca Breve, 1981, pp. 29-

58, 161-188 [reader] Paz, Octavio. "From Independence to the Revolution," The Labyrinth of Solitude. Life and Thought in Mexico. New

York: Grove Press, Inc., 1961, pp. 117-149.READER @ $ Pedreira, Antonio, "Insularismo", Buela II, 161-166. http://www2.udec.cl/~docliter/biblio/lima.htm Ramos, Samuel. "The Profile of the Mexican Culture, Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico. Texas: University of Texas

Press, pp. 102-109.READER @ Rangel, Carlos. "De las Indias al paraíso terrenal", Del buen salvaje al buen revolucionario, pp. 25-33. Reyes, Alfonso. "Notas sobre la inteligencia americana", Obras Completas. México: 1968, in Ripoll, pp. 414-420 [reader] ______. Las agonías de la razón, 1952 [reader] ______. "La ventana abierta hacia América", El Tiempo. Madrid: 8 de marzo de 1921, in Ripoll, pp. 413-414 [reader] ______. "El destino de América", Ultima Tule. México: 1942, in Ripoll, pp. 421-424 [reader] Rodó, José Enrique. "Democracy and Cultural Aristocracy," in Davis, pp. 307-320. READER @ $ Rojas, Ricardo. "Eurindia," in Davis, pp. 427-430.READER Sábato, Ernesto. "Cómo reconstruir al hombre argentino?", Antología. Bs.S.: Librearía del Colegio, 1970?, pp. 159-164

[reader] Salazar Bondy, Augusto, "Sentido y problema del pensamiento hispanoamericano", Buela II, 143-155. Salazar Bondy, Augusto. "Sentido y problema del pensamiento filosófico hispanoamericano". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos

de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 12, 1978. IIIc Sandino, Augusto César, "Plan de realización del supremo sueño de Bolívar", Buela II, 47-62. Sierra, Justo. "Inauguración de la Universidad Nacional". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 5, 1978 [reader] Tamayo, Franz, "Creación de la pedagogía nacional", Buela I, 81-87. Uslar Pietri, Arturo. "El mestizaje creador", Vista desde un punto. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1971, pp. 284-290

[reader] Vasconcelos, José. "El pensamiento iberoamericano". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 21, 1978 [reader] ______. "La raza cósmica. Misión de la raza iberoamericana", La raza cósmica. Barcelona: 1925, in Ripoll, pp. 321-323

[reader] Zea, Leopoldo, "Formación de la cultura latinoamericana", Buela II, 15-23. Menchú, Rogoberta, “I, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala”, Márquez, 32 Novels: Fuentes, Carlos, La muerte de Artemio Cruz, La región más transparente, Gringo Viejo Gallegos, Rómulo, Doña Bárbara Miguel Angel Asturias, El Señor Presidente Mario Vargas Llosa, Conversación en La Catedral Ernesto Sábato, Sobre héroes y tumbas Gabriel García Márquez, Cien años de soledad José Maria Arguedas. Los ríos profundos Jorge Icaza, Huasipungo Mariano Azuela, Los de abajo Ciro Alegría, El mundo es ancho y ajeno

21José Eustasio Rivera, La vorágine (b) Commentary: Schutte, Ofelia. "Philosophy and the Problem of Cultural Identity: from Ramos to Salazar Bondy", Ch. 3; "The humanity

of Mestizaje", Ch. 4, Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought. Buffalo, NY: State University of NY, 1993. f1414.36 1993.

Bary, Leslie, "The Search for Cultural Identity", pp. 169-174, in Chasteen, John Charles, and Joseph S. Tulchin. Problems in Modern Latin American History: A Reader. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1994. @ $

Marichal, Juan. "De Martínez Estrada a Octavio Paz", Ch. IV, Cuatro fases de la historia intelectual latinoamericana (1810-1970). Madrid: Fundación March/Cátedra, 1978.

Sommer, Doris, Foundational Fictions, "Irresisteble Romance", "Love and Country", pp. 1-51.READER @ Stabb, Martin, "Introduction", In Quest of Identity. Patterns in the Spanish American Essay of Ideas. 1890-1960.

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967. 244 p. B1001 .S65. pp. 3-11. @ Romero, José, Latinoamérica. Las ciudades. "Las ciudades burguesas", pp. 247-318. Zum Felde, Alberto, "Indice crítico de la literatura hispanoamericana"; "Ironía de nuestro coloniaje intelectual", Buela II,

231-244; 245-256. Commentary on the Essay and the Novel: Arciniegas, Germán, "Nuestra América es un ensayo", Cuadernos, 73 (1963), 0-16. Roy, Joaquín. Narrativa y crítica, Introducción, 9-28. Sommer, Doris, Foundational Fictions, Irresistible Romance"; "Love and Country", pp. 1-51. (c) Background: Oddone, Juan A. "Regionalismo y nacionalismo", Zea, América Latina en sus ideas, 207-238. Rosenberg, Ch. 9, "Builders of Images: Writers, Artists, and Popular Culture", pp. 241-271. Rama, Carlos, Nacionalismo e historiografía en América Latina. Madrid: Tecnos, 1981. Research Topics: "Why the Essay is a Central Vehicle for Latin American Thought?" "National Identity in the Essay and the Novel: Selected Cases" "Key Foundational Novels: Country Cases" "The Essay and Journalism"

22 VII. Unfulfilled Revolutions, Populism, and Reform Focus: The Laberynth of Solitude Selected legal and political documents Outline: The Past Repudiated. The Transformation of Modern Latin America. Socialism and Reforms. The Legacy of Anarchism Culture in a New Age. The Mexican Revolution: Background and Consequences The Reformist Model; Populism, Yesterday and Today The Welfare State of Batlle's Uruguay Vargas and the Estado Novo of Brazil. Argentina and Peronism. Chávez’ Venezuela Readings: (a) Basic: Paz, Octavio. The Labyrinth of Solitude Other Original Sources: Fuentes, Carlos. "Land and Liberty", "Unfinished Business", The Buried Mirror, 15, pp. 299-329. Monegus Bornemann, Margarita. ed. El agrarismo de la Revolución Mexicana. Madrid: ICI, 1990. Iturrieta, Aníbal. ed. El pensamiento peronista. Madrid: ICI, 1990. Related Fiction: Fuentes, Carlos. The Death of Artemio Cruz. London: Secker & Warburg, 1977. (b) Commentary: Romero, José Luis, Latinoamérica: Las ciudades y sus ideas, "Las ciudades masificadas", pp. 319-389. Romero, José Luis. El pensamiento politico de la derecha latinoamericana, pp. 103-177. Villegas, Abelardo. Reformismo y revolución. "V. El pensamiento de la Revolución Mexicana", pp. 83-116; "VI. La

Revolución batllista", pp. 117-140", "VIII. El reformismo argentino", pp. 180-202; "IX. El reformismo en el Brasil", pp. 233-263.

(c) Background:

23Burns, "The Past Repudiated", Ch. 6, 151-183); Conniff, Michael, L. "Urban Populism in Twentieth-Century Politics", in Chasteen/Tulchin, pp. 97-136. @ Halperin Donghi, "Maturity of the Neocolonial Order", The Contemporary History..., pp. 158-207; "Progress in a Stormy

World", pp. 208-246. @ ______. "Madurez del orden neocolonial", 280-355; "Crisis dl orden neocolonial", 356-538. Hanke/Rausch, Sec. VII, "Eva Perón", pp. 233-284. @ Hanke/Rausch, Sec. V, "Porfirio Díaz: Dictator of Mexico", pp. 163-197. @ Henríquez Ureña, "Culture" (PHU, Ch. 7-8-9) Jorrín /Martz, "Part II. Introduction", pp. 199-206; "National Populism", pp. 207-267.READER @ Rosenberg, Ch. 3, "The Garden of the Forging Paths: Dilemmas of National Development", pp. 48-69. Rosenberg, Ch. 5, "Continent on the Move: Migration and Urbanization", pp. 106-136. @ Skidmore/Smith, "The Transformation of Modern Latin America", (SS Ch. 2, 43-67) Skidmore/Smith, "Mexico: the Taming of a Revolution", (SS, Ch. 7, 221-253; Skidmore/Smith, "The Southern Cone: from Prosperity to Deadlock: Argentina" (SS, Ch. 3, 68-111), Di Tella, Historia de los partidos, "Anarquismo, socialismo, nacionalismo revolucionario", pp. 43-92; "Los años sesenta y

setenta", pp. 201-244; "La aurora de la posguerra: el populismo y sus transformaciones", pp. 151-199. . Research Topics: "The Mexican Revolution in History and Fiction" "Juan Domingo Perón: Context and Impact" "Birth and Development of Populism"

24VIII. The Revolutionary Models Focus: José Carlos Mariátegui Outline Marxism and Communism. Socialist Thinking and Marxist Thought in Latin America. The Uniqueness of Mariátegui. The Cuban Revolution: 'Che' Guevara and Fidel Castro. Chile's Allende The Rise and Fall of the Guerrilla Movement The Sandinista Experiment. The Latest Radical: Sendero Luminoso. Marxism and the Latin American Left after the Cold War. Readings: (a) Basic: Mariátegui, José Carlos. "Outline of the Economic Revolution," Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality, pp. 3-

21. http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XXA/mariategui/7ensayos/ ______. "Economic Revolution in Peru," in Davis, pp. 433-445. READER @ $ Other Original Sources: Guevara, Ernesto "Che." "General Principles of Guerrilla Warfare," Guerrilla Warfare. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 1-

31. READER @ $ Márquez, Part IV Guevara, Ernesto, « Socialism and Man in Cuba » Márquez, pp.265-276. (b) Commentary Aricó, José. Ed. Mariátegui y los orígenes del marxismo latinoamericano. México: Siglo XXI, 1978. Castro, Daniel (ed.). Revolution and revolutionaries : guerrilla movements in Latin America. Wilmington, Del. : SR

Books, 1999. F1413 .R475 1999 Chang Rodríguez, Eugenio. Poética e ideología en José Carlos Mariátegui.Madrid: Porrúa Turanzas, 1983. Castañeda, Jorge. Utopia Unarmed, N.Y.: Knopf, 1993. @; “Utopia Unarmed”, Márquez, pp. 317-339. Schutte, Ofelia. "Social Liberasltion, Idenmtity, and the Recovery of Early Marxist Thought", Ch. 1; "Mariátegui's

Socialist Anthropology", Ch. 2, pp. 35-71, Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought. Buffalo, NY: State University of NY, 1993. f1414.36 1993.

Villegas, Abelardo. "Panorama de los procesos de cambio", Zea, América Latina en sus ideas, pp. 95-117. Villegas, Abelardo. Reformismo y revolución. "VII. El pensamiento revolucionario", pp. 141-165; "X. La Revolución

Cubana", pp. 264-298.

25 (c) Background Castillo, Hugo, "Revolutionary Movements in Central America", Chasteen/Tulchin, pp. 245-286. Crahan, Margaret E., and Peter Smith, "The State of Revolution", in Stepan, Americas, pp. 79-108. Di Tella, Historia de los partidos políticos, "El caldero de Centroamérica y el Caribe", pp. 245-293. Hanke/Rausch, Sec. VIII, "Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution", pp. 285-242. @ Jorrín/Martz, "Anarchism", pp. 181-196. READER @ Jorrín/Martz, "Marxism in Theory and Practice", pp. 270-313. READER @ Rosenberg, Ch. 11, "Fire in the Mind: Revolutions and Revolutionaries", pp. 299-334. @ Skidmore/Smith, "Cuba: Late Colony, First Socialist State" (SS, Ch. 8, 254-282), Skidmore/Smith, "Chile: Socialism, Repression, and Democracy" (SS, Ch. 4, 112-143), Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and

Regimes Since 1956. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1992. Skidmore/Smith, "Central America: Colonialism, Dictatorship, and Revolution" Ch. 10, 308-343) Books by Castañeda and others Research Topics "Marxism and the Cuban Revolution" "The Legacy of José Carlos Mariátegui"

26IX. The Reformist Religious Ideas Focus: Christian Democratic Thought Outline: The Influence of the Catholic Church Neo-Christian Thought The Development of Christian Democracy in Europe Christian Democracy in Latin America Eduardo Frei and Rafael Caldera: Statesmen and Thinkers. The Future of Christian Democracy Readings: (a) Basic: Caldera, Rafael. "Nuestra concepción de la democracia". Roy, Joaquín (ed). El pensamiento demócratacristiano. Madrid:

Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 63-69 [reader] Frei Montalva, Eduardo. "Paternalismo, pluralismo y movimientos reformistas cristianodemócratas en Latinoamérica."

Roy, Joaquín (ed). El pensamiento demócratacristiano. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 169-174 [reader]

Other Original Sources: Caldera, Rafael. International Social Justice and Latin American Nationalism. Caracas: 1974, pp. 87-104. READER @ Frei Montalva, Eduardo. "The Road to Follow," in Davis, pp. 542-549.READER @ $ Jorrín/Martz, "Christian Democracy", pp. 405-427. READER @ $ Roy, Joaquín, El pensamiento demócratacristiano.@ (b-c) Background Commentary: Crahan, Margaret, "Religion: Reconstituting Church and Pursuing Change", in Stepan, Alfred, Americas, pp. 152-171. Research Topics "Origin and Development of Christian Democracy"

27X Christianity and Revolution Focus: Liberation Theology Outline: The Church and Society: from Medellín to Puebla Marxism and Christianism. Missionaries in Latin America Gustavo Gutiérrez and Liberation Theology Readings (a) Basic: Gutiérrez, Gustavo. A theology of liberation: history, politics, and salvation. Translated and edited by Sister Caridad Inda

and John Eagleson. Maryknoll, N.Y., Orbis Books, 1973. 323 p. BT738 .G8613 c.2; ______. Teología de la liberación: perspectivas. Salamanca : Ediciones Sigueme, 1984. 399 p. BT83.57 .G883 1984. Other Original Sources: Gutiérrez, Gustavo. “Toward a Theology of liberationj “ Márquez, pp. 93106 Gutiérrez, Gustavo, "Notes for a Theology of Liberation", App. I, in Sigmund, Paul E. Liberation Theology at the Crossroads: Democracy or Revolution? N.Y.: Oxford U. Press, 1990. Gutiérrez, Gustavo, "Theology and the Social Sciences", App. II, in Sigmund, Paul E. Liberation Theology at the

Crossroads: Democracy or Revolution? N.Y.: Oxford U. Press, 1990. Gutiérrez, Gustavo. The truth shall make you free: confrontations. Translated from the Spanish by Matthew J. O'Connell.

Maryknoll, N.Y. : Orbis Books, 1990. 204 p. BT83.57 .G88413 1990 Gutiérrez, Gustavo. De la Rerum Novarum a la Centesimus Annus: los Cambios en el Peru y el Mundo. Lima, Peru:

Universidad del Pacifico, Centro de Investigacion (CIUP), 1992. 131 p. N/S Stacks HN39.P4 G8 1992. Gutiérrez, Gustavo. Fuerza histórica de los pobres. The power of the poor in history: selected writings. [translated by

Robert R. Barr from the Spanish]. London: SCM Press, 1983. 240 p. HN39.L3 G8413 1983b Gutiérrez, Gustavo. Teología de la liberacion: perspectivas. Lima, Peru: Centro de Estudios y Publicaciones, 1988. 439

p. BT83.57 .G883 1988 Márquez, Part II Tamayo Acosta, Juan José. Ed. La Teología de la Liberación. Madrid: Ed. de Cultura Hispánica, ICI, 1990. (b) Commentary: Schutte, Ofelia. "Consciousness on the side of the oppressed: the Theology of Liberation and Christian-Marxist

Dialogue"; Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought. Buffalo, NY: State University of NY, 1993. f1414.36 1993.

Sigmund, Paul E. Liberation Theology at the Crossroads: Democracy or Revolution? N.Y.: Oxford U. Press, 1990. Silva Gotay, Samuel. "El pensamiento religioso", Zea, América Latina en sus ideas, pp. 118-154. Petrella, Ivan. Latin American liberation theology; the next generation.Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2005. BT83.57.L37

282005. Petrella, Ivan. The future of liberation theology: an argument and manifesto. Aldershot, Hants, UK/ Burlington, VT,

2004. BT83.57.P465 2004. Vila, Christie. Faith in the balance: foundations of Liberation Theology in Latin America and European Thought Ph. D.

Dissertation, Univerity of Miami, 2002. (c) Background: Rosenberg, Ch. 8, "Miracles Are Not Enough: Continuity and Change in Religion", pp. 209-240. @

29XI The Making of Social Democracy Focus: Haya de la Torre Outline: Marxism: From Socialism to Communism Socialism and Social Democracy The Literary Expression Justo and Palacios of Argentina. The Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario of Bolivia APRA: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and Luis Alberto Sánchez. Acción Democrática of Venezuela: Rómulo Betancourt. José Figueres and the Partido de Liberación Nacional. Today's Social-Democratic Leaders, Thinkers, and Sources. Readings: (a) Basic: Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl. "Aprismo, Marxism, and Historical Time-Space," in Davis, pp. 448-455. READER @ $ Other Original Sources: Haya de la Torre, Victor R. "Qué es el A.P.R.A.? El problema histórico de nuestra América. Imperialismo,

antiimperialismo y marxismo." Rivarola, Milda y Planas, Pedro (ed). Victor R. Haya de la Torre. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 36-41, 59-64, 123-125 [reader]

Betancourt, Rómulo. "A Government Program," in Davis, pp. 531-540.READER @ $ Figueres, José. "Unity and Culture," in Davis, pp. 463-481. READER @ $ (b-c) Commentary, Background Jorrín/Martz, "Social Democracy", pp. 316-373; READER @ $ Villegas, Abelardo. Reformismo y revolución, "Haya de la Torre", pp. 165-179. Research Topics "Social Democracy in Europe and Latin America" "Actors of Social Democracy" "The Legacy of Haya de la Torre" "What are the 'partidos apristas'" "What was the relationship between Social Democracy and 'Indigenismo'? "What is the future of Social Democracy in Latin America after the Cold War?"

30XII Development, Dependency, Integration Focus: Raúl Prebisch Outline: The New Intellectuals and the Economy. Economic and Social Solutions Social Scientists and Latin American Ills. From Pensadores to Development Thinkers and Technocrats. Economic Development of Latin America and Dependency. Raúl Prebisch. The Social Scientists and Political Power. What was the role of the CEPAL in Latin American development? Dependency Theory. Dependency and Underdevelopment. Import Substition. Readings: (a) Basic Prebisch, Raúl, "La quinta y la última etapa del pensamiento de Prebisch sobre el desarrollo económico", Albuquerque,

Francisco (ed). Madrid: ICI, 1991. Prebisch, Raúl. “Change and development”, Márquez, 200-217 Other Original Sources: Márquez, Part III Prebisch, Raúl. Pensamiento latinoamericano. CEPAL, R. Prebisch y A. Pinto. Victor M. Bernal Sahagun ... [et al.]

Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Seminario de Teoría del Desarrollo, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, 1980. 178 p. HC125 .P4375

Prebisch, Raúl. Hacia una dinámica del desarrollo latinoamericano: con un apéndice sobre el falso dilema entre desarrollo económico y estabilidad monetaria. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1963. 210 p. HC125 .P75

Prebisch, Raúl. Towards a dynamic development policy for Latin America. New York, United Nations, 1963. 103 p. GovDoc IGO UN/II.G/1964/4

Prebisch, Raúl. Transformación y desarrollo la gran tarea de América Latina. Informe presentado al Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Mexico Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1970. HC125 .P756.

Prebisch, Raúl. Selections. 1991. Obras, 1919-1948. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Raúl Prebisch, 1991. 3 v. HB178.5 .P762 1991

(b-c) Background: Fishlow, Albert, "The State of Economics in Brazil and Latin America" Is the Past Prologue to the Future?", in Stepan,

31Americas, pp. 57-78. Jorrín/Martz, "Ideologies of Development", pp. 428-447 Klaren, Peter F. "The Dilemmas of Development", in Chasteen/Tulchin, pp. 199-244. @ Research Topics: "Sources of Dependency Theory" "What was 'wrong' in Dependency Theory? "Dependency Theory today"

32 XIII. Ideas and the Future of Latin America. Outline: Latin America in Today's World. The Future of the State. Is Ideology Dead? Neoliberalism. The Revival of the Populists A New Role for the Intellectuals? The Impact of the Technocrats. A New Role for the Military? The 'Civil' Society: Grassroots Movements. Amnesty and memory The Left Today. The United States and Latin America Today The New Europe and the New Spain and Latin America. Regional integration: A New Ideology? Readings: Márquez, Part V De Soto, Hernando, “The Other Path”, Márquez, pp. 352-379 Burns, "Development, Democracy, and Disillusionment" (EBB, Ch 7, 187-233) Skidmore/Smith, "Brazil: Development for Whom?" (SS, Ch. 5, 144-184) Skidmore/Smith, "What Future for Latin America?" (SS 382-406 Fuentes, The Buried Mirror, Ch. 16, 313-329) @ $ Castañeda, Utopia Halperin, "Latin America in Our Time", pp. 338-400. @ $ Rosenberg, Ch. 12, "The Americas: Latin America and Caribbean People in the United States", pp. 335-272. Rumbaut, Rubén, "The Americans: Latin American and Caribbean Peoples in the United States", Stepan, Americas, pp.

275-307. Di Tella, Historia de los partidos políticos, "La democratización", 295-357; "Sistemas partidarios". Ocampo López, Javier. Historia de las ideas de integración Research Topics: "Spain and Latin America Today" "European-Latin American Relations" "A New Architecture of Inter-American Relations" "Aspects of the Hispanic Community in the U.S."

33Comprehensive Bibliographies (a) Classic Original Essays Alberdi, Juan Bautista. "Bases and Points of Departure for the Constitution of the Government of the Argentine

Republic," in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought. Washington D.C.: University Press of Washington D.C., 1966, pp. 126-132. [reader]

Alberdi, Juan Bautista. "Ideas para un curso de filosofía contemporánea". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura

Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 9, 1978. IIIc Arciniegas, Germán. "Qué llevaron los españoles a América", El continente de los siete colores-Historia de la cultura

en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Suramericana, pp. 64-93. [reader] Ardao, Arturo. "La idea de la Magna Colombia de Miranda a Hostos". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura

Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 2, 1978. IIIc Bello, Andrés. "Las repúblicas hispanoamericanas. Autonomía cultural". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura

Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 11, 1978 [reader] ______. "El castellano en América". Prólogo, Gramática de la lengua castellana. Chile: 1847 in Ripoll, Carlos.

Conciencia intelectual de América Antología del ensayo hispanoamericano (1836-1959). New York: Las Americas Publishing Company, 1970, pp. 50-57 [reader]

Bello, Andrés. "Las repúblicas hispano-americanas. Autonomía cultural". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura

Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 11, 1978. IIIc Betancourt, Rómulo. "A Government Program," in Davis, pp. 531-540. [reader] Bilbao, Francisco. "Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un congreso federal de las repúblicas". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos

de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 3, 1978 [reader] Bilbao, Francisco. "Chilean Social Structure," in Davis, pp. 164-171 [reader] ______. "The Law of History," in Davis, pp. 171-180 [reader] Bilbao, Francisco. "Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un congreso federal de las repúblicas". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos

de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 3, 1978. IIIc Bolívar, Simón. "Carta de Jamaica Contestación de un americano meridional a un caballero de esta isla (Henry

Cullen)". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 1, 1978 [reader]

Bolívar, Simón. "Discurso al Congreso de Angostura". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 30, 1978. IIIc Bolívar, Simón. "Carta de Jamaica". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad

Autónoma de México, No. 1, 1978. IIIc Bolívar, Simón. "Address Delivered at the Inauguration of the Second National Congress in Angostura (February 15,

1819)," in Davis, pp. 17-31 [reader] ______. "Message to the Congress of Bolivia," in Davis, pp. 31- 36 [reader] Caldera, Rafael. International Social Justice and Latin American Nationalism. Caracas: 1974, pp. 87-104 [reader]

34 Caldera, Rafael. "Nuestra concepción de la democracia". Roy, Joaquín (ed). El pensamiento demócratacristiano.

Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 63-69 [reader] Caso, Antonio. "The Philosophy of Culture and Historical Materialism," in Davis, pp. 402-413 [reader] Darío, Rubén. José Martí [reader] De Hostos, Eugenio María. "Theoretical Sociology," in Davis, pp. 236-255 [reader] De Miranda, Francisco. "Proclamación a los pueblos del continente americano". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura

Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 23, 1978. IIIc De Hostos, Eugenio María. "El día de América. Ayacucho". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica.

México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 17, 1978. IIIc De Hostos, Eugenio María. "El día de América", Obras Completas, Vol X. La Habana: 1939, in Ripoll, pp. 150-156

[reader] Depestre, René. "Problemas de la identidad del hombre negro". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica.

México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 14, 1978. IIIc Echeverría, Esteban. "Socialist Dogma of the Association of May," in Davis, pp. 104-105 [reader] ______. "Symbolic Words," in Davis, pp. 106-123 [reader] Fernández de Lizardi, José Joaquín. "Political Constitution of an Imaginary Republic," in Davis, pp. 39-55 [reader] Fernández Retamar, Roberto. "Nuestra América y el occidente". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica.

México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 10, 1978. IIIc Figueres, José. "Unity and Culture," in Davis, pp. 463-481 [reader] Frei Montalva, Eduardo. "The Road to Follow," in Davis, pp. 542-549.in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American..

[reader] Frei Montalva, Eduardo. "Paternalismo, pluralismo y movimientos reformistas cristianodemócratas en Latinoamérica."

Roy, Joaquín (ed). El pensamiento demócratacristiano. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 169-174 [reader]

Freyre, Gilberto. "Brazilian Society," in Davis, pp. 507-519. [reader] Fuentes, Carlos. "A Harvard Commencement," Myself with Others. Selected Essays. New York: Farrar, Straus &

Giroux, 1983, pp. 199-214 [reader] Gallegos, Rómulo. "La libertad y la cultura". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad

Autónoma de México, No. 26, 1978. IIIc Gálvez, Manuel. "The Cradle of Our Place," in Davis, pp. 415-425 [reader] García Calderón, Francisco. Les démocraties latines de l'Amérique. IIIc García Calderón, Francisco. "Las corrientes filosóficas en la América Latina", Revista Moderna. IIIc

35 González Prada, Manuel. "Nuestros indios". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad

Autónoma de México, No. 29, 1978. IIIc González Prada, Manuel. "Nuestros indios", Horas de Lucha. Lima: 1908, in Ripoll, pp. 189-201. ______. "Notas acerca del idioma", Páginas Libres, París: 1894, in Ripoll, pp. 208-214 [reader] González-Prada, Manuel. "Our Indians," in Davis, pp. 196-208 [reader] Guevara, Ernesto che. "El hombre nuevo". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad

Autónoma de México, No. 20, 1978. IIIc Guevara, Ernesto "Che." "General Principles of Guerrilla Warfare," Guerrilla Warfare. New York: Vintage Books, pp.

1-31 [reader] Guevara, Ernesto "Che." "El guerrillero, reformador social. Guerrilla de guerrillas: un método." Maestre, Juan (ed).

Ernesto "Che" Guevara. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 26-39 [reader] Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl. "Aprismo, Marxism, and Historical Time-Space," in Davis, pp. 448-455. [reader] Haya de la Torre, Victor R. "Qué es el A.P.R.A.? El problema histórico de nuestra América. Imperialismo,

antiimperialismo y marxismo." Rivarola, Milda y Planas, Pedro (ed). Victor R. Haya de la Torre. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 36-41, 59-64, 123-125 [reader]

Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "La utopía de América. La América española y su originalidad". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos

de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 25, 1978 [reader] Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "La utopía de América. La América Española y su originalidad". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos

de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 25, 1978. IIIc Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "La utopía de América". La utopía de América. Patria de la justicia. La Plata: 1925, in Ripoll,

pp. 366-372 [reader] Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "Conferencias sobre el positivismo", Revista Moderna. IIIc Ingenieros, José. "The Mediocre Man," in Davis, pp. 282-303 [reader] Ingenieros, José. "Nacionalismo e indianismo", Revista de América. IIIc Maldonado-Denis, Manuel. "Martí y Fanon". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad

Autónoma de México, No. 28, 1978. IIIc Mariátegui, José Carlos. Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (extractos). Lima: Biblioteca Amauta,

____, pp. 24-34 [reader] Mariátegui, José Carlos. "Outline of the Economic Revolution," Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality, pp. 3-

21 [reader] ______. "Economic Revolution in Peru," in Davis, pp. 433-445 [reader] Martí, José. "El partido liberal", en Obras Completas. IIIc Martí, José. "Nuestra América". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de

36México, No. 7, 1978. IIIc Martí, José. "The Moral Basis of Revolution," in Davis, pp. 259-266 [reader] Martí, José. "Nuestra América". El Partido Liberal. México: enero de 1891, in Ripoll, pp. 224-232. ______. "Agrupamiento de los pueblos de América". La América. Nueva York: octubre de 1883, in Ripoll, pp. 232-233

[reader] ______. "Tres héroes". Patria. Nueva York: febrero de 1893, in Ripoll, 233-237. ______. "El padre de las casas". La Edad de Oro. Nueva York: septiembre de 1889, in Ripoll, pp. 292-250 [reader] ______. "Mi raza". Patria. Nueva York: 16 de abril de 1893, in Ripoll, pp. 250-252 [reader] ______. "Buenos y malos americanos". La América. Nueva York: abril de 1884, in Ripoll, pp. 253-255 [reader] ______. "Inmigración en América". Patria. Nueva York: diciembre de 1894, in Ripoll, pp. 255-256 [reader] ______. "El hombre antiguo de América y sus artes primitivas". La América. Nueva York: abril de 1884, in Ripoll, pp.

257-260 [reader] ______. "Nuestra América". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de

México, No. 7, 1978, in Ripoll, pp. 224-232 [reader] Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel. "Análisis funcional de la cultura", Lunes de Revolución. IIIc Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel. "Civilización y barbarie (comentario)", De la Pampa. Editorial Losada, pp. 336-342

[reader] ______. "Desmembración", La cabeza de Goliath-Microscopía de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Club del Libro, 1940,

pp. 162-166 [reader] Martínez-Estrada, Ezequiel. "Civilization and Barbarity," in X-Ray of the Pampa, pp. 392-399 [reader] Miranda, Francisco de. "Proclamación a los pueblos del continente colombiano Alias Hispano-américa".

Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 23, 1978 [reader]

Miró Quesada, Francisco. "Impacto de la metafísica en la ideología latinoamericana". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de

Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 8, 1978. IIIc Montalvo, Juan. "Ojeada sobre América. Washington y Bolívar". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica.

México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 13, 1978, in Ripoll, pp. 107-118 and pp. 128-130 [reader] ______. "Tirano de media marca", Las Catilinarias. Panamá: 1880, in Ripoll, pp. 118-128 [reader] Montalvo, Juan. "Ojeada sobre América. Washington y Bolívar". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica.

México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 13, 1978. IIIc Montalvo, Juan. "The Heroes," in Davis, pp. 353-362 [reader] Mora, José María Luis. "Means of Preventing Revolutions," in Davis, pp. 150-160 [reader] Moreno, Mariano. "Memorial of the Hacendados," in Davis, pp. 58-77 [reader] Murena, Héctor. "Psiquis", El pecado original de América. Buenos Aires: Editorial Suramericana, 1965, pp. 172-187

[reader] Ortíz, Fernando. "Los factores humanos de la cubanidad", Revista Bimestre Cubana. IIIc Ortíz, Fernando. Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar, 1940 [reader]

37 Paz, Octavio. "From Independence to the Revolution," The Labyrinth of Solitude. Life and Thought in Mexico. New

York: Grove Press, Inc., 1961, pp. 117-149 [reader] Paz, Octavio. El ogro filantrópico (fragmento). México: 1978, pp. 358-361 [reader] ______. "La democracia imperial. América Latina y la democracia", Tiempo Nublado. Biblioteca Breve, 1981, pp. 29-

58, 161-188 [reader] Prebish, Raúl. "La quinta y la última etapa del pensamiento de Prebish sobre el desarrollo económico", Alburquerque,

Francisco (ed). Raúl Prebish. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp.86-112. [reader] Ramos, Samuel. "The Profile of the Mexican Culture," Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico. Texas: University of

Texas Press, pp. 102-109 [reader] Ramos, Samuel. "Antonio Caso", Ulises. IIIc Rangel, Carlos. "De las Indias al paraíso terrenal", Del buen salvaje al buen revolucionario, pp. 25-33. Reyes, Alfonso. "Notas sobre la inteligencia americana", Obras Completas. México: 1968, in Ripoll, pp. 414-420

[reader] ______. Las agonías de la razón, 1952 [reader] ______. "La ventana abierta hacia América", El Tiempo. Madrid: 8 de marzo de 1921, in Ripoll, pp. 413-414 [reader] ______. "El destino de América", Ultima Tule. México: 1942, in Ripoll, pp. 421-424 [reader] Reyes, Alfonso. "José Ortega y Gasset", Cuba Contemporánea. IIIc Reyes, Alfonso. "Notas sobre la inteligencia americana". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 15, 1978. IIIc Ribeiro, Darcy. "La cultura latinoamericana". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad

Autónoma de México, No. 6, 1978. IIIc Rodó, José Enrique. "Democracy and Cultural Aristocracy," in Davis, pp. 307-320 [reader] Rodó, José Enrique. "A la juventud de América", Ariel. Montevideo: 1900, in Ripoll, pp. 273-296 [reader] ______. El americanismo literario, in Ripoll, pp. 297-305 [reader] ______. "Ariel (Fragmento)". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de

México, No. 19, 1978 [reader] Rodó, José Enrique. "Ariel (fragmento)". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad

Autónoma de México, No. 19, 1978. IIIc Rodó, José Enrique. "América", El Cojo Ilustrado. IIIc Roig, Arturo Andrés. "Los ideales bolivarianos y la propuesta de una universidad latinoamericana continental".

Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 4, 1978. IIIc

Rojas, Ricardo. "Eurindia," in Davis, pp. 427-430 [reader] Sábato, Ernesto. "Cómo reconstruir al hombre argentino?", Antología. Bs.S.: Librearía del Colegio, 1970?, pp. 159-164

[reader]

38 Salazar Bondy, Augusto. "Sentido y problema del pensamiento filosófico hispanoamericano". Latinoamérica.

Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 12, 1978. IIIc Salazar Bondy, Augusto. "Panorama de la filosofía del Perú en los últimos cincuenta años", Mar del Sur. IIIc Salazar Bondy, Augusto. "Sentido y problema del pensamiento filosófico hispanoamericano". Latinoamérica.

Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 12, 1978 [reader] Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino. "Conflicto y armonías de las razas en América (Conclusiones)". Latinoamérica.

Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 27, 1978 [reader] ______. "Evocación de Juan Facundo Quiroga". Introducción de Civilización y Barbarie: Vida de Juan Facundo

Quiroga. Chile: 1845, in Ripoll, pp. 83-89 [reader] Sarmiento, Domingo F. "Facundo," in Davis, pp. 135-139 [reader] ______. "Concept of Liberty," in Davis, pp. 140-141 [reader] ______. "Concerning National Power," in Davis, pp. 142-147 [reader] Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino. "Conflicto y armonía de las razas de América". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura

Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 27, 1978. IIIc Sierra, Justo. "Inauguración de la Universidad Nacional". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 5, 1978 [reader] Sierra, Justo. "Social Development in New Spain," in Davis, pp. 322-326 [reader] Sierra, Justo. "Inauguración de la Universidad Nacional". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 5, 1978. IIIc Tamayo, Franz. "Carta de americanos para americanos", Repertorio Americano. IIIc Uslar Pietri, Arturo. "El mestizaje creador", Vista desde un punto. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1971, pp. 284-290

[reader] Valle, José Cecilio del. "Revolutions", in Davis, pp. 80-94 [reader] Varela, Felix. "Physics and Logic," in Davis, pp. 182-183 [reader] Vasconcelos, José. "El pensamiento iberoamericano". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 21, 1978 [reader] ______. "La raza cósmica. Misión de la raza iberoamericana", La raza cósmica. Barcelona: 1925, in Ripoll, pp. 321-

323 [reader] Vasconcelos, José. "A Youth Athenaeum," in Davis, pp. 386-389 [reader] ______. "Suggestions for an Ibero-American Sociology," in Davis, pp. 390-399 [reader] Vasconcelos, José. "La educación en México", Repertorio Americano. IIIc Vasconcelos, José. "El pensamiento latinoamericano". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 21, 1978. IIIc Villegas, Abelardo. "Cultura y política en Latinoamérica". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

39Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 24, 1978. IIIc

40 VI. LATIN AMERICAN SOCIAL, POLITICAL ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL THOUGHT AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES (List of Selected Readings-Texts in English by Alphabetical Order) [corresponds to "a" anb "b") Alberdi, Juan Bautista. "Bases and Points of Departure for the Constitution of the Government of the Argentine

Republic," in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought. Washington D.C.: University Press of Washington D.C., 1966, pp. 126-132.

Betancourt, Rómulo. "A Government Program," in Davis, pp. 531-540. Bilbao, Francisco. "Chilean Social Structure," in Davis, pp. 164-171. ______. "The Law of History," in Davis, pp. 171-180. Bolívar, Simón. "Address Delivered at the Inauguration of the Second National Congress in Angostura (February 15,

1819)," in Davis, pp. 17-31. ______. "Message to the Congress of Bolivia," in Davis, pp. 31- 36. Caldera, Rafael. International Social Justice and Latin American Nationalism. Caracas: 1974, pp. 87-104. Caso, Antonio. "The Philosophy of Culture and Historical Materialism," in Davis, pp. 402-413. De Hostos, Eugenio María. "Theoretical Sociology," in Davis, pp. 236-255. Echeverría, Esteban. "Socialist Dogma of the Association of May," in Davis, pp. 104-105. ______. "Symbolic Words," in Davis, pp. 106-123. Fernández de Lizardi, José Joaquín. "Political Constitution of an Imaginary Republic," in Davis, pp. 39-55. Figueres, José. "Unity and Culture," in Davis, pp. 463-481. Frei Montalva, Eduardo. "The Road to Follow," in Davis, pp. 542-549.in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American... Freyre, Gilberto. "Brazilian Society," in Davis, pp. 507-519. Fuentes, Carlos. "A Harvard Commencement," Myself with Others. Selected Essays. New York: Farrar, Straus &

Giroux, 1983, pp. 199-214. Gálvez, Manuel. "The Cradle of Our Place," in Davis, pp. 415-425. González-Prada, Manuel. "Our Indians," in Davis, pp. 196-208. Guevara, Ernesto "Che." "General Principles of Guerrilla Warfare," Guerrilla Warfare. New York: Vintage Books, pp.

1-31. Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl. "Aprismo, Marxism, and Historical Time-Space," in Davis, pp. 448-455 Ingenieros, José. "The Mediocre Man," in Davis, pp. 282-303. Mariátegui, José Carlos. "Outline of the Economic Revolution," Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality, pp. 3-

21. ______. "Economic Revolution in Peru," in Davis, pp. 433-445.

41 Martí, José. "The Moral Basis of Revolution," in Davis, pp. 259-266. Martínez-Estrada, Ezequiel. "Civilization and Barbarity," in X-Ray of the Pampa, pp. 392-399. Montalvo, Juan. "The Heroes," in Davis, pp. 353-362. Mora, José María Luis. "Means of Preventing Revolutions," in Davis, pp. 150-160. Moreno, Mariano. "Memorial of the Hacendados," in Davis, pp. 58-77. Paz, Octavio. "From Independence to the Revolution," The Labyrinth of Solitude. Life and Thought in Mexico. New

York: Grove Press, Inc., 1961, pp. 117-149. Ramos, Samuel. "The Profile of the Mexican Culture," Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico. Texas: University of

Texas Press, pp. 102-109. Rodó, José Enrique. "Democracy and Cultural Aristocracy," in Davis, pp. 307-320. Rojas, Ricardo. "Eurindia," in Davis, pp. 427-430. Sarmiento, Domingo F. "Facundo," in Davis, pp. 135-139. ______. "Concept of Liberty," in Davis, pp. 140-141. ______. "Concerning National Power," in Davis, pp. 142-147. Sierra, Justo. "Social Development in New Spain," in Davis, pp. 322-326. Valle, José Cecilio del. "Revolutions", in Davis, pp. 80-94. Varela, Felix. "Physics and Logic," in Davis, pp. 182-183. Vasconcelos, José. "A Youth Athenaeum," in Davis, pp. 386-389. ______. "Suggestions for an Ibero-American Sociology," in Davis, pp. 390-399.

42 VI. LATIN AMERICAN SOCIAL, POLITICAL ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL THOUGHT AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES (List of Selected Readings-Texts in English by Alphabetical Order) [corresponds to "a" anb "b") Alberdi, Juan Bautista. "Bases and Points of Departure for the Constitution of the Government of the Argentine

Republic," in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought. Washington D.C.: University Press of Washington D.C., 1966, pp. 126-132.

Betancourt, Rómulo. "A Government Program," in Davis, pp. 531-540. Bilbao, Francisco. "Chilean Social Structure," in Davis, pp. 164-171. ______. "The Law of History," in Davis, pp. 171-180. Bolívar, Simón. "Address Delivered at the Inauguration of the Second National Congress in Angostura (February 15,

1819)," in Davis, pp. 17-31. ______. "Message to the Congress of Bolivia," in Davis, pp. 31- 36.Caldera, Rafael. International Social Justice and

Latin American Nationalism. Caracas: 1974, pp. 87-104. Caso, Antonio. "The Philosophy of Culture and Historical Materialism," in Davis, pp. 402-413. De Hostos, Eugenio María. "Theoretical Sociology," in Davis, pp. 236-255. Echeverría, Esteban. "Socialist Dogma of the Association of May," in Davis, pp. 104-105. ______. "Symbolic Words," in Davis, pp. 106-123. Fernández de Lizardi, José Joaquín. "Political Constitution of an Imaginary Republic," in Davis, pp. 39-55. Figueres, José. "Unity and Culture," in Davis, pp. 463-481.Frei Montalva, Eduardo. "The Road to Follow," in Davis,

pp. 542-549.in Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American... Freyre, Gilberto. "Brazilian Society," in Davis, pp. 507-519. Fuentes, Carlos. "A Harvard Commencement," Myself with Others. Selected Essays. New York: Farrar, Straus &

Giroux, 1983, pp. 199-214. Gálvez, Manuel. "The Cradle of Our Place," in Davis, pp. 415-425. González-Prada, Manuel. "Our Indians," in Davis, pp. 196-208. Guevara, Ernesto "Che." "General Principles of Guerrilla Warfare," Guerrilla Warfare. New York: Vintage Books, pp.

1-31. Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl. "Aprismo, Marxism, and Historical Time-Space," in Davis, pp. 448-455 Ingenieros, José. "The Mediocre Man," in Davis, pp. 282-303. Mariátegui, José Carlos. "Outline of the Economic Revolution," Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality, pp. 3-

21. ______. "Economic Revolution in Peru," in Davis, pp. 433-445. Martí, José. "The Moral Basis of Revolution," in Davis, pp. 259-266.

43Martínez-Estrada, Ezequiel. "Civilization and Barbarity," in X-Ray of the Pampa, pp. 392-399. Montalvo, Juan. "The Heroes," in Davis, pp. 353-362. Mora, José María Luis. "Means of Preventing Revolutions," in Davis, pp. 150-160. Moreno, Mariano. "Memorial of the Hacendados," in Davis, pp. 58-77. Paz, Octavio. "From Independence to the Revolution," The Labyrinth of Solitude. Life and Thought in Mexico. New

York: Grove Press, Inc., 1961, pp. 117-149. Ramos, Samuel. "The Profile of the Mexican Culture," Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico. Texas: University of

Texas Press, pp. 102-109. Rodó, José Enrique. "Democracy and Cultural Aristocracy," in Davis, pp. 307-320.Rojas, Ricardo. "Eurindia," in

Davis, pp. 427-430. Sarmiento, Domingo F. "Facundo," in Davis, pp. 135-139. ______. "Concept of Liberty," in Davis, pp. 140-141. ______. "Concerning National Power," in Davis, pp. 142-147. Sierra, Justo. "Social Development in New Spain," in Davis, pp. 322-326.Valle, José Cecilio del. "Revolutions", in

Davis, pp. 80-94. Varela, Felix. "Physics and Logic," in Davis, pp. 182-183.Vasconcelos, José. "A Youth Athenaeum," in Davis, pp. 386-

389. ______. "Suggestions for an Ibero-American Sociology," in Davis, pp. 390-399.

44 VI.- LATIN AMERICAN SOCIAL, POLITICAL ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL THOUGHT AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES (List of Selected Readings-Texts in Spanish in Alphabetical Order) Arciniegas, Germán. "Qué llevaron los españoles a América", El continente de los siete colores-Historia de la cultura

en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Suramericana, ____, pp. 64-93 Bello, Andrés. "Las repúblicas hispanoamericanas. Autonomía cultural". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura

Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 11, 1978. ______. "El castellano en América". Prólogo, Gramática de la lengua castellana. Chile: 1847 in Ripoll, Carlos.

Conciencia intelectual de América Antología del ensayo hispanoamericano (1836-1959). New York: Las Americas Publishing Company, 1970, pp. 50-57.

Bilbao, Francisco. "Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un congreso federal de las repúblicas". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos

de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 3, 1978. Bolívar, Simón. "Carta de Jamaica Contestación de un americano meridional a un caballero de esta isla (Henry

Cullen)". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 1, 1978.

Caldera, Rafael. "Nuestra concepción de la democracia". Roy, Joaquín (ed). El pensamiento demócratacristiano.

Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 63-69. Darío, Rubén. José Martí. De Hostos, Eugenio María. "El día de América", Obras Completas, Vol X. La Habana: 1939, in Ripoll, pp. 150-156. Frei Montalva, Eduardo. "Paternalismo, pluralismo y movimientos reformistas cristianodemócratas en Latinoamérica."

Roy, Joaquín (ed). El pensamiento demócratacristiano. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 169-174.

González Prada, Manuel. "Nuestros indios", Horas de Lucha. Lima: 1908, in Ripoll, pp. 189-201. ______. "Notas acerca del idioma", Páginas Libres, París: 1894, in Ripoll, pp. 208-214. Guevara, Ernesto "Che." "El guerrillero, reformador social. Guerrilla de guerrillas: un método." Maestre, Juan (ed).

Ernesto "Che" Guevara. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 26-39. Haya de la Torre, Victor R. "Qué es el A.P.R.A.? El problema histórico de nuestra América. Imperialismo,

antiimperialismo y marxismo." Rivarola, Milda y Planas, Pedro (ed). Victor R. Haya de la Torre. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp. 36-41, 59-64, 123-125.

Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "La utopía de América. La América española y su originalidad". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos

de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 25, 1978. Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. "La utopía de América". La utopía de América. Patria de la justicia. La Plata: 1925, in Ripoll,

pp. 366-372. Mariátegui, José Carlos. Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (extractos). Lima: Biblioteca Amauta,

____, pp. 24-34. Martí, José. "Nuestra América". El Partido Liberal. México: enero de 1891, in Ripoll, pp. 224-232. ______. "Agrupamiento de los pueblos de América". La América. Nueva York: octubre de 1883, in Ripoll, pp. 232-

45233. ______. "Tres héroes". Patria. Nueva York: febrero de 1893, in Ripoll, 233-237. ______. "El padre de las casas". La Edad de Oro. Nueva York: septiembre de 1889, in Ripoll, pp. 292-250. ______. "Mi raza". Patria. Nueva York: 16 de abril de 1893, in Ripoll, pp. 250-252. ______. "Buenos y malos americanos". La América. Nueva York: abril de 1884, in Ripoll, pp. 253-255. ______. "Inmigración en América". Patria. Nueva York: diciembre de 1894, in Ripoll, pp. 255-256. ______. "El hombre antiguo de América y sus artes primitivas". La América. Nueva York: abril de 1884, in Ripoll, pp.

257-260. ______. "Nuestra América". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de

México, No. 7, 1978, in Ripoll, pp. 224-232. Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel. "Civilización y barbarie (comentario)", De la Pampa. Editorial Losada, ____, pp. 336-342. ______. "Desmembración", La cabeza de Goliath-Microscopía de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Club del Libro, 1940,

pp. 162-166. Miranda, Francisco de. "Proclamación a los pueblos del continente colombiano Alias Hispano-américa".

Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 23, 1978. Montalvo, Juan. "Ojeada sobre América. Washington y Bolívar". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica.

México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 13, 1978, in Ripoll, pp. 107-118 and pp. 128-130. ______. "Tirano de media marca", Las Catilinarias. Panamá: 1880, in Ripoll, pp. 118-128. Murena, Héctor. "Psiquis", El pecado original de América. Buenos Aires: Editorial Suramericana, 1965, pp. 172-187. Ortíz, Fernando. Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar, 1940. Paz, Octavio. El ogro filantrópico (fragmento). México: 1978, pp. 358-361. ______. "La democracia imperial. América Latina y la democracia", Tiempo Nublado. Biblioteca Breve, 1981, pp. 29-

58, 161-188. Prebish, Raúl. "La quinta y la última etapa del pensamiento de Prebish sobre el desarrollo económico", Alburquerque,

Francisco (ed). Raúl Prebish. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, 1991, pp.86-112 Rangel, Carlos. "De las Indias al paraíso terrenal", Del buen salvaje al buen revolucionario, pp. 25-33. Reyes, Alfonso. "Notas sobre la inteligencia americana", Obras Completas. México: 1968, in Ripoll, pp. 414-420. ______. Las agonías de la razón, 1952. ______. "La ventana abierta hacia América", El Tiempo. Madrid: 8 de marzo de 1921, in Ripoll, pp. 413-414. ______. "El destino de América", Ultima Tule. México: 1942, in Ripoll, pp. 421-424. Rodó, José Enrique. "A la juventud de América", Ariel. Montevideo: 1900, in Ripoll, pp. 273-296. ______. El americanismo literario, in Ripoll, pp. 297-305. ______. "Ariel (Fragmento)". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de

México, No. 19, 1978. Sábato, Ernesto. "Cómo reconstruir al hombre argentino?", Antología. Librería del Colegio, _____, pp. 159-164. Salazar Bondy, Augusto. "Sentido y problema del pensamiento filosófico hispanoamericano". Latinoamérica.

Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 12, 1978. Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino. "Conflicto y armonías de las razas en América (Conclusiones)". Latinoamérica.

Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 27, 1978.

46______. "Evocación de Juan Facundo Quiroga". Introducción de Civilización y Barbarie: Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. Chile: 1845, in Ripoll, pp. 83-89.

Sierra, Justo. "Inauguración de la Universidad Nacional". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 5, 1978. Uslar Pietri, Arturo. "El mestizaje creador", Vista desde un punto. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1971, pp. 284-290. Vasconcelos, José. "El pensamiento iberoamericano". Latinoamérica. Cuadernos de Cultura Económica. México:

Universidad Autónoma de México, No. 21, 1978. ______. "La raza cósmica. Misión de la raza iberoamericana", La raza cósmica. Barcelona: 1925, in Ripoll, pp. 321-

323.

47 (b) General Commentary Bibliography on Latin American Thought Abellán, José Luis. La idea de América: Origen y evolución Madrid: Itsmo 1972. F1408.3 .A23 IIa Abellán, José Luis, and Antonio Monclús (Ed). El Pensamiento español contemporáneo y la idea de América. El

pensamiento en España desde 1939-I-II. Barcelona: Editorial Anthropos, 1989. IIa Arciniegas, Germán. The Green Continent: A Comprehensive View of Latin America by Its Leading Writers. N.Y.:

Alfred A. Knopf, 1944. (*) IIIa IIa Ardao, Arturo. Estudios latinoamericanos: historia de las ideas. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1978. 221 p.

B1001.A7. Becco, Horacio Jorge. Contribucion para una bibliografia de las ideas latinoamericanas. Paris: Unesco, 1981. 230 p.

GovDoc IGO UNESCO 2:L357/5 Buela Lamas, Alberto. (ed.) Pensadores nacionales iberoamericanos. Buenos Aires: Biblioteca del Congreso de la

Nación, 1993. 2 vol. F1408.3.P43 1993. Bennet, John M. and Virumbrales, Pablo. El pensamiento político latinoamericano. New York: Oxford University

Press, 1976. IIa Bethell, Leslie. ed. The Cambridge history of Latin America. Cambridge/ New York: Cambridge University Press,

1984. 10 v. MIC/RES Reserve F1410 .C1834 1984 v.1 Casa de las Américas. Las Ideas en la América Latina: una antología del pensamiento filosófico, político y social.

Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba: Casa de las Americas, 1985. 1 copy ORDERED for North/South Acq. Dept. on 05-31-94.

Crawford, William Rex. A Century of Latin American Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961.

F1408.3 .C7 1961 IIa Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought: The History of Its Development Since Independence, with

Selected Readings. Washington: University Press of Washington, D.C. 1963. 558 p. HM22.S76 D3 1963 c.2 IIa

Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought. The History of Its Development Since Independence with

Selected Readings. Washington D.C.: University Press of Washington, D.C., 1966. IIa Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Thought: A Historical Introduction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University

Press, 1972. 269 p. B1001 .D38 IIa Earle, Peter G. and Mead, Jr., Robert G.. Historia del Ensayo Hispanoamericano. México: Ediciones de Andrea, 1973.

IIa Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. A Concise History of Latin American Culture. New York: Praeger, 1966. 214 p. F1408.3

.H4513 IIa Jorrín, Miguel, and John D. Martz. Latin American Political Thought and Ideology. Chapel Hill: University of North

Carolina Press, 1970. 453 p. JA84.L3 J65 IIa

48Liss, Sheldon B. Marxist Thought in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California, 1984. IIa Marichal, Juan. Cuatro fases de la historia intelectual latinoamericana (1810-1970). Madrid: Fundación Juan March,

1978. IIa Mead, Robert G. Breve historia del ensayo hispanoamericano México: De Andrea, 1956. (*) IIa ______ and Peter G. Earle. Historia del ensayo hispanoamericano. México: De Andrea, 1973. (*) IIa Meyer, Doris. (ed.) Reinterpreting the Spanish American Essay: Women Writers of the 19th and 20th Centuries.

Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1995. PQ7082.E8R38 1995. Ocampo López, Javier. Historia de las ideas de integración de America Latina. Tunja, Boyaca, Colombia: Editorial

Bolivariana Internacional, 1981. 321 p. F1410 .O25 1981. Ripoll, Carlos. Conciencia intelectual de América. Antología del ensayo hispanoamericano. N.Y. : Las Américas

Publishing Co., 1970/ N.Y.: E. Torres & Sons, 1974. F1408.3 .R53 1974 IIa IIId Romero, José Luis and Romero, Luis Alberto. Pensamiento político de la emancipación 1790-1825 (23-24). Caracas:

Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1977. IIa IIId Romero, José Luis and Romero, Luis Alberto. Pensamiento conservador 1815-1898 (31). Caracas: Biblioteca

Ayacucho, 1978. IIa IIId Romero, José Luis. Latinoamérica: las ciudades y las ideas. México: Siglo XXI, 1976. (*) IIa Roy, Joaquín. ed. Narrativa y crítica de Nuestra América. Madrid: Castalia, 1978. 420 p. Roy, Joaquín. El pensamiento demócratacristiano. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, No. 15, 1991. IIa IIId Schuttle, Ofelia. Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought. Buffalo: State Univ. of NY, 1993.

IIa Skirius, John. El ensayo hispanoamericano del siglo XX. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1981. IIId IIa Stabb, Martin. In Quest of Identity. Patterns in the Spanish American Essay of Ideas. 1890-1960. Chapel Hill:

University of North Carolina Press, 1967. 244 p. B1001 .S65 IIa Stabb, Martin S. América Latina. En busca de una identidad. Modelos del ensayo ideológico Hispanoamericano.

Caracas, Venezuela: Monte Avila Editores, 1969. IIa Tamayo Acosta, Juan José. La teología de la liberación. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, No. 10, 1990. IIa IIId Villegas, Abelardo. Reformismo y revolución en el pensamiento latinoamericano. México: Siglo XXI, 1977. 359 p.

JL966 .V54 1977 Iia Villegas, Abelardo. Democracia y dictadura: el destino de una idea bolivariana. México: UNAM, 1987.

JC421.V55.1987 Villegas, Abelardo. Democracia y derechos humanos. México: UNAM, 1994. JC571.D375 1994. Villegas, Abelardo. Cultura y política en América Latina. Mexico: Extemporáneos, 1978. HN110.5.A8 V49.

49Zea, Leopoldo. (ed.) Fuentes de la cultura latinoamericana. México: FCE, 1993. 3 vol. f1408.3.ff884 1993. Zea, Leopoldo. América en la conciencia de Europa. México: Los Presentes, 1955. 177 p. E20 .Z4. Zea, Leopoldo. Discurso desde la marginación y la barbarie. Barcelona: Anthropos, Editorial del Hombre, 1988. 284 p.

Richter Stacks D16.8 .Z38 1988. Zea, Leopoldo. La esencia de lo americano. Buenos Aires: Editorial Pleamar, 1971. 201 p. F1408.3 .Z4. Zea, Leopoldo. America Latina en sus ideas. Coordinación e introducción de Leopoldo Zea. París: Unesco; México,

D.F.: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1986, 499 p. GovDoc IGO UNESCO 76:I19/2. Zea, Leopoldo. Dependencia y liberación en la cultura latinoamericana. México: Editorial J. Mortiz, 1974.117 p.

F1408.3 .Z39. Zea, Leopoldo. Latinoamérica en la encrucijada de la historia. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,

Coordinación de Humanidades, Centro Coordinador y Difusor de Estudios Latinamericanos, 1981. 205 p. F1406.8 .Z4

Zea, Leopoldo. El pensamiento latinoamericano. México: Editorial Pormaca, 1965; Barcelona: Ariel, 1976. IIa Zea, Leopoldo. The Latin American Mind. Translated by James H. Abbott and Lowell Dunham. Norman: University

of Oklahoma, 1963. B1001 .Z423 IIa Zea, Leopoldo. Filosofía y cultura latinoamericanas. Caracas: Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos Rómulo Gallegos,

1976. IIa Zea, Leopoldo. Precursores del pensamiento latinoamericano contemporáneo. Selección, prólogo y notas de Leopoldo

Zea. México: Sep Diana, 1979. 260 p. F1408.3 .P74 1979 Zea, Leopoldo. La filosofía como compromiso de liberación. Prólogo de Arturo Ardao; seleccion, cronologia y

bibliografia, Liliana Weinberg de Magis y Mario Magallon. Caracas, Venezuela: Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1991. 434 p. B1001 .Z422 1991.

Zum Felde, Alberto. Indice crítico de la literatura hispanoamericana: Los ensayistas. IIa

50(b) BASIC COMMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY. Expanded and annotated. Abellán José Luis. La idea de América: Origen y evolución Madrid: Itsmo 1972. Written by one of the leading

Spanish experts on intellectual history, it contains important concepts to be incorporated in our text. Out of print. Only suggested for graduate students with high knowledge of language.

Arciniegas, Germán. The Green Continent: A Comprehensive View of Latin America by Its Leading Writers. N.Y.:

Alfred A. Knopf, 1944. An excellent introduction to the cultural history of Latin America. Blachman, Morris J. and Ronald G. Hellman. Terms of Conflict, Ideology in Latin American Politics. Philadelphia:

Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1977. A compilation of papers on special topics, it includes excellent theoretical comment on ideology and its role in Latin America. Not suitable as a basic text; only recommended for graduate students.

Crawford, William Rex. A Century of Latin American Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961. For

some time, one of the most used texts in the field, now out of print. Davis, Harold Eugene. Latin American Social Thought: The History of Its Development Since Independence, with

Selected Readings. Washington: University Press of Washington, D.C. 1963. A pioneer text, out of print. It stressed social thought with brief incursions into literature. Selections are a very convenient reference and reading tool only available in this volume with an anthological methodology.

-----. Latin American Thought: A Historical Introduction Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. A very useful text, eclectic in content, dealing with the pensadores, as well as social scientists and philosophers. Out of print.

Henríquez Ureña, Pedro. A concise history of Latin American culture. New York: Praeger, 1947, 1967. Still considered

one of the most influential books available in English and written originally by one of the most prestigious Latin American pensadores. An ideal introduction to both history and thought.

Jorrín, Miguel, and John Martz. Latin American Political Thought and Ideology. Chapel Hill: University of North

Carolina Press, 1970. A model of eclectic book, with special emphasis on political ideologies. However, 450 pages and the academic nature (very useful for graduate courses) make it out of reach of the educated general public. Needs up date on the last two decades.

Mead, Robert G. Breve historia del ensayo hispanoamericano México: De Andrea, 1956. Later expanded with Peter G.

Earle under the title of Historia del ensayo hispanoamericano. México: De Andrea, 1973. It is a classic in the genre, widely used as reference in the field of Latin American literature. Out of print. Only suggested for graduate students in Spanish, or undergraduates with high command of the language.

Ripoll, Carlos. Conciencia intelectual de América. Antología del ensayo hispanoamericano. N.Y.: Los Américas,

1966; Eliseo Torres, 1974. An excellent anthology of the most significant pieces by the outstanding masters of the essay. Very useful for graduate courses on Latin American literature, but out of reach for the general public or students with only limited knowledge of Spanish.

Romero, José Luis. Latinoamérica: las ciudades y las ideas. México: Siglo XXI, 1976. A exhaustive analysis of the

mejor ideologies of Latin America in the context of the cities where they have developed, from colonial times to today's crisis.

Stabb, Martin. In Quest of Identity. Patterns in the Spanish American Essay of Ideas. 1890-1960. Chapel Hill:

51University of North Carolina Press, 1967. Excellent book on that period of the essay of national identity, a model for other works on the subject. Out of print. Does not deal with contemporary political ideologies.

Villegas, Abelardo. Reformismo y revolución en el pensamiento latinoamericano. México: Siglo XXi, 1972, 1977. An

analysis of the major political ideologies of 20th century Latin America with special attention given to the Mexican Revolution, Batlle, Mariátegui and Haya de la Torre, Argentina and Brazil political thinkers and the Cuban revolution.

Zea, Leopoldo. The Latin American Mind. Translated by James H. Abbott and Lowell Dunham. Norman: University

of Oklahoma, 1963. Perhaps the most classic book on the field, a standard reference for different courses. Limited to XIXth Century. Does not deal with contemporary political ideologies or creative literature.

52© Basic Background Bibliography. Partially Annotated. Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. The Economic History of Latin America since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.

Press, 1994. RESERVE Burns, E. Bradford. Latin America: a concise interpretive history. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1972.

One of the most lucid introductions to history and politics of Latin America, an ideal text to follow the context of political and social thought and ideologies. F 1410.B8 1977. RESERVE

Bushnell, David, and Newil MacCaulay. The emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century. New York:

Oxford University Press, 1998. A text to be used for the understanding of the national period of consolidation. Castañeda, Jorge G. Utopia Unarmed: The Latin Amerrican Left after the Cold War. N.Y. Alfred Knopf, 1993. Chasteen, John Charles, and Joseph S. Tulchin. Problems in Modern Latin American History: A Reader. Wilmington,

Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1994. RESERVE Graham, Richard. Independence in Latin America. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1972. An ideal text to understand the

context of political ideas at the time of independence and how those ideas still have an impact on the development of Latin American political thought and ideologies.

Gil, Federico. Latin American-United States Relations. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971. F

1418.G483. RESERVE Halperin Donghi, Tulio. Historia contemporánea de América Latina. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1972; Histoire

contemporaine de l'Amérique Latine, tr. Anny Amberni (Paris: Payot, 1972); Latin American History (tent. title) Johns Hopkins, 1993.

______. The Aftermath of Revolution in Latin America. Translated by Josephine de Bunsen. N.Y. Harper, /1973. Hanke, Lewis and Jane M. Rausch, editors. People and Issue in Latin American History: from Independence to the

Present. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1994. RESERVE Kryzanek, Michael J. U.S.-Latin American Relations. New York: Praeger, 1990. F 1418.K78 1990. RESERVE Orr, Bernadette M. Americas: Study Guide. Oxford University Press, 1993. Pendle, George. A history of Latin America. New York/ London: Penguin, 1943, 1978. A classic history text, still a

must to follow in a coherent manner the different issues and national development. Pike, Frederick B. The United States and Latin America: Myths and Stereotypes of Civilization and Nature. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1992. F 1418.P555 1992. RESERVE Rosenberg, Mark B. and A. Douglas Kincaid, and Kathleen Logan. Americas: An Anthology. Oxford Univerity Press,

1993. RESERVE Skidmore, Thomas E., and Smith, Peter H. Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. F

1413.S55 1992. RESERVE