latin american revolutions and the industrial revolution
TRANSCRIPT
Latin American Revolutions
And the Industrial Revolution
Latin America
• This chapter will take place during and after the time of Napoleon.
• Napoleon is a big player in these revolutions.
• 3 countries will fall victim here, France, Spain, and Portugal.
• This chapter will explain in great detail how the Caribbean and South American countries fought for their freedom.
Haiti
• Haiti was the last main French possession in North America outside of Louisiana.
• The colony was a major trading port for sugar.
• When chaos of the French Revolution started, the people of Haiti saw their chance to become free.
Haiti
Sugar Plantations
Haiti
• Since all the French troops were tied up in France for the revolution, no reinforcements would be able to come if the island revolted too.
• White Frenchmen were outnumber by African slaves 3 to 1.
• The leader of the slave revolt will be Toussaint L’Ouverture (loo vhur TYOOR)
Toussaint L’Ouverture
• He was a self educated slave, with a caring master that helped him.
• The uprising is a success and France calls for peace. No troops were available to go to the island.
• This is the first fully successful slave revolt ever in world history.
• Toussaint will work with both races to start a new government on the island.
Haiti
• After the French Revolution is over Napoleon comes to power and wanted the income back from Haiti.
• Napoleon sends an invasion force to the island to bring it back into French hands.
• The French troops sent to Haiti lost bad.
• Yellow fever, winter gear, and unfamiliar territory wrecked the French.
Haiti
• The French stay for two years, Napoleon finally realized that he could not take back the island and he needed the troops in Europe.
• The only victory the French get out of Haiti is capturing Toussaint.
• He dies in prison shortly after.• Haiti becomes the only non-slave state in
the Western Hemisphere at the time.
Spanish Possessions
• Revolutions against Spain will mostly take place in Central and South America.
• Reasons for Revolution.• 1. A cumulative of racial, social, and
politics will make the public uneasy.• 2. Enlightenment Ideas – U.S. and France
have revolutions.• 3. Haiti becomes free, proved Latin
America can fight back.
Napoleon and Spain
• Napoleon is the trigger for Spanish possessions in the Americas to start revolts. He invades Spain.
• Spain cannot send any troops to stop the revolutionary forces, they are busy with Napoleon.
• Mexico is the first major country to fight Spain in the Americas.
Mexico
• The Mexican revolution is led by a Priest.
• Really ironic, suppose to preach peace.
• Father Hidalgo, led the people of Mexico especially the poor, Native Americans, and slaves against the Spanish forces.
• Throughout the campaign, Hidalgo is captured and executed.
Father Hidalgo
Mexico
• Another priest took Hidalgo’s place.
• Father Morales, he too was captured and shot.
• Eventually Spain will back out of Mexico and leave the country extremely poor.
• Later in history, Mexico will have trouble with the U.S. and France.
Central America
• Just south of Mexico, Spain will lose this territory too.
• For a short time it will turn into a united republic modeled like the U.S.
South America
• Native uprisings happen all the time. When Napoleon invades Spain, natives and local creoles will rise against the ruling Spanish.
• The revolutions in South America will be led by Simon Bolivar and San Martin.
• Both are Creoles that are highly educated nobles.
South America
• Both men help get rid of the Spanish control.
• They are not able to tame what happens to the land after the Spanish are out of the picture.
• Many civil wars break out, lots of corruption, poverty, and no order.
• South America stays the same, only thing different is the Spanish are gone.
Brazil
• Portugal owned Brazil for many years.
• Brazil will have the most calm and civilized revolution.
• When Napoleon invaded Spain, the Portuguese king knew his country was next.
• So he fled to Brazil, the most successful Portuguese colony.
Brazil
• The King making a presence keeps the country in order.
• He comes to Brazil and makes many reforms to make the public happy.
• Once the Peninsula War was over, the King decided to return to Portugal.
• He left his son behind to run Brazil.
• He also left advice. Smart advice.
Brazil
• The King told his son these words.
• “If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your head.”
• Basically, if the country wishes to become free, you lead them and make them happy.
England
• England had colonies in the Caribbean.
• Nobody revolted though because the government was stable.
• They could send troops if trouble came up.
• “Masters of the Sea” could send men anywhere anytime because they owned all the water ways.
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
• Takes place 1700’s – 1800’s
• Helps make many countries powerful economically and militarily.
• Output of goods greatly increased.
• As the dates above show, it was not overnight, gradually swept parts of the world.
• Starts in England, then rest of Europe, etc.
Reasons
• Reasons why the revolution starts.• 1. Improvement in agriculture – many new
inventions produce more food. Less farm hands needed, people move to city for jobs.
• 2. Population explosion – people live longer and become healthier.
• 3.Energy revolution – water wheels, coal, steam engines power machines now.
Britain
• Why does it start in England first?• Lots of raw materials like coal and iron.• Big population that can be put to work.• Advanced Technology – many great minds
that created inventions.• Economic monster – could trade
anywhere. Why?• Government – very stable and smart, pro
industry.
Trade
• Britain was a trading giant.
• Cotton was a great example.
• Had the crop shipped to England from all over the world, produced clothes in their factories. Made a boat load of money.
• High population made factory workers wages low, also was easy to find someone to fill up jobs. More details later.
Cotton
Transporting
• Land turnpikes – privately built roads to transport goods. Toll collection made $$.
• Railroads – revolution transportation, first train was steam powered.
• Bridge building – for roads and railroads.
• Canals – man made water ways, shortcuts. Steam boats also made deliveries fast.
Turnpikes
Railroads
Bridges
Canals
Inventions
• Seed Drill – By Tull, plant crops fast in rows.
Inventions
• Spinning Jenny – Hargreaves – spins thread quickly.
Inventions
• More powerful steam engine – Watts – used coal.
Inventions
• Cotton Gin – Whitney – takes seeds out of cotton.
Factory System
• Factories or Industries improved production, larger output of goods.
• Conditions – extremely horrible.• Mostly women and children worked in
factories – not confrontational. Accepted low wages.
• No excuses – hurt or sick means you are fired. Many people available to take your job. Ask for raise = fired.
Factory System
• Children, mostly orphans worked in factories, nobody cared about them.
• Had small hands to get in between machines.
• Worked 12-16 hrs. a day for pocket change.
• Because so many had poor wages, many lived together in 1 bedroom apartments with 20 other people – Slums.
Slums
Reforms
• Eventually reforms took place for child labor laws and other conditions.
• Methodist – Protestant religion that many workers turned to. The religion fought for reforms peacefully.
Thinkers of the Period
• Adam Smith – wrote Wealth of Nations.
• Talked about economic philosophies.
• Laissez Faire – No government involved with economy.
• Preached a free market system – no tariffs.
• His book was a great seller and many liked his ideas.
Adam Smith
Thinkers
• Malthus – population would out gain the food supply – this only happens in some parts of the world.
• People should have less kids.
• Jonathan Swift – a Modest Proposal – eat babies.
Thinkers
• Ricardo – Iron Law of Wages
• Formula
• When wages were high, many people had many children.
• More kids increased the labor force.
• This made wages later lower and unemployment higher.
Government Ideas
• Socialism – The people of the country own the business, not individuals.
• Communism – Karl Marx invented this theory.
• Form of socialism. Thought it would appear in England first.
• Social classes would eventually cease to exist and everyone shares the wealth.