Latin AmericaChapters 19-25-32

Chapter 19 Identify

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztecs (Aztec leaders?)

Hispaniola

1st Spanish colony in Caribbean SETTLED BY?

Tupac Amaru (Mestizo)

Leader of the Indian Revolution in Peru in 1781(failed)

Encomiendas

Grants of Indians to Spanish for labor

Chapter 19 Identify Taino

Indian group that supplied labor to Spanish in Caribbean

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Clarified spheres of influence in LA

Brazil to Portugal rest to Spain

Galleons

Large heavily armed ships

Basis for convoy system to transport bullion

Pizarro

Conquered Incas

Chapter 25 Identify

Toussaint L’Overture

Leader of slave revolt in St Domingue (Becomes?)

Simon Bolivar

Creole officer in N SA won victories in Ven Col Ecu

Gran Colombia

Ven Col Ecu Peru

Jose de San Martin

Led independence movements in Arg and Chile

Chap 25 Identify

Father Hidalgo

Mexican priest led independence movement (executed)

Augustin Iturbide

Joined Mexican independence movement 1st emperor

Benito Juarez

Led La Reforma Liberal revolution in Mexico

Monroe Doctrine

US policy to keep Europe out of the Americas

Chap 25 Identify Guano

Bird poop Major Peruvian export used for?

Manifest Destiny

US destined to rule from Ocean to Ocean

Dependency theory

Belief that developed and undeveloped areas were part of the same process

Areas that develop do so at the expense of undeveloped

Westernization

Move towards urbanized industrialized modern societies

Chap 25/32 Identify Marxism

Belief society will move from capitalism to socialism

Ridding itself of classes

United Fruit Co

US corp cotrolled banana trade Major influence

Fidel Castro

Led Cuban Revolution becomes communist dictator

Che Guevara

Militant Argentine helped Castro Killed trying revolt in Bolivia

Chapter 32 Identify Good Neighbor Policy

US policy (FDR) promised less intervention

Liberation theology

Catholic and socialistic ideas

Banana Republics

Latin American nations with corrupt gov

26th of July Movement

Cuban revolution

Manuel Noriega

De facto military ruler

US invades Panama in 1989 oust Noriega

Castile and Aragon

Queen Isabella I Castile

King Ferdinand II Aragon

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divide sphere of influence with Spain and Portugal

Expel Jews

Why is this a problem?

Conquistadors What are they?

Cruel, ambitious, greedy, elitist (saw themselves superior to natives)

Few were professional soldiers

Columbus 1492

?

Hernan Cortes 1519

?

Francisco Pizarro 1533

?

HOW DO THEY DO THIS?

Advantages Disease

Advanced weapons/armor

Internal native population divisions

Use of horses

Economic/Political policies

Regardless of the system Catholicism was spread

Mexico/Peru

Traditional native nobility (under Spanish) Preside over taxes and labor WHY?

Encomiendas

Labor system Natives granted to Spanish

Led to the Spanish nobility rising (crown was against this)

Change to Mita (dealing with local officials)

Natives now required to perform public service Work in mines and other public works

Economic policies Huge decrease in native population

Huge increase in European livestock

Haciendas

Huge rural agricultural and herding estates (for Americas)

Many natives work here to avoid encomiendas etc

Mining

Bullion (Gold and silver)

Discovery of mercury is important for silver trade

Bullion issues

How to get it to Europe?

Convoys and galleons

Negative effect in Spain

Caused a sharp rise in prices (general inflation)

Negative effect in Portugal

Can buy more imports

Neglect their own industry

Europe/New World interactions

Unlike E the NW cities were laid out in grids WHY?

Columbian Exchange

Social classes based on race

Plantations

Brazil was 1st in NW (Sugar) By 1700

Brazil ½ population were slaves

Competition for slaves (Europe)

Slave $ up Sugar $ down

Spain and Portugal Colonization

Spain was almost exclusively in the Americas

Portugal was in Africa and Asia as well

Brazil

Coffee becomes important crop by 1840 (40%)

Catholic church

1. Create monasteries

2. Establish missions (conversion)

3. Construct churches

4. Build universities

WHY?

Revolutionaries Tupac Amaru Peru

Toussaint L’Overture St Dominque (Haiti)

Father Hidalgo Mexico

Augustin Iturbide Mexico

Simon Bolivar South America

Jose de San Martin South America

Benito Juarez Mexico

Fidel Castro Cuba

Che Guervara Cuba Bolivia

Latin American Independence

Spain has to abdicate during the Napoleonic Wars

LA sees this as an opportunity for change

Brazil Independence Napoleonic Wars

Portugal’s royal flees to Brazil (Rio becomes powerful)

King eventually returns

leaves Pedro (son) as regent

Pedro declares independence

Becomes Constitutional emperor

Only newly freed Latin America country to not be a republic

Mexican-American War

1846-1848

Causes

1. Annexation of Texas (Disputes over border)

2. Manifest-Destiny

Results (Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo)

US gets (1/2 Mexican land) California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona

Spanish-American War

1898

Causes:

1. Cuba treated poorly by Spain

2. USS Maine blows up in harbor

3. Yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst)

Results (Treaty of Paris):

1. US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Cuba

2. US world power and Spain loses interests in LA

Modernization/Westernization

1. Education is important

2. Natural movement toward democracy

3. Social change and improvements

4. Had to increase per capita production

Worlds

1st world

Developed countries (US and industrialized allies)

2nd world

Industrialized Communist states

3rd world

Mostly Africa, Asia and Latin America

Not industrialized

Cuban Revolution 1953-1959

1953 26th of July

Fidel and Raul Castro tried to grab weapons Failed Put on trial but released later

Regroup in Mexico

Eventually are successful

Cuba

Fidel Castro

Announced Marxist leanings

Cut off ties with the US

Brought social reforms

1. Education

2. Housing

3. Healthcare

4. Jobs

Latin America Population movements

1. Laborers move across borders looking for work (US etc)

2. Political refugees trying to escape

3. Movement to cities

Democratic gov’s face problems

1. Inflation

2. Populist movement (anti-elite pro common man)

3. Threats from military leaders

4. drug trade issues

US in Latin America Desire to contain communism (Cold War)

Influence after WWII:

1. Peace Corps

2. Support pro-democracy gov

3. Participate in regional organizations

4. Covertly undermine “unfriendly” gov

Guatemala

United Fruit Co caused tension with reform gov Eventually UFC convinced CIA to help overthrow Arbenz

gov

Military Government

Military regimes were all nationalistic WHY?

After 1960’s

To stay in power military gov used political repression and torture to keep power

1950’s-1970’s

Chile Brazil Argentina Bolivia

All had military coups