latest eu regulatory developments on assoc. prof. leonidas ... pem… · gdi passenger cars in the...

In collaboration with the Labs of

Heat Transfer & Applied Thermodynamics

Aristotle University Thessaloniki

Assoc. Prof. Leonidas NtziachristosMech. Eng., PhD

Latest EU Regulatory Developments on Euro Standards and Measurement

Requirements

EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17

Outline

2EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17

1. European regulations in controlling vehicle emissions and associated vehicle technologies

2. Latest components of emissions regulations

3. Short Assessment and Outlook

EUROPEAN REGULATIONS IN CONTROLLING VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND ASSOCIATED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES

Overview of latest EU emission limitsParameter LD HD

Cycles WLTP + RDE WHSC + WHTC

Durability (km) 160,000 700,000

NOx (g/km) / (g/kWh) Petrol: 0.060, RDE: 0.090Diesel: 0.080, RDE: 0.120

WHSC: 0.4WHTC: 0.46

PM (g/km) / (g/kWh) 0.0045 0.01

PN (particles/km) Diesel: 6×1011, RDE: 9×1011

GDI: 6×1011, RDE: 9×1011

WHSC: 8 × 1011

WHTC: 6 × 1011

CO (g/km) Petrol: 1.0Diesel: 0.5

WHSC: 1.5WHTC: 4.0

THC (g/km) Petrol: 0.10, NMHC: 0.068Diesel: 0.17 HC+NOx

WHSC: 0.13WHTC: 0.16

System Each vehicle Each vehicle

Other provisions Low T CO&HC, OBD, Evap, Extended RDE, Relaxed for LDT

In-use compliance using PEMS, max NH3 = 10 ppm, access to OBD, crankcase (no limits)


Activity in the regulatory front - LDVs

5

Year Regulation Content

2007715/2007 Introduction of Euro 5 and Euro 6

2007/46 New regulation on vehicle type approvals

2008 692/2008 Euro 5 & 6 implementation procedures and modalities

2009

79/2009 Extension of type approval for H2 vehicles

443/2009 CO2 specific targets from passenger cars

661/2009 Mandatory implementation of GSIs and TPMs on PCs

2010 406/2010 Certificate of conformity of H2 vehicles

2011

510/2011 CO2 specific targets from vans

566/2011 IUPR and In-Service conformity testing for Euro 6

725/2011 Certification of eco-innovations

201265/2012 Implementation of GSIs

459/2012 PN number for GDIs and Euro 6 OBD limits

630/2012 TA provisions for H2, H2NG, and hybrid electric vehicles2013 195/2013 Introduction of eco-innovations as part of the type approvals

2016427/2016 1st Package of RDE: Procedures, requirements, evaluation method646/2016 2nd Package of RDE: Boundary conditions, conformity factors, timing

20171151/2017 WLTP replaces NEDC, repeals 692/2008

1152&3/2017 CO2 correlation between WLTP and NEDC – LCV & PC1154/2017 3rd Package RDE: Cold start, PN and hybrids

2018 ???? 4th Package RDE: In service conformity method revision


Emissions regulations evolution

6

Euro 6c/d compliance requirements: For GDI vehicles the Particle Number (PN) limit aligned with the diesel one: 6×1011 particles/km

OBD thresholds reduction both for NOx and Particulate Matter (PM)

WLTP replaced NEDC

RDE (Real Driving Emissions) with Conformity Factors (CF) limits on:

▪ NOx 2.1 temporary RDE – 1.5 Final RDE ▪ PN 1.5 to account for measurement uncertainties

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

New Types Homologation OBD Euro 6-1

New Vehicles Registration

Euro 6 bEmissions

OBD

OBD

OBD Euro 6-2

Euro 6 c

Monitoring

OBD Euro 6-1

Euro 6 b

OBD Euro 6-2

Euro 6 c

NEDC

NEDC WLTP

RDE

Homologation Cycle

Emissions

RDE

Homologation Cycle

WLTP

E6d Temp RDE E6d RDE

E6d Temp RDE E6d RDE


Real drive emissions control - procedure

7

1. Testing with PEMS 2. Averaging window 3. Calculations

NTEpollutant = CFpollutant × EURO-6

NTE applies for whole RDE and urban parts


Typical Euro 5 diesel emission control

Main elements of a typical diesel Euro 5 LDV: Turbo-charged, common rail engine

Close-coupled oxidation catalyst

Diesel Particulate Filter (GPF), close-coupled or underfloor

HP cooled EGR for NOx control

Source: Faurecia

8

Aged EGR

valve


Typical Euro 6(a&b) diesel emission control

Main elements of a typical diesel Euro 6a&b LDV: Euro 5

Lean NOx Trap upstream of DPF to reduce NOx emissions (50-70%)


Typical Euro 6(c) aftertreatment

Source: Adapted from www.dieselforum.org

4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O

2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 → 3N2 + 6H2O

10

Main elements of a typical diesel Euro 6c LDV: SCR added in the exhaust line


Source: Mercedes - BenzMain elements of first diesel Euro 6d LDV (RDE Compliant): Turbo-charged, common rail, high pressure injection

Close-coupled oxidation catalyst

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) coated DPF

Additional SCR

Hybrid HP (low load) and LP (high load) EGR for NOx control

DOCSCRF+SCR

Urea Injection

Latest Euro 6(d) diesel emission control (RDE Compliant)


GDI passenger cars in the EU and the US

➢ In 2015 the market share of GDIs represented 40 % of new gasoline car sales in both the EU and the US

➢ In 2005, GDI appeared as a mere 3% of cars sold in the EU (zero in the US)

➢ These vehicles complied with a temporary EURO6 PN emission limit of 6×1012 particles/km

Source: ICCT, 2016


GPF substrate, Source: AECC

Possible Aftertreatment

Configurations

Source: Umicore

Main elements of a typical RDE-compliant petrol Euro 6 aftertreatment: Close-coupled TWC, similar to Euro 5 vehicles

Catalysed Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF), close-coupled or underfloor

Possible secondary air injection for fast production of exotherm in catalyst

Latest Euro 6 petrol emissions control (RDE compliant)

13

GPF, Source: Faurecia


w GPFSources:

GDI1,2, DPF : Giechaskiel et al. 2015, Frontiers in Env. Sci. Air Pollution

GDI3: Demuynck (AECC) 2016, Bonn, ICPC 4

GDI4: Bosteels (AECC) 2016, ICPC 3rd

14

PN emissions in lab (PMP) and on the road (PEMS)


Real world influence on particle generation

➢The previous was just a snapshot

➢Many other influences:

FuelAmbient temperature

PayloadAggressive Driving

Heavy fuel

Lab results (WLTP) on-road

Sources:

• Giechaskiel et al. 2015, Frontiers in Env. Sci. Air Pollution

• Riccobono et al. 2016

• ACEA/JAMA presentation


How low can PN from GDIs go in real life?

➢ Even with a GPF several influences can amount to a significant contribution

➢ Care needs to be taken to have efficient GPFs

➢ Current practice suggests 60% efficiency, but can reach 80% or higher

Theoretical scenario

16 16EMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17

LATEST COMPONENTS OF EMISSION REGULATIONS

Inclusion of cold start in RDE

➢RDE starts with a cold engine following certain soaking conditions (min 30 min driving then soaking in ambient conditions for 5-56 hours)

➢Additional driving requirements for 5 first min of driving(urban start, mx first idle 15s , mean speed 15-40 km/h, max continuous stop 90s)

➢Retention of minimum number of hot start trips to avoid cold start specific tuning


Regeneration

19

➢ If vehicle below limit: PASS

➢ If vehicle above limit, then check if regeneration occured

If yes, then take away Ki-factors and check if results are below limit: PASS

If yes, but results above the limit, finish regeneration and retest

• If retest and regeneration recurs, new test is validEMISIA Workshop, Zurich, 2017-11-17

Plug-In Hybrid vehicles (OVC-HEVs)

➢Additional provisions:

Suggested to test in charge sustain mode

Minimum ICE operation in urban conditions: 12 km

Method to be reviewed if so suggested by evidence20

Source: Franco et al, ES&T, 2016

Weighted test result

Weighted test result

urban

CO2 over WLTC

Measured pollutant

level


RDE 4

➢RDE 4 discussions initiated January 2017

➢Main topics in the agenda include:

RDE method revisions from RDE3 implementation evidence (cold-start, hybrids, evaluation methods, conformity factors, etc.)

In-service conformity requirements (independent labs, responsibilities beyond manufacturers)

Multi-stage LCVs

Fuel issues and transfer function


Regulations in the pipeline

22

➢ Regulated air pollutants

RDE 4 Package

Euro 6 and VI OBD (incl. PM/PN monitoring)

L-category vehicles (scooters, motorcycles, …)

Euro 7?

➢ CO2 regulations

New CO2 emissions targets for PCs and Vans

CO2 labeling for HDVs

RDE considerations

➢Other issues (durability, NO2, NH3, tyre and brake wear…)


Real driving emissions control – need & approach

23

Driving CO2 (g/km) CO (mg/km)NOx

(mg/km)CFNOx

RDE 150 2.9 360 4.5

Hilly 334 10.7 3907 49

Euro 6 at different driving conditions - LAT

Euro 6 at different ambient temperature - TNO

DrivingNOx

(mg/km)CFNOx

CADC 23oC 26 0.3

PEMS 2oC 665 8.3


SHORT ASSESSMENT & OUTLOOK

Summary of emission limits around the worldRegion LD HD Remarks

Australia Euro 6 (2017/18) Euro VI (2016)

China China 6b (2023)NOx 0.035 g/kmPM 0.003 g/kmN2O 0.02 g/km

China VI (2018)Same as Euro VI

Based on Euro 6 with inclusion of RDE w/o cold start (MAW method)

India Bharat Stage VI (2020) = Euro 6 Bharat Stage VI (2020) = Euro VI

Japan WLTP (2018)NOx D - 0.15 g/km, P - 0.05 g/kmPM 0.005 g/km

WHTC (2016)NOx 0.4 g/kWhPM 0.01 g/kWh

Korea Petrol follows CA LEV-ZLEV since 2013Max NOx: 0.044 g/km (FTP-75)Diesel follows Euro 6 since 2014 (NEDC)

Korea Stage 3, SS and transientNOx: 0.4 g/kWhPM: 0.02 g/kWh

Russia Euro 5 (2014) Euro V (2016)

Turkey Euro 6 (2017) Euro VI (2015)

USA NOx+NMOG FTP = 0.019 g/kmSFTP = 0.031 g/km

SET + NTENOx 0.26 g/kWhPM 0.013 g/kWh

25The Reduction of Particulate Matter & Nitrogen Oxides from Automobiles, Seoul, 2017-11-07

Short assessment and outlook

➢New European Regulations have no margin to fail

➢Aggressive CO2 regulations in EU trade-off with NOx

➢RDE with PN inclusion and WLTP much more robust than NEDC

➢Living procedure: continuous review of approach and methods

➢Thoughts for more stringent limits, new pollutants, following global developments. Euro 7?


Thank you for your attention!

Thank you for your attention!For more information: [email protected]

latest eu regulatory developments on assoc. prof. leonidas ... pem… · gdi passenger cars in the...

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