Later People of the Fertile Crescent

Chapter 3; Section 4

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Fertile Crescent Empires

Babylonian

Phoenician

Chaldean

Assyrian

Kassite

Hittite

Fertile CrescentEmpires

Later Empires of the Fertile Crescent

Babylonian Hittites Kassites Assyrians Chaldeans Phoenicians

Later Empires of the Fertile Crescent

Babylonian Hittites Kassites Assyrians Chaldeans

•Conquered Sumer•Hammurabi-brilliant leader, ruled for 42 years•Hammurabi’s Code-1st law code written down, 282 laws, and eye for an eye concept•Created Irrigation Projects and improves tax system•Hammurabi dies and empire declines (weakens)

•Captured Babylon•Empire in present-day Turkey•Used Chariots and fire arrows around the battlefield•Hittite rule did not last long

•Kassite people captured the Hittite people after their king was assassinated•Ruled for 400 years

•In 900 BC, they started to conquer all of the Fertile Crescent•STRONG, ORGANIZED ARMY•They spread terror•Demanded heavy taxes and punished those who resisted•Built roads to link parts of the empire•Messengers on horseback to deliver messages•Series of wars weakened the empire

•Destroyed Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire and rebuilt Babylon•Nebuchadnezzar was their most famous ruler•Nebuchadnezzar build one of the wonders of the world “Hanging Gardens”•Admired Sumerian culture and studied their language •Babylon center of astronomy

Phoenicians•Present-day land of Lebanon •Wealthy trading society•Cedar and Purple Dye•Mountains blocked their trade routes, so they turned to the sea•Tyre-harbor•Colonies-Carthage•Had fast ships•Traveled around Mediterranean•World’s 1st alphabet

Tips: Remember this Sentence

Sam and Bob heard kangaroos and

chimpanzees playing.

Sam (Sumer) and (Akkad) Bob

(Babylonian) heard (Hittites) kangaroos

(Kassites) and (Assyrians)

chimpanzees (Chaldeans) playing

(Phoenicians)

Main Idea 1:The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and

created a code of law.

• Hammurabi was Babylon’s king.

• During his rule, Babylon became the most important city in Mesopotamia.

• Hammurabi’s Code was a set of 282 laws he created that dealt with almost every part of daily life.

Babylon’s king and the city’s greatest monarch, or ruler of a kingdom or empire

Brilliant war leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into his Babylonian Empire

Hammurabi• Oversaw building

and irrigation projects and improved the tax system

• Developed a set of laws that was written down for all to see

Hammurabi’s Code• Hammurabi wrote down 282 laws which contained some ideas still

found in laws today.

• Specific crimes brought specific penalties.

• Social class was taken into account. It was a greater crime to injure a rich man than a poor one.

• It was unique not only because of how thorough it was, but also because he wrote it down for all to see.

Main Idea 2:Invasions of Mesopotamia

changed the region’s culture.• Armies battled for control of fertile land.

• Different peoples ruled Mesopotamia.– Hittites– Kassites– Assyrians– Chaldeans

• Each group affected the culture of the region.

The Hittites & KassitesThe Hittites were the first to master ironworking, so they made the strongest weapons of the time.

They used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart, which allowed them to move quickly around the battlefield.

They were taken over by the Kassites after their king was assassinated.

The Kassites ruled for almost 400 years.

The Assyrians• The Assyrians had a strong army that used chariots and iron

weapons.

• They spread terror before battles by looting villages and burning crops.

• Assyrian kings ruled their empire through local leaders who each governed a small area.

• The local leaders demanded heavy taxes.

The Chaldeans• The Chaldeans attacked the Assyrians when they were weak and

destroyed their empire.

• Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city that had the famous Hanging Gardens.

• They admired the Sumerian culture, studied their language, and built temples to Sumerian gods.

• Babylon became a center for astronomy.

Resources

• Prized Cedar trees for timber

• Accessed the sea for trade

• Built great harbors

Main Idea 3:The Phoenicians built a trading society in the

eastern Mediterranean region.

Alphabet

• Recorded their activities

• Made writing much easier for everyone

• Is the basis for the English language

Expansion of Trade

• Sailed ships around the Mediterranean Sea

• Founded several new colonies along the trade routes

• Became wealthy

Expansion of Trade

Chapter 3 Summary

Chapter 3-4 Questions

1. When did Hammurabi become Babylon’s king?2. How did Hammurabi conquer Mesopotamia?3. Why would it have been helpful for people to have the law

code written down?4. Why did the Hittite Kingdom come to an end?5. What military advantages did the Assyrians have?6. How do you think the use of chariots by Hittites affected the

opposing army’s foot soldiers?7. How did the Assyrians rule their empire?8. What advances did the Chaldeans make?9. Where did Phoenician ships sail?10. Why was the Phoenician alphabet an important

development?11. What led the Phoenicians to create a successful sea trade?