late nineteenth-century imperialism and the scramble for africa 1880-1914
TRANSCRIPT
Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and
the Scramble for Africa
1880-1914
Africa, 1794
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Causes of “New” Imperialism
1. ECONOMIC motives: profit?
2. PRESTIGE and NATIONALISM
3. DOMESTIC POLITICS: Bismarck
4. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and its technological advances
5. Ideological reasons:
A. SOCIAL DARWINISM
B. WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
C. MISSIONARY ZEAL
Cecil Rhodes, 1853-1902• Epitomized British
Imperialism• Fifth son of English
Vicar• Went to Natal, studied
at Oxford• 1888 founded DeBeers
Mines• Most enthusiastic
imperialist• Rhodesia, founded
1895
King of Belgium, Leopold II (r. 1865-1909)
• 1860: "I believe that the moment is come for us to extend our territories. I think that we must lose no time, under penalty of seeing the few remaining good positions seized upon by more enterprising nations than our own.”
• 1876: International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo
Henry M. Stanley (1841-1904)
• Orphan• Self-made• Wanderer• Journalist• Explorer• Found David
Livingstone• 1878: goes to work
for Leopold
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Pierre de Brazza (1852-1905)
• Italian born, 7th son of nobleman
• Explored the north of the Congo river for France
• Brazzaville• Ran into conflict
with Stanley
Egypt• Muhammad Ali, 1769-
1849; r. 1805-1848• Ottoman general
(Albanian) turned ruler and reformer
• Focus: Military reform• Agriculture: Cotton,
profitable but devastating• Tried to Europeanize
Egypt.• 1820s conquered Sudan
Egypt
• Ismail Pasha, r. 1863-1879 (grandson of Ali)
• Paris educated• 1867: Khedive/Hidiv of
Egypt and Sudan• Further modernized:
– Post office– Sugar industry– Railroads– Suez Canal
Egypt• Suez Canal (completed 1869)• But Europeanization greatly
increased debt, from 3 to 100 million pounds
• 1875: Ismail forced to sell shares in Suez Canal Company
• British PM D’Israeli paid 4 million pounds
• British and French interference increased.
• 1879: Pressured Ottoman Sultan to replace Ismail with Tewfik.
Urabi revolt, 1879-1882
• Col. Ahmed Urabi– Egyptian nationalist party– Anti-European– Anti-Ottoman
• British and French worried of debt and Suez (sent warships)
• June 1882: Provoked riots in Alexandria
• British decided to occupy
Berlin Conference (1884-1885):Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry
1. Effective Occupation2. Congo Free State3. Abolished Slavery
Participants:GermanyAustria–HungaryBelgiumDenmarkFranceUnited KingdomItalyNetherlandsPortugalRussiaSpainSweden-NorwayOttoman Empire
Battle of Khartoum, 1885
Battle of Adwa, 1896Menelik II of Ethiopia vs. Italy
• Ethiopians: 100,000 troops; 40 artillery guns• Italians: 15,000 troops, 56 artillery guns• Casualties: 8000 each side
Battle of Omdurman, 1898
Maxim gun and modern artillery
Fashoda incident, 1898
French: Jean-Baptiste Marchand
British: Horatio Herbert Kitchener
(later Lord Kitchener)
George Washington Williams (1849-1891)
• First African American
Historian
• 1889: Leopold II
• 1890: Congo Free State to
settle African Americans
• 1890: wrote Leopold an open
letter
• 1891: died
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
• Jozef Teodor Konrad
Nalecz Korzeniowski
• Merchant marine
• Languages
• Congo in 1890
• Heart of Darkness
(1899)
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Consequences of New Imperialism
1. ARMY OF OCCUPATION: Guns and plunder
2. AFRICAN SOCIETY
a) DEATH
b) RULES OF SOCIETY
c) ECONOMY: World Map of GDP per capita
d) NEW BORDERS
e) HUMILIATION
Consequences (cont.)
3. CULTURE
4. CONFLICT AMONGST IMPERIAL POWERS
5. ENCOURAGED EUROPEANS’ SENSE OF
SUPERIORITY and RACISM