last word: chapter 26, section 4 reading guide due friday; test monday frontpage: turn in your...
TRANSCRIPT
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Last Word: Chapter 26, Section 4 Reading Guide due Friday; test Monday
FrontPage: Turn in your FrontPage sheet.
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Imperialism and Imperialism and Nationalism in the Nationalism in the
Middle EastMiddle East
Late 1800’s to early 1900’s
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The Ottoman Empire (1800)
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Challenges to Ottoman Power
During 1700’s/1800’s, European influence in the Middle East grew– The Ottoman Empire gradually started to lose
territory to European nations
– Began to be called the “sick man of Europe” since it was on the decline.
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Ottoman Empire (1878-1914)
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“The Young Turks”
Wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end Western influence
Overthrew the sultan in 1908; put new sultan in power to carry out their policies– Persecuted non-Muslim communities– Stressed differences between Turks and Arabs
Sided with Germany in World War I– Lost many of its provinces as a result
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World War I
Ottoman Empire sides with Germany (Central Powers)
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After the war…
Versailles Treaty takes away many of Turkey’s provinces in the MidEast– Treaty gave mandates (territories administered by a
nation but not owned) to the victorious western Powers
• Britain gets Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine• France gets Syria and Lebanon
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Mandates After World War I
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Kemal Ataturk Considered the “father of modern Turkey
– Turkish general who helped to fight off Greece after WWI
– (1923) Overthrew the sultan and set up the republic
Reforms of Ataturk– Modernization – built factories, separated
religion from the state– Westernization – used western law model,
calendar and metric system, banned hijab and fez
**Many Muslims were angered by these policies of westernization
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Rise of Modern Egypt
(Early 1800’s) Egypt becomes focus of rivalry between France and Britain– Both nations wanted to build and control
the Suez Canal
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Muhammed Ali Considered the “father of modern
Egypt” Governor of Egypt in early 1800’s
– Attempted to modernize Egypt with reforms
Those who came after him created a large debt– Egypt eventually sold rights to Suez
canal to French and control of canal to British
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Egyptian Independence
Finally declared independence in 1922 – Did not regain control of the Suez Canal until
1956
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Struggle for Iran
(1800’s) European powers also acquired spheres of influence in Iran– Shahs (Iranian leader) were weak; unable to resist
European expansion
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Reza Khan
Iranian Army officer who seized power in 1925– Set up the Pahlavi
dynasty Reforms:
– Tried to end foreign control
– Attempted to modernize Iran
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Conflict over Palestine
During the 1920’s and 1930’s this area became the center of conflict between Arabs and Jews
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Zionism Movement which seeks to re-
establish a Jewish state in Palestine– began in the late 1800’s– Led by Theodor Herzl– Driven by growth of anti-
Semitism (hatred or fear of Jews) in Europe and elsewhere
Jews from Europe begin to emigrate to Palestine
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The Balfour Declaration
Jews from Europe begin to emigrate to Palestine
Britain issues this statement that supports both sides – Favors the establishment in Palestine of a
Jewish homeland– Nothing should “prejudice the civil and
religious rights of non-Jewish communities in Palestine”
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The Seeds of Conflict
During the 1930’s, increased numbers of Jews move to Palestine– Zionists help them to settle by purchasing land
from city landowners– Arab tenant farmers find themselves forced to
leave; have trouble finding new work in the cities
**Conflict develops between Arabs and Jews in Palestine…
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Review
Which empire was called the “sick man of Europe” because of its diminishing status?
What is a mandate? Which person was called the “father of modern
Turkey”? Which person was called the “father of modern
Egypt”? Which person seized power in Iran in 1925 and
attempted to modernize the country? What is Zionism? Who was the founder of this
movement?