By : Mr. Viplove Kataria

M.S. Student

NIPER, Mohali

Last Month Preparation

Pharmaceutics Pharmacology

Pharmacognosy Pharmaceutical

Chemistry

Subjects to be covered

Pharmaceutics

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

Physical Pharmacy

Pharmaceutical Technology

Dispensing Pharmacy & Unit Operations

Cosmetics Preparations & Biotechnology

Microbiology & Jurisprudence

Main topics to be covered in Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

• Mechanisms of drug absorption

• Theories of dissolution

• Equations like Fick’s law, Noyes Whitney eqn etc.

• Types of models of mechanism of drug release i.e. Zero order, first order, Higuchi Model,

Hixon-Crowel, Korsmeyer- Peppas

• Dissolution Apparatus Types (according to USP & IP), Testing, Interpretation

• BCS classification, Modified BCS classification, Examples of each class

• Concepts of Pharmacokinetics

• Biological half –life, equations of t1/2 (according to zero order & first order)

• Volume of distribution (Vd), equations

• Clearance, Total Body Clearance, Renal Clearance, equations

• Elimination Rate Constant (Ke), equations

Main topics to be covered in Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

• Relationship between t1/2, Vd, Ke, Cl

• GFR, Markers of GFR

• Compartment Models ( One, Two & Multi, their eqns)

• AUC, AUMC, MRT, Css, eqns

• Concepts of loading dose, maintenance dose, eqns

• Non-linear Kinetics overview, Michaelis-Menton eqn

• Concepts of bioavailability, Types: Absolute, Relative, eqns

• Bioequivalence concepts : terms like bioequivalents, Chemical equivalents, Pharmaceutical

equivalence, Therapeutic equivalents etc.

• IVIVC, levels of correlation

• Handerson-Hasselbach eqn, numericals

• ICH guidelines, Climate Zones

Suggested Books

Brahmankar – Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

Main topics to be covered in Physical Pharmaceutics

• Micromeritics, fundamental properties, derived properties, Particle size distribution, methods

to determine particle size, grades of powder ( coarse, fine etc.)

• Surface area, eqns, methods to determine surface area, Porosity, eqns of porosity

• Types of density, eqns

• Carr’s Index, Hausner ratio, Angle of repose ( their relation with type of flow)

• Surface tension, Interfacial tension, determination of ST & IT, Instruments used ( Du Nuoy

Tensiometer, Stalagmometer etc.), eqns

• Wetting, Contact angle ( 0 = complete wetting, 180 = insignificant wetting)

• Surfactants, Types, HLB scale, methods of HLB value determination, common brand names

of surfactants (Span, Tween, Brij, Myrj etc.)

• Rheology ( Full Chapter) Very Important

• Colloids, CMC, Kraft’s Point, Schulze-Hardy Rule, Hofmeister or lyotropic series, Gold no.

Main topics to be covered in Physical Pharmaceutics

• Donnan membrane effect, Nernst potential, Zeta potential, eqns

• Concepts of Thermodynamics, eqns like Gibb’s Energy etc.

• Buffers, electrolyte solutions, Isotonic solutions, concepts of molarity, Normality,

molality etc.

Suggested books

RS Aggarwal - Physical Pharmacy

Subramanyam – Physical Pharmacy

Martin’s Physical Pharmacy

Main topics to be covered in Pharmaceutical Technology

• Preformulation, Physical characteristics, Chemical characteristics

• Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, clathrates

• Solubilization

• Excipients like antioxidants, bulk forming agents, vehicles, disintegrants, flavours, colorants

etc., their types, solubility, properties

• Tablets ( Full Chapter) Very Important

• Capsules ( Full Chapter) Very Important

• Parenterals ( Full Chapter) Very Important

Suggested books

RS Aggarwal - Physical Pharmacy

Lachman Industrial Pharmacy

Main topics to be covered in Dispensing Pharmacy & Unit Operations

• Size Reduction, Mechanisms of size reduction, Size reduction equipment, type of mills,

their mechanism, Uses, Size separation, Methods

• Sterilization (Full Chapter) ( From Cooper and Gunn’s)

• Size separation, Methods,

• Drying, Dryers, Crystallization – general concepts, Mixing, Equipment

• Posology, Alcohol %age calculations, Proof spirit & strength calculations, allegation

method, Isotonicity calculations ( 0.52-a/b)

• Stoke’s law calculations etc.

Suggested books

Sukhbir Kaur – Dispensing Pharmacy

Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing Pharmacy

Subramanyam - Unit Operations

Main topics to be covered in Cosmetics Preparations & Biotechnology

• A brief overview of Mithal’s book for cosmetics

• Basic concepts of biotechnology like replication, transcription, translation, PCR

• Terms like annealing, de-annealing, re-annealing, DNA melting point, formulas,

various temperatures in PCR

• Biotechnology derived drugs

• In Jurisprudence, all schedules, example of drugs falling in various schedules, all

acts, when they were enacted, DPCO ( Drug price control order) Formula

Pharmacology

• An overview of Pharmacological classification, mechanisms and main adverse effects of the

drugs from KDT

• Main Chapters :

• Chapter 1 : Basic Pharmacology from KDT (A-Z)

• ANS, CNS, CVS, Chemotherapy, Analgesics

Pharmacognosy

• A brief overview of Kokate

• Common names / synonyms of drugs, Biological source, Uses, Adulterants

• Types of stomata

• Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Volatile oils, Gums & Resins,

flavonoids

• Knowledge about basic rings in alkaloids, they are derived from which amino acid?

• Chemical Identification tests for alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and others

• Plant tissue culture ( Full Chapter)

Pharmaceutical

Chemistry

Biochemistry

Physical Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Medicinal Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

• Stereochemistry (from Morrison & Boyd)

• Name reactions

Suggested books

Bahl and Bahl’s Organic Chemistry

Morrison and Boyd’s Organic Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

• Spectroscopy ( general overview) UV, IR, NMR, PMR

• Shielding, deshielding groups in NMR

• All types of detectors and their mechanisms (e.g. Flame ionisation detector,

Thermal conductivity, Electron capture, photoionisation detectors etc.)

• General overview of Chromatography

• Woodward- Fisher rule

• Values of characteristic functional groups in IR ( e.g. –OH, -COOH etc.)

• Reference electrodes, indicator electrodes

• Beer-Lambert’s law

• A general overview of titration ( Karl-Fisher titration, Kjehldahl Method etc.)