laser-induced thermal imaging of polymer light-emitting materials on...

4
[4] H. Taguchi, J. Phys. IV 1997, 7, 299. [5] V. Pillai, D. O.Shah, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1996, 163, 243. [6] S. A. Majetich, J. H. Scott, E. M. Kirkpatrick, K. Chowdary, K. Gal- lagher, M. E. McHenry, Nanostruct. Mater. 1997, 9, 291. [7] S. Arajs, N. Amin, E. E. Anderson, J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69, 5122. [8] H. Forestier, G. Guiot-Guillain, C. R. Acad. Sci. 1934, 199, 720. [9] E. Tronc,C. ChanØac, J. P. Jolivet, J. Solid State Chem. 1998, 139, 93. [10] G. Ennas, A. Musinu, G. Piccaluga, D. Zedda, D. Gatteschi, C. Sangregorio, J. L. Stanger, G. Concas, G. Spano, Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 495. [11] D. Fiorani, A. M. Testa, L. Suber,M. Angiolini, A. Montone, M. Po- lichetti, Nanostruct. Mater. 1999, 12, 939. [12] J. L. Dormann, N. Viart, J. L. Rehspringer, A. Ezzir, D. Niznansky, Hyperfine Interact. 1998, 112, 89. [13] R. Zboril, M. Mashlan, D. Petridis, Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 969. [14] M. Georges Chaudron, C. R. Acad. Sci. 1965, 261, 4423. [15] B. D. Cullity, in Introduction to Magnetic Materials, Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., Reading 1972. [16] D. Fiorani, G. Sberveglieri, in Fundamental Properties of Nanostruc- tured Materials, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore 1993. [17] S. Chikazumi, in Physics of Ferromagnetism, Clarendon, Oxford 1997. [18] Such intrinsic magnetic properties are now considered to be due to the spin canting in the e-Fe 2 O 3 phase, on the basis of the interpreta- tion of the Mössbauer spectroscopic data of the e-Fe 2 O 3 phase re- ported by Jolivet and co-workers [9]. [19] E. C. Stoner, E. P. Wohlfarth, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1948, 240, 599. Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging of Polymer Light-Emitting Materials on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Silane Hole-Transport Layer** By Jun Yeob Lee* and Seong Taek Lee Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) have been studied intensively for the last 10 years for application in the field of full-color flat-panel displays. They have several advantages over small-molecule light-emitting diodes (SMLEDs), such as low operating voltage, low power consumption, and easy pro- cessing. However, the performances of PLEDs for parameters such as efficiency, lifetime, and color-patterning methods still need to be further improved to commercialize full-color poly- mer devices. [1] There have been many efforts to improve the I±V±L (cur- rent±voltage±luminance) characteristics of PLEDs by optimi- zation of hole-transport materials. Typically, a mixture of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene- sulfonate and a mixture of polyaniline (PANi) and polysty- renesulfonate have been widely used as hole-transport materi- als for PLEDs. [2] They show high conductivity, high transmittance, high hole mobility, and good film-forming properties. In addition, they improve I±V±L characteristics and the lifetime of PLEDs considerably. Although PEDOT shows excellent performances as a hole-transport material, there have been several attempts to improve the efficiency and lifetime of PEDOT-containing de- vices. Zhu et al. inserted a LiF insulating layer between the in- dium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and PEDOT and obtained high brightness and efficiency compared with LiF-free de- vices. [3] A more balanced hole injection due to anode modifi- cation by the ultra thin LiF layer enhanced the efficiency of the devices. Fujihira and Ganzorig studied chemical modifica- tion of ITO with various benzoyl chloride and p-chloroben- zene derivatives and concluded that the ITO work function could be tuned by changing the functional group of the inter- facial modifier. [4] The driving voltage of the modified devices was lower than that of the control device by up to 5 V. An- other approach to modify PEDOT was to formulate PEDOT with other additives. A polymer network structure of PEDOT was obtained by modifying PEDOT with cellulose and poly- ethyleneoxide. [5] In terms of the color imaging, there are several color-pat- terning methods for PLEDs, such as ink-jet printing, dye dif- fusion, thermal mass transfer, and laser-induced thermal im- aging (LITI). [6±9] The ink-jet printing method has been studied intensively for the past 10 years because it has many merits, such as low material consumption, short tact time, and large size application. [6] In recent years, the LITI technique, which was developed by 3M, was reported as a new color pat- terning method for PLEDs. [6,7] Compared with ink-jet print- ing, LITI color patterning requires a donor film on which light-emitting polymers (LEPs) are coated and a highly accu- rate laser-exposure unit. The donor film absorbs the laser beam through the light to heat conversion layer and converts it to heat to enable the thermal transfer of the LEPs to the substrates. Thermal transfer of LEPs from the donor film to the substrates depends on the physical interaction between the donor film, the LEP, and the hole-transport layer (HTL). The interfacial adhesion between the donor film and the LEP, the cohesive force of the LEP, and the interfacial adhesion be- tween the LEP and the HTL have to be optimized to achieve good LITI pattern quality. If the interfacial adhesion between the donor film and the LEP is too strong, the LEP is not trans- ferred to the substrates. If the cohesive force of the LEP is too strong, the image pattern quality is poor because imaged and non-imaged regions are not differentiated. In general, inert polymer blends consisting of LEPs and inert polymers like polystyrene have been used to reduce the cohesive forces in the LEP layer and achieve good transfer-image patterns. [7] The interfacial force between the LEP and the HTL is also important, since a weak adhesion force gives rise to spotty im- ages or no transfer of the LEP to the HTL. LEP materials COMMUNICATIONS Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, No. 1, January 5 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200305699 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 51 ± [*] Dr. J. Y. Lee,Dr. S. T. Lee Corporate R&D Center, Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. 428-5 Gongse-Ri, Kiheung-Eup, Yong-In City Gyeonggi-Do, 449±902 (South Korea) E-mail: [email protected] [**] We appreciate 3M's cooperation with the LITI technology and LITI donor films, and we also thank Dow Chemical Co. for their material supply.

Upload: jy-lee

Post on 06-Jun-2016

212 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging of Polymer Light-Emitting Materials on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Silane Hole-Transport Layer

��� �� ����� �� ����� �� ���� ������� �� ������ �� �� ���� �� �� � �� � ����� ���� ��� ������� �� �� ������� �� �� ���� � �� !�"#$��"�# !� %��&'�"( !� )��*

�����" �� � ���+"( �� �������� ����� ���� � ��,��-� �� �"��. /� �0�+ � � �+'�".�+ �� ����� ����� ���� �� �,����1� �� 2�"�.���" )� )���*)�����+ �� �� ����� �� � ���� ��� -�3���� � �"�+ %� %��+4� �� �� ����5�� �� ��� � ����� ���!� ���� ��� ����,3� )� ++�. �� �.�+ )� ������ �� 6�''� �� )����.�� %�

��+�"���"�� �� 7� ���+��" )� %�+�. )� �$�+� ���!� ����� ���� �" ����

�,,� �� 2��"�+� �� �� ��.�� 7� �8�" �� �+�����+� �� ��+��+� �� ��*������� �� �������� ����� ���� �# ����

�,�� �� 7� ��"0�++ /� ���"� �� 7� 9��.$"�+��" �� ::�" �� /�:+�+.#( $����% � � ������� ���� ��# 1��

�,�� 9� 68�"�� �� ��.���+ �� ���"�'�. ���!� ����� �� �& �����,�� �� )��"��. %��'"�+ �� �� ����� �� � ��� #�� ������,�� ;� �� %����( �+ � ������� � �� �� �� � ���� ��� �''�.�+*<�.��(

�8�� %�� 9��'�+� ������,�� �� 2��"�+� )� �8�"5�����"� �+ '� ��!� ��� ������� �� �% �� ������(

����� ���� ��� <�"�' ���+��=� �8��.��+� ��+��$�"� ������,-� �� %��#�:0� �+ ���� �� �% '����!�� �� �! %��"�+'�+ �>=�"'

������,1� �� �+�"�+.� 0��+��� $"�$�"���. �"� +�& �+.�'�"�' �� 8� '� ��

��� .$�+ �+��+� �+ ��� �*2���� $��.� �+ ��� 8�.�. �= ��� �+��"$"���*���+ �= ��� �?..8��" .$��"�.�$� '��� �= ��� �*2���� $��.� "�*$�"��' 8( ����5�� �+' �*&�"#�". ����

�,�� � %� ���+�" � �� <���=�"�� �� ���� )�� �� �� ���� *� �� ���� #&" ����

�� ���������� ������� ������� ��������� ���� �!�� ��� "� ����� �� ����#�$��� ���������%� ���&����'()����� *�������� &�� �����++

;( �� +��, *��@ �+' ��� � )��- *��

���(0�" �����*�0����+� '��'�. A�7 �.B ��5� 8��+ .�'��'�+��+.�5��( =�" ��� ��.� ,3 (��". =�" �$$������+ �+ ��� =���' �==��*���" =���*$�+�� '�.$��(.� ���( ��5� .�5�"�� �'5�+����.�5�" .0���*0����� �����*�0����+� '��'�. A��7 �.B .� �.��& �$�"���+� 5������ ��& $�&�" �+.0$���+ �+' ��.( $"�*�..�+�� ��&�5�" ��� $�"=�"0�+�. �= �7 �. =�" $�"�0���"..� �. �==���+( ��=���0� �+' ���"*$����"+�+� 0����'. .����+��' �� 8� ="���" �0$"�5�' �� �00�"����:� =��*���" $��(*0�" '�5��.��,�

���"� ��5� 8��+ 0�+( �==�"�. �� �0$"�5� ��� �C�C* A"*"�+�C5������C�0�+�+�B ��"���"�.��. �= �7 �. 8( �$��0�*:����+ �= ����*�"�+.$�"� 0���"���.� �($����( � 0�>�"� �=

$��(A� �*���(��+�'��>(����$��+�B A� ���B �+' $��(.�("�+�*.�=�+��� �+' � 0�>�"� �= $��(�+���+� A��/�B �+' $��(.�(*"�+�.�=�+��� ��5� 8��+ &�'��( .�' �. ����*�"�+.$�"� 0���"�*��. =�" �7 �.���� ���( .��& ���� �+'��5��( �����"�+.0����+� ���� ���� 0�8����( �+' ���' =��0*=�"0�+�$"�$�"���.� D+ �''����+ ���( �0$"�5� �C�C* ��"���"�.��.�+' ��� ��=���0� �= �7 �. �+.�'�"�8�(�������� � ��� .��&. �>����+� $�"=�"0�+�. �. �

����*�"�+.$�"� 0���"��� ���"� ��5� 8��+ .�5�"�� ����0$�. ���0$"�5� ��� �==���+( �+' ��=���0� �= � ���*�+���+�+� '�*5��.� 6� �� ��� �+.�"��' � 7�2 �+.����+� ��(�" 8��&��+ ��� �+*'�0 ��+ �>�'� AD��B ����"�'� �+' � ��� �+' �8���+�'���� 8"����+�.. �+' �==���+( �0$�"�' &��� 7�2*="�� '�*5��.���� � 0�"� 8���+�' ���� �+�����+ '� �� �+�'� 0�'�=�*����+ 8( ��� ��"� ���+ 7�2 ��(�" �+��+�' ��� �==���+( �=��� '�5��.� 2����"� �+' )�+:�"�� .�'��' ��0��� 0�'�=��*���+ �= D�� &��� 5�"��. 8�+:�(� ���"�'� �+' �*���"�8�+*:�+� '�"�5���5�. �+' �+�'�' ���� ��� D�� &�"# =+���+��' 8� �+�' 8( ��+��+� ��� =+���+�� �"�$ �= ��� �+��"*=���� 0�'�=��"���� ��� '"�5�+� 5������ �= ��� 0�'�=��' '�5��.&�. ��&�" ���+ ���� �= ��� �+�"�� '�5�� 8( $ �� � �� �+*����" �$$"��� �� 0�'�=( � ���&�. �� =�"0���� � ���&��� ����" �''���5�.� � $��(0�" +��&�"# .�"�"� �= � ���&�. �8���+�' 8( 0�'�=(�+� � ��� &��� �����.� �+' $��(*���(��+��>�'�����

D+ ��"0. �= ��� ���" �0���+� ���"� �"� .�5�"�� ���"*$��*��"+�+� 0����'. =�" �7 �. .� �. �+#*��� $"�+��+� '(� '�=*=.��+ ���"0�� 0�.. �"�+.=�" �+' ��.�"*�+'�' ���"0�� �0*���+� A7D�DB���C�� ��� �+#*��� $"�+��+� 0����' ��. 8��+.�'��' �+��+.�5��( =�" ��� $�.� ,3 (��". 8��.� �� ��. 0�+(0�"��. .� �. ��& 0���"��� �+.0$���+ .��"� ��� ��0� �+'��"�� .�:� �$$������+���� D+ "��+� (��". ��� 7D�D ���+�E� &��� &�. '�5���$�' 8( �� &�. "�$�"��' �. � +�& ���" $��*��"+�+� 0����' =�" �7 �.��� -� %�0$�"�' &��� �+#*��� $"�+�*�+� 7D�D ���" $����"+�+� "�E�"�. � '�+�" =��0 �+ &��������*�0����+� $��(0�". A7 �.B �"� ����' �+' � �����( �*"��� ��.�"*�>$�."� +��� ��� '�+�" =��0 �8.�"8. ��� ��.�"8��0 ��"��� ��� ����� �� ���� �+5�".��+ ��(�" �+' �+5�"�.�� �� ���� �� �+�8�� ��� ���"0�� �"�+.=�" �= ��� 7 �. �� ���.8.�"���.� ���"0�� �"�+.=�" �= 7 �. ="�0 ��� '�+�" =��0 ����� .8.�"���. '�$�+'. �+ ��� $�(.��� �+��"����+ 8��&��+��� '�+�" =��0 ��� 7 � �+' ��� ����*�"�+.$�"� ��(�" A��7B���� �+��"=���� �'��.��+ 8��&��+ ��� '�+�" =��0 �+' ��� 7 � ��� ���.�5� =�"� �= ��� 7 � �+' ��� �+��"=���� �'��.��+ 8�*�&��+ ��� 7 � �+' ��� ��7 ��5� �� 8� �$��0�:�' �� ����5����' 7D�D $����"+ E����(� D= ��� �+��"=���� �'��.��+ 8��&��+��� '�+�" =��0 �+' ��� 7 � �. ��� .�"�+� ��� 7 � �. +�� �"�+.*=�""�' �� ��� .8.�"���.� D= ��� ���.�5� =�"� �= ��� 7 � �. ���.�"�+� ��� �0��� $����"+ E����( �. $��" 8��.� �0���' �+'+�+*�0���' "����+. �"� +�� '�==�"�+�����'� D+ ��+�"�� �+�"�$��(0�" 8��+'. �+.�.��+� �= 7 �. �+' �+�"� $��(0�". ��#�$��(.�("�+� ��5� 8��+ .�' �� "�'� ��� ���.�5� =�"�. �+��� 7 � ��(�" �+' ����5� ���' �"�+.=�"*�0��� $����"+.��-�

��� �+��"=���� =�"� 8��&��+ ��� 7 � �+' ��� ��7 �. ��.��0$�"��+� .�+� � &��# �'��.��+ =�"� ��5�. "�.� �� .$���( �0*���. �" +� �"�+.=�" �= ��� 7 � �� ��� ��7� 7 � 0���"���.

���

�����

����

���� ����� ����� �� ��� �� ����� � ���� �������� ���������� ���� ��������� ����� ���� ��� !��"� ��#�$�#� ��

C%&' (� �� �� ���� (� )� *� ���

��+��,� - ( ���,�� )��.�� )(� ��� �,/���0�� ����.��-#� !#$�����+� ������� �#,��������#�(�� ��121�� 3)�,$ !���4����#�5 ���6�78.��.���9��

%&&' �� �++�9#�,� :;<. 9��+��,#�� =#,$ ,$� ��*� ,�9$������ ��/ ��*�/��� >#��.� ��/ =� ��.� ,$��? (�= �$��#9�� ��� >� ,$�# ��,�#��.++���

Page 2: Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging of Polymer Light-Emitting Materials on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Silane Hole-Transport Layer

.���( ��5� � �('"�$��8� ��"���" &���� ��� &�'��( .�'� ��� ��. � �('"�$���� ��"���"� ���"�=�"� ��� �('"�*$��8� 7 � �. +�� �0$���8�� &��� ��� �('"�$���� � ��� �+' 7D�D �"�+.=�" �= 7 �. �� � ��� $"�'�. �+ �0$�"=���0��� $����"+ �+' '�=��.��-�

D+ ���. &�"# � ��� &�. 0�'�=��' �� �0$"�5� ��� 7D�D�"�+.=�" E����( �= 7 �. �+ &���"*8�.�' ��7.� �����"(��>(*$"�$(��"�0����>(.���+� A���B &�. �''�' �� � ��� �� �+*�"�� ��. $���"��( �+' ��� 7D�D �"�+.=�" E����( �= ��� 7 �. ����� ���*0�'�=��' � ���&�. �+5�.������'�D� �. &��� #+�&+ ="�0 �>��+.�5� "�.��"� ���� .���+�*�($�

0���"���. �'.�"8 ��0����( �+' $�(.����( �+ �+�"��+� ."*=��. ��"��� ��0��� 8�+'�+� �('"���+ 8�+'�+� �" $�(.�*�� �+��"����+� ����+�� �"�$. $"�'�' ="�0 �('"��(.�. �= .�*��+�*�($� 0���"���. "��� &��� � ."=�� �('"�>(� �"�$ �+�+�"��+� 0���"���. �� =�"0 .���>�+� ��+#���. �" �('"���+8�+'.� D+ �''����+ .���+�*�($� 0���"���. �+ =�"0 � +��&�"#.�"�"� ��"��� � .��=*�+'�+.����+ "�����+ 8��&��+ .���*+�� �"�$.��,3 ,,� ��� ��. 8��� � �('"�$��8� 5�+(� =+���+���"�$ �+' �('"�$���� .���+�� �"�$. �=��" �('"��(.�. �+ �+�E��. .�����+� ���"�=�"� ��� ��� �. �0$���8�� &��� 8������ �E��. � ��� .�����+ �+' �"��+� 7 �. �+' �+ =�"0� +��&�"# .�"�"� �=��" .$�+*�.��+� �+ D�� .8.�"���.� D+=�� ��� � ���F��� ��(�" &�. �+.��8�� �� ��� .��5�+�. �=��".$�+*����+� &���� ��� $"�.��+� � ��� ��(�" &�. .������( .��*8�� �+ &���"� D+ �''����+ ��� � ���F��� ��(�" ��' +��8� "�0�5�' 8( .��5�+� "88�+� &��� .$$�"�. ��� �'�� �=+��&�"# =�"0����+ �=��" '�$�.����+ �= ��� � ���F��� �+��� D�� .8.�"���. ��"��� � .���+�� �+'�+.����+ "�����+��� 0�+���" ��� �==�� �= ��� �''����+ �+ ��� ."=�� �+�"*

�( �= � ��� ��� �+��� �+��� �= ��� � ���F��� &�.0��."�' ��"'�+� �� ��� ��� �+��+�� ��� �+��� �+��� �=��� � ���F��� �+"��.�' �. ��� ��� �+��+� �+ � ����+"��.�' 8��.� ��� ��. � �('"�$��8� 5�+(� �"�$A2��� ,B� ��� �+��� �+��� �= ��� � ��� &�. ,,G =�" &���" &���� � ���F��� &��� ,�3 &��*H ��� �+��+� .��&�' ��+��� �+��� �= ��G� ��� �+��� �+���. �= � ���F��� &���3�3� 3�, 3�� �+' 3�� &��*H ��� &�"� ,�G �,G ��G �+' ��G "�.$���5��(� � �"�'�� �+"��.� �= �+��� �+��� &�. �8.�"5�'$ �� 3�� &��*H �+' ��� �+��� �+��� &�. .��"���' �8�5�3�� &��*H� ��� �+��� �+��� �= � ���F��� &�. .�0���" ������ �= ��� 7 � &��� �. �>$���' �� �0$"�5� ��� �0$���8��*

��( 8��&��+ ��� 7 � �+' � ���� D+ ����" &�"'. ��� �('"�*$��8� +��"� �= � ���F��� �. ��.� �>$���' �� �0$"�5���� �+��"=���� �+��� 8��&��+ � ��� �+' ��� 7 � &���0�( 8�+�=���� �� 7D�D ���" $����"+�+� �= $��(0�"� �����*�0����+� 0���"���.���� 0�'�=�����+ �+=��+�. +�� �+�( ��� ."=�� $"�$�"���.

�= � ��� 8� ��.� ��� �+'�0 '�..�����+ �+' '�==.��+ �+� �����,�� I*"�( $��������"�+ .$��"�.�$( AI��B '�$��*$"�=��� �+��(.�. �= D��J� ���F��� "�5����' ��� �+'�0 �+*��+.��( &�. ���� �+ ��� �.� �= � ��� �+' �� &�. ��0�.� �+*.��+� ��"����� ��� �+��"� ��(�"� ��� +��&�"# =�"0����+ �=��� �+ � ��� $"�5�+�. ��� �+'�0 '�..�����+ �+ � ���'"�+� ��� .$�+*����+� $"��..� D+ �''����+ � ���F��� �0*$"�5�. ��� �����*�0����+� �==���+( �+' 8"����+�.. �= ����7 �� ��� �==���+( �= ��� �7 � &��� 0�'�=��' � ���&�. ��1 '�C, &���� ��� �==���+( �= ��� � ��� '�5�� &�.�+�( ��� '�C,� ��� �0$"�5�0�+� �= ��� '�5�� $�"=�"0�+�.�. �>$���+�' 8( ��� ���' �+��"=���� �+��� 8��&��+ D�� �+'� ��� �. &��� �. 8��&��+ � ��� �+' ��� 7 �� ��� ��.8��� �('"�$���� =+���+�� �"�$ �+' �('"�$��8� =+���+���"�$ &��� �+��+�. ��� �+��"=���� �+��� 8��&��+ �����(�".���� 7D�D �"�+.=�" �= 7 � �+ � ��� �+' ���*0�'�=��'

� ��� &�"� �0$�"�' �� �+5�.������ ��� �+=��+� �= ����+ ��� 7D�D �"�+.=�" $����"+ E����(� 2��"� � .��&. ��� 7D�D�"�+.=�" $����"+ �= 7 � �+ � ����+' � ���F���� ��� "�*���+ �>$�.�' �� ��� ��.�" 8��0 �. '�=�+�' 8( � ���# ��+�� ���7 � '��. +�� �"�+.=�" �+ � ��� $�"=���( �+' �+�( .��&. �.$���( �0��� &���� �+ � ���F��� � ���" �3 �0 &�'� ��+��0��� $����"+ �= ��� 7 � &�. �8���+�'� ���. "�.�� �+ 8� �>*$���+�' 8( ��� �0$���8����( �+' �'��.��+ =�"� 8��&��+ ���7 � �+' � ���� ��� 7D�D �"�+.=�" �= ��� 7 � '�$�+'. �+��� �+��"=���� �'��.��+ 8��&��+ ��� 7 � �+' ��� ��7 �+'

���

�����

�����

�� ���� ��������� ����� ���� ��� !��"� ��#�$�#� ����������� ���� ���� ����� ����� �� ��� �� ����� �

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Co

nta

ct a

ng

le(o )

MPS content(wt%)

������ � ���,�9, ����� �> @�(A*5;@) >� =�,� �99�/#�� ,� ;@) 9���,��,� ������ � ��*� ,��.>� #���� �> ��@ �� @�(A*��/ @�(A*5;@)�

Page 3: Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging of Polymer Light-Emitting Materials on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Silane Hole-Transport Layer

���� �'��.��+ =�"� "�.��. �+ � ���' �"�+.=�"*$����"+ E����(���� �''����+ �= ��� �� � ��� ��+��. ��� ."=�� $"�$�"*���. ="�0 �('"�$���� �� �('"�$��8� &��� �0$"�5�. ��� �+*��"=���� �0$���8����( &��� ��� 7 �� ���"�=�"� ��� 7 ��"�+.=�""�' ="�0 ��� '�+�" =��0 �� ��� ��7 �'��"�. &��� ����� � ���F��� ."=�� �+' ��5�. ���' �"�+.=�" �0���.� ����' �"�+.=�" $����"+ &�. �8���+�' =�" � ���F��� &��� ���� �+��+� �����" ���+ 3�, &��*H �+'����+� ���� ��� "������+��� �+��� =�" 7D�D �"�+.=�" �. �8�� �,G� ��� �"�+.=�" �0*��� �= ��� $��(0�" �����*�0����+� 0���"��� �+ � ���F���&�. $��" =�" ��� .�0$�� &��� � ��� �+��+� 8���& 3�, &��*H���� �C�C* ��"���"�.��. �= 7D�D '�5��. &�"� �0$�"�'

&��� ���.� �= .$�+*����' '�5��. A2��� �B� ��� 8"����+�.. �+'�==���+( �= ��� 7D�D '�5��. &�"� �0$�"�8�� �� ���.� �=.$�+*����' '�5��. �� ��� 5������ "�+�� �+5�.������'� ���. "�*.�� �+'����. ���� ��� �+��"=���� �+��� 8��&��+ 7 � �+'

� ���F��� �+ 7D�D '�5��. �. �. ���' �. ��� �+��"=���� �+*��� �+ .$�+*����' '�5��.� ��� 7D�D $"��.. ����:�. � "���*��5��( 0��' �8�����+ =�"� �. &��� �. ���"0�� �+�"�( ="�0 �����.�" 8��0 �� �"�+.=�" ��� 7 � 0���"��� ="�0 � '�+�" =��0 ����� .8.�"���. &��� 0�( ��5� 0�'�"��� �+��"=���� $"�$�"���.�+ 7D�D '�5��.� ���. "�.�� �. $"�0�.�+� �+ ���� =�+� ���" $��*��"+�+� �= ��� �����*�0����+� $��(0�" �. $�..�8�� &����� '�0*���+� ��� �C�C* $�"=�"0�+�. �= ��� �7 ����� �C�C* ��"���"�.��. �= ��� 7D�D '�5�� &�"� .�'��'

��"'�+� �� ��� �+�"�( '�.� �= ��� ��.�" �� .�'( ��� "������+*.��$ 8��&��+ ��� 7D�D $"��.. �+'����+. �+' ��� '�5�� $�"*=�"0�+�.� ��� �+�"�( '�.� &�. �+�"����' 8( ��� .�+ .$��'

�= ��� ��.�" .�"�� 2��"� � .��&. ��� 8"����+�.. �+' �==���+*( �= ��� 7D�D '�5�� =�8"����' �� � .�+ .$��' �= - 0 .C, �+'��� 0 .C,� ��� 8"����+�.. �+' �==���+( �= ��� 7D�D '�5��.�++�' �� � .$��' �= ��� 0 .C, &�"� 8����" ���+ ���.� �= ���

7D�D '�5�� .�++�' �� � .$��' �= - 0 .C, &��� �0$���. ������� 7D�D '�5�� �>$�.�' �� � ����*�+�"�( ��.�" .��&. ���'$�"=�"0�+�.� ��� �+��"=���� �+��� 8��&��+ ��� 7 � �+'��� 0�'�=��' � ��� �. �>$���' �� 8� �0$"�5�' 8( � ����*�+�"�(*��.�" .�"� &��� 0�( ��5� 8����" �C�C* $�"=�"*0�+�.� ��� �==���+( �= ��� '�5�� .�++�' �� � ��& .$��'&�. ��� '�C, �0$�"�' &��� ��1 '�C, =�" ��� '�5��.�++�' �� � ���� .$��'� ��&�5�" ���"� �+ 8� .�0� '��"�*'����+ �= ��� 7 � 0���"��� �= ��� ��.�" .�+. �� � ��&�" .$��'���+ ��� 0 .C,� ���"�=�"� ��� .�+ .$��' �= ��� ��.�" .���'8� �+�"����' �"�=��( �� ��� � ���' �"�+.=�" �0��� �+' �C�C* $�"=�"0�+�.�D+ .00�"( ��� 0�'�=�����+ �= � ��� �+�8��' ���

7D�D �"�+.=�" �= ��� 7 � �� � ��� 8( �+�"����+� ��� ."*=�� �+�"�( ="�0 �('"�$���� �� �('"�$��8� �+' ��� $�"=�"*0�+�. �= 7D�D '�5��. &�"� �0$�"�8�� �� ���.� �= .$�+*����' '�5��.� D+ �''����+ ��� �C�C* $�"=�"0�+�. �= ���7D�D '�5�� ��' 8� �0$"�5�' 8( �+�"����+� ��� �+�"�( '�.��= ��� ��.�"� � ���� �+�"�( '�.� ��5� ���' '�5�� $�"=�"*0�+�.� D� �. �>$���' ���� ��� 7D�D 0����'. &��� ��5� 8����"$�"=�"0�+�. ���+ �+5�+���+�� �+#*��� 0����'. �+' �+�8����� =�8"�����+ �= ����*"�.�����+ �+' ��"��*.�:� =��*���"�7 �.�

���

�����

����

���� ����� ����� �� ��� �� ����� � ����������� ���� ���� ��������� ����� ���� ��� !��"� ��#�$�#� ��

20

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000 Spin Coating LITI

Bri

gh

tnes

s(cd

/m2 )

Voltage(V)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000

1

2

3

4

5

Spin Coating LITIE

ffic

ien

cy(c

d/A

)

Brightness(cd/m2)

(a)

(b)

3 4 5 6

������ � �2 2� 9B�. �> .+#��9��,�/ ��/ ��*��,��.>��/ @��(.�

2 3 4 50

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000 5.5 m/s 7.0 m/s

Bri

gh

tnes

s(cd

/m2 )

Voltage(V)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 250000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

5.5 m/s 7.0 m/sE

ffic

ien

cy(c

d/A

)

Brightness(cd/m2)

(a)

(b)

6

������ � �2 2� 9B�. �> ��*��,��.>��/ @��(. �99�/#�� ,� ��.� .9��.+��/�

Page 4: Laser-Induced Thermal Imaging of Polymer Light-Emitting Materials on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Silane Hole-Transport Layer

./��� !� ���

���� ���F ��� �7 � �+=��"����+ .�' �+ ���. &�"# &�. D��J� ���F���A�3 +0BJ$��(=��"�+�F$�(.�("�+�A��BA13 +0BJ%�A�3 +0BJ��A��3 +0B� ��� D�� ���.. .8.�"��� &�. � $"�'� �= ��0.+� %�"+*�+� %�� �+' ��' � .���� "�.�.��+� �= ,3 �J.E�"�� ��� .�' �. � � *��� 0�'�=��" &�. $"��.�' ="�0 ��& %�"+�+� %�� � ���J$��(*.�("�+�.�=�+��� A;�(�" %�� 7�'�B &�. .�' �. � ��7 �+'$��(=��"�+�*8�.�' �"��+ �$��(0�" A)"��+ !� ��& %��0���%��BF�� A,F,B 8��+' &�. .�' �. �+ 7 �� � %� �+' �� '�8�� ��(�"&�. .�' �. � ����'� =�" ��� '�5��.�

0�1 �� '�,� ��� � F D�� ���.. .8.�"���. &�"� ���+�' &��� ����+��+' �.�$"�$(� ������ �+ �+ ��"�.�+� 8��� =�" ,� 0�+ "�.$���5��( �+' &�"� '"��' �� ,�3 G% =�" � � 8�=�"� .�� ��� D�� ���.. .8.�"���.&�"� �>$�.�' �� ��"�5�����AK�BJ�:�+� =�" ,� 0�+ �+' &�"� .$�+����' &��� �+ �E��. � ���F��� .�����+� ��� � ���F��� .�*����+ &�. $"�$�"�' 8( '�..��5�+� ��� �+ � ��� .�����+ �� �+�+*�"����+. �= 3 3�, 3�� �+' 3�� &��*H� ��� 0�>�' .�����+ &�. .��""�'=�" �3 0�+ �� �('"��(:� ���� ��� �('"��(:�' � ���F��� .�����+&�. .$�+*����' �+ � K�J�:�+�*�"����' D�� .8.�"��� �� � .$�+ .$��'�= �333 "$0 A"$0L "�5�����+. $�" 0�+��B �� ��� � �33 +0 ���#��7 ��(�"� �=��" ���� ��� � ���F��� ����' .8.�"��� &�. 8�#�'�� �33 G% =�" ,3 0�+ �� "�0�5� "�.�'�� .��5�+�� ��� �C�C* ��"���"*�.��. �+' ��=���0� �= � ���F��� '�5��. &�"� 0��."�' &���.$�+*����' '�5��.� �$�+ ����+� �= ��� 7 � '�..��5�' �+ ����+� &�.�""��' �� �� � .$�+ .$��' �= �333 "$0 �+' 13 +0 7 � ���+ =��0 &�.�8���+�'� ��� .8.�"���. &�"� 8�#�' �� �3 G% =�" �3 0�+ 8�=�"� ���*�'� '�$�.����+� 2�" 7D�D '�5��. 7 � &�. .$�+ ����' �+ �$��(A���(��+���"�$��������B '�+�" =��0 &��� � ����� �� ���� �+5�".��+��(�" �� � ���#+�.. �= 13 +0� ��� �"�+.=�" �= ��� 7 � �� ��� ��7��(�" &�. $�"=�"0�' &��� � /'FM�) ��.�" &��� � ����� $�&�" �= 1 <���� 7 �*����' '�+�" =��0 &�. $���' �+ ��� ��7*����' .8.�"���.�+' &�. ��.��( �'��"�' �� ��� .8.�"���. .�+� 5�0 �# �� "�*0�5� ��� ��$ 8��&��+ ��� '�+�" =��0 �+' ��� .8.�"���.� ��� '�+�"=��0 &�. ���+ �>$�.�' �� ��� /'FM�) ��.�" 8��0 �+' ��� �>$�.�'7 � &�. �"�+.=�""�' �� ��� .8.�"���.� �=��" 7D�D �"�+.=�" ��� '�+�"=��0 &�. $����' �== �+' ��� .8.�"��� &�. 8�#�' �� �3 G% =�" �3 0�+��=��" 8�#�+� %� &�. '�$�.���' �� � "��� �= 3�� N .C, =����&�' 8( ���5�$�"����+ �� � "��� �= � N .C, �+ � ���� 5�0 ��08�" A� ,3C- ��""B�. � ����'� =�" '�5��.� ��� ���#+�.. �= %� �+' �� &�. �3 +0 �+'��3 +0 "�.$���5��(� �=��" ����'� '�$�.����+ ��� '�5��. &�"��+�$.����' &��� � 0���� �+ �+' 8�"�0 �>�'��

������!� ��F �C�C* ��"���"�.��. �= ��� '�5��. &�"� 0��."�'&��� � �9 ��3 .$��"�$����0���" �+' ��=���0� "�.��. &�"� �8���+�'�� � �+.��+� ""�+� 0�'� �� � 8"����+�.. �= �33 '0C�� ��� �+'�0'�==.��+ �+ � ���F��� '�5��. &�. �+��(:�' &��� I��� ��� I��0��."�0�+�. �= ��� ����' .�0$��. &�"� �""��' �� �+ ��"�*����5�0 ��08�" �%�7�; ��3A�) .��+��=�B &��� � 0�+��"�*0���' ��!� .�"� &�. .�' =�" �+��(.�.O ����+� �= ��� .�0$��. &�.$�"=�"0�' &��� �" ��+ .$���"�+� �� � "��� �= �3 N .C,�

9���5�'F ��( ,� �33�2�+�� 5�".��+F ���8�" ,3 �33�

C�,� �� �� ;""����. �� �� %� ;"�'��( �� 9� ;"�&+ 9� /� ��"#.

!� ��#�( 9� �� 2"��+' �� !� ;"+. �� ;� ���0�. ������ ��� �& ���

��� �� %� ���� �� �� %�"��" �� !�"�� �� �� ;"�# �� �+����$���. �� ��� ��� ���� 23 ,,�-�

��� 2� 6� ;� 7�& !� 6��+� �� %�� ����� ����� *���� �� � ,�3����� �� 2����"� %� )�+:�"�� ����� 2�� � �� 0 ����� 4��-����� �����(

=�" D+=�"0����+ ��.$��( ��+ ��.� %� �� $� ,������� �� 9�+'"��0���:�#� 2� ��'�� �� ��..�+5���� %� %��5"�� �� ��(.*

.�� �� ��� ��� �� �#2 ,�-���� �B �� ;� <��# �� �� D.8�"� !� 7� ��+:���# �� %� %��+� 9� � ;���.

<� �� ��&�" �� �� �0��� 5� ���� � 3 3#� "�3 ����� 8B �� ;� <��# �� 2� ;�'� �� �� 2��":�# 2� ;� �%�"0�# M� �. 5� ���� �

� ��& "22 �� B �� ;� <��# �� 2� ;�'� 2� ;� �%�"0�# M� �. 5� ���� � � ��& ��� ��

�-� �� �� 7�� �� M� 7�� �� �� !�0 �� %� �� �� �� !�+� M� �� %��� �� M� ��"# �� �� !&�+ �� !� %�+� �� ;���:��' � ;����0�++ �� ��55����5 �� <��# �� <�8.��" ��0 "# 0 ���� �����( =�" D+=�"*0����+ ��.$��( ��+ ��.� %� �� $� -1��

�1� ��� �� 7� �� �!�� � �� � )��� ��� ���� &# ������ 2� �.��+��:#� �� %� ��"0 ����� ����� *���� ���� & ,�,���,3� �� /� ��#�#� �� 7� ������ D� ;� �:�: 2� 9�+'���: �� ����� ���!�

���� �2 -�--��,,� � �� ���''�0�++ � �� � ����� � ��� �� ���+0 /�& M�"#

���� %�� ���,�� �� M� 7�� ���!� ����� *���� �� +$8��.��'�

,���&���� -� �����.�� /��� ���&���� ���� /������� �� ���������.� � 0��� �� ����#������� ����' )���1����

;( 4� (�� 4� � ��� �-�!�� $� ���� . ()� � 6� � @ 6�� (7�� ���� ��� �(6 ! 8 � �+'* ('� � ���

��� .� �= ��& '�����"� �+.��+� A��&*�B �+��"��(�". �+�"����( "�'� ��� "�.�.��+�C�$����+� A9%B ��0� '���(. "�..*���#. �+' $�&�" '�..�$����+ �+ ��� +�& ��+�"����+ �=����*'�+.��( �+' ����*.$��' �+���"���' �"��.��,C�� D+ �''����+�� �>��8���+� ��& �. ��� +�>� ��+�"����+ �= �+��"��(�" '����*�"�. 0.� ��.� .���.=( � 5�"���( �= "�E�"�0�+�. .� �. ���'���"0�� .��8����( ��& 0��.�"� �8.�"$���+ ���' �'��.��+ ��.�0��+'��". �+' 0����. �+' ��0��� �+�"�+�..� ���(�0*�'�. A�D.B ��5� 8��+ &�'��( .�' �. '�����"� �+' $�#���+�0���"���. �+ ��� 0�"�����"�+�. �+'.�"( 8��.� �= ����"���' 0���+��� ���"0�� �+' '�����"� $"�$�"���.���� ��&*�5�" &��� �. �= �8�� ��,C��� ��� �+5�+���+�� �D. �"� �+.==�*��+� �+ 0����+� ��� "�E�"�0�+� �= �P ��� =�" ��� '�����"�.�= ��� +��" =�"� ��� �+' ��� ��"�*��& � �= ��.. ���+ ��� =�"��� ���+����( +�'�. 8���& ,�3 +0����

D+ "��+� (��". ���"� ��. 8��+ �+.�'�"�8�� �+��"�.� �+ $�*"�. 0���"���. �+' ����" �$$������+ �. ��&*� 0���"���.��� -�

���

�����

�����

�� ���� ��������� ����� ���� ��� !��"� ��#�$�#� ���� �������� ���������� ���� ����� ����� �� ��� �� ����� �

C%&' @�>� ���*� !���� ����� ����� @�>� !���� ���$

(�+�,���, �> �$��#9�� ���#���#����,#���� C�#B�.#,� �> )#���+��!��, -#/��� )#���+�� ��1�D� 3)#���+��4����#�5 9$�?�,8�.��/�.�(� -� �� ���(�+�,���, �> ;�,�#��. )9#��9���,#���� C�#B�.#,� �> )#���+��!��, -#/��� )#���+�� ��1�D� 3)#���+��4@�>� ���!� A��(�+�,���, �> @$�.#9.��,#���� C�#B�.#,� �> )#���+��!��, -#/��� )#���+�� ��1�D� 3)#���+��4(� ���E� �$��*���.�? �����,�#�.��,#���� C�#B�.#,� �> )#���+��!��, -#/��� )#���+�� ��1�D� 3)#���+��4