laser fibre optics - tiiciiitm.com
TRANSCRIPT
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By
Ms. Monika SrivastavaDoctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava
ABV-IIITM, Gwalior
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Unit 2
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• Laser acronym
• Laser Vs ordinary light
• Characteristics of lasers
• Different processes involved in lasers
• Einstein’s coefficients
• Relation between Einstein’s coefficients
• Condition for lasing
• Basic working of laser
• Components of laser
• Types of laser
• Laser system
• Applications
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The acronym LASER stands
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
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Characteristics of LASERs
•Monochromatic
•Coherent
•Directional
•Highly intense beam
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E1
E2
hu
(a) Absorption
hu
(b) Spontaneous emission
hu
(c) Stimulated emission
Inhu
Out
hu
E2 E2
E1 E1
Absorption, spontaneous (random photon) emission and stimulatedemission.
E2- Higher energy state
E1 - Lower energy state
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Einstein’s coefficient
A21 = "coefficient of spontaneous emission"
B12 = "coefficient of absorption"
B21 = "coefficient of induced emissions"
Spontaneous emission = n2A21
Stimulated emission = n2B21 Jν0
Adsorption = n1B12 Jν0
B12
A21
B21
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Relation between Einstein’s coefficient
𝐽𝑣0 =
2ħ𝑣03
𝑐3
𝑒(−ℎ𝑣0𝑘𝑇 ) − 1
By comparing equations
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Population Inversion
When no. of atoms per unit volume in higher energy state becomes greaterthan that of no. of atoms per unit volume in lower energy state, this condition iscalled “Population inversion”. This sets stimulated emission and emits identicalphotons as of incident photon.
“Threshold Condition For Lasing”
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Basic working of LASERs
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Components of LASER
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Types of LASER
• On the basis of medium there are different types of Lasers:
Solid Lasers
Liquid Lasers
Gases Lasers
Semiconductor Lasers.
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Beam Generation Unit
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Beam delivering unit
• Mirrors
• Beam splitters
Focusing lens
Fiber optic coupling
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Applications:
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Ruby Laser
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Nd:YAG Laser
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He-Ne Laser
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Semiconductor laser-Construction
Optical Resonator:By cleaving two ends (110) optical resonator is obtained
Due to refractive indices difference between material and air ideally R=33%.
It is increased by coating both end with suitable materials such as Al2O3, TiO2 etc.
Active Medium: Heavily doped Semiconductor material such as GaAs, InP, etc.
Excitation Source : Current is pumping source.
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Working
• When p-n junction is forward bias, depletion region is reduced and
hence causing diffusion of electrons and holes further and
recombination of these majority carrier takes place which leads to
emission of light.
p+
Eg
V
n+
EF C
eV
EF V
E cE c
Inversion region
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Optical fiber
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What are Fiber Optics?
• Optical fibers are long, thin strands of pure glass or plastic about thediameter of a human hair.
• They are designed to transmit light signals over long distances withless signal loss.
• Based on total internal reflection.
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Structure of Optical fiber
• CoreQuartzRegion through which light passes.
• CladdingCoaxial middle region surrounding
the core.Provide confinement of light within
the core.ncladding < ncore
• JacketOuter most region made with
polymer.Protects core and cladding from
abrasions , contamination, moisture. Provide mechanical strength.
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7.51
Types of Optical Fibre
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Losses
• Losses due to material defects
•Surface scattering
•Bending loss
•Splice
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Merits of Fiber Optics
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Demerits/limitations of Fiber Optics
• Costly maintenance and installation.
• Splicing and connecting is more delicate:• Optical fiber can not be join together as easily as copper cable. It requires
training and expensive splicing and measurement equipment.
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Fiber optic splicing and connectors
• A splice is a permanent connection
• A connector is removable
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Optical Couplers and Switches
Power splitters - categorized :
As star couples with multiple inputs and outputs As tees, which have one input and two outputs
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Optical fiber sensors
• A fiber optic sensor is a sensing device that uses fiber optictechnology for measuring physical quantities such astemperature, pressure, strain, voltages and acceleration.
• In particular, it uses an optical fiber as the sensing element,called an intrinsic sensor, or uses it to transport signals from theremote sensor to the signal processing module (extrinsicsensor).
• It can do sensing by measuring :• Wavelength shift
• Time delay
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Applications of optical fibers
• Communication - Telephone transmission method uses fibre-optic cables.Optical fibres transmit energy in the form of light pulses.
• Medical uses - Optical fibres are well suited for medical use. They can bemade in extremely thin, flexible strands for insertion into the bloodvessels, lungs, and other hollow parts of the body. Optical fibres are usedin a number of instruments that enable doctors to view internal bodyparts without having to perform surgery.
• Simple uses - The simplest application of optical fibres is the transmissionof light to locations otherwise hard to reach.
• Military – Weight of aircraft are reduced.
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In Industry
• Drilling Holes
• Welding
• Cutting
(i)
(ii) (iii)
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In Every Day Life
• Bar Code Reader
• Hologram
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In medicine
• Dental Treatment
• Treatment Of Kidney Stones
• Treatment Of Cancers etc