larry oliver faa flight standards (afs-430) advanced management technology, inc. federal aviation...
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Larry Oliver
FAA Flight Standards (AFS-430)
Advanced Management Technology, Inc.
Federal AviationAdministrationEverything You
Wanted to KnowAbout GPS and WAAS
Larry Oliver
FAA Flight Standards (AFS-430)
Advanced Management Technology, Inc.
Federal AviationAdministrationEverything You
Wanted to KnowAbout GPS and WAAS
(Unless you are an engineer!)
GPS/WAAS3Federal Aviation
Administration
Agenda
• Basics of GPS– Recent change to AIM, AC 90-100– RNAV, RNP or not?
• WAAS– How it works– What can it do for me?– Approaches (LPV, LNAV/VNAV)– SIDs, STARs, Q-Routes, and T-Routes
• What’s next?– Performance-based National Airspace System
• Q&A
GPS/WAAS4Federal Aviation
Administration
The Usual Caveats
• Valid for navigation in the US National Airspace System
• Does not invalidate or change ANYTHING required by your POI or in your OpSpec
• Does not supersede ANYTHING in your POH/AFM
• Some equipment requires specific operational mitigations
GPS/WAAS5Federal Aviation
Administration
FAA Mission
• Provide the safest, most efficient aerospace system in the world
Navigation Services goal• Provide safe, cost effective navigation
services to meet operational needs of the aviation customer
GPS/WAAS6Federal Aviation
Administration
The National Airspace System (NAS)• 18,000 airports• 750 control facilities• 4,000 commercial flights per day• 100,000 commercial passengers per day• Plus thousands of Part 91 operations
every day
GPS/WAAS7Federal Aviation
Administration
GPS Basics
• Nominal 24 GPS satellites in low earth orbit• Each satellite transmits data message• Airborne receiver processes message to
determine position/velocity/time• Navigation function; either in FMS or in GPS
(stand-alone)• Linear, not angular
GPS/WAAS8Federal Aviation
Administration
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)• Calculates your position vs. satellites to
determine if sufficient for navigation• Considers known satellite outages• RAIM check for destination and alternate• Required for GPS
GPS/WAAS9Federal Aviation
Administration
www.RAIMPrediction.net
GPS/WAAS10Federal Aviation
Administration
NOTAMS
• GPS outages– Usually military
• Satellite outages– Used in RAIM prediction
GPS/WAAS11Federal Aviation
Administration
With Approved GPS, I can:
• File RNAV• Fly an LNAV approach• Fly an RNP/RNAV approach• Fly a GPS approach
• …but I can’t file a GPS alternate
GPS/WAAS12Federal Aviation
Administration
An RNAV Aircraft Can
• Substitute RNAV for VOR, ADF or DME that is out of service
• Use as alternative means of navigation guidance (no requirement to monitor VOR, etc.)
• Extracted from AIM, Section 1-2-3, “Use of RNAV Equipment on Conventional Procedures and Routes”– Define “Conventional”
GPS/WAAS13Federal Aviation
Administration
“Conventional” Is Not RNAV
• Older TSOC-129 boxes– Lack sufficient database memory– May lack ability to provide path guidance (path
terminators)– Suitable for most operations, but not RNAV/RNP
• No restrictions on newer units• Information on specific units under
“Policies and Guidance” at: www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs400/afs410
GPS/WAAS14Federal Aviation
Administration
Fly-By and Fly-Over Waypoints
GPS/WAAS15Federal Aviation
Administration
Fly-By or Fly-Over – Yes, It Is Important
GPS/WAAS16Federal Aviation
Administration
Can I Fly An RNAV Procedure?
GNS 430
GNS 530
GNS/CNX 480*
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
UnitRNAV
Q/T Routes(Terminal)
RNAV 1(ER)
RNAV 2Substitution
*Needs T2 letter of acceptance
Answer is in AC 90-100A and online, updated table
GPS/WAAS17Federal Aviation
Administration
Regardless Of The System, Remember That
“Pilots may not substitute for the navigational aid providing lateral guidance for the final approach.” (AIM, pg 1-2-6)
GPS/WAAS18Federal Aviation
Administration
Typical Conventional Arrival
GPS/WAAS19Federal Aviation
Administration
RNAV Arrival
• Not a conventional arrival– Computer
generated waypoints
– Mix of fly-over and fly-by
GPS/WAAS20Federal Aviation
Administration
GPS/WAAS21Federal Aviation
Administration
WAAS System
GPS/WAAS22Federal Aviation
Administration
How WAAS Works
GPS/WAAS23Federal Aviation
Administration
WAAS Capabilities
• Why WAAS?– Enhances en-route navigation performance over GPS alone– Enhances non-precision approach capability over GPS alone– Allows WAAS equipped users to fly more than 2,891 published
LNAV/VNAV procedures to minimums as low as 300 feet – Allows WAAS equipped users to fly new LPV procedures - Can use GPS for an alternate (LNAV only)
• Better than 99.99% availability of system– 200’ minimum WAAS specific approaches (LPV)– 846 LPV approaches published, with 300 new expected
each year
GPS/WAAS24Federal Aviation
Administration
With WAAS, I can:
• Skip the RAIM check!• Fly an LNAV/VNAV approach• Fly an LPV approach• Use GPS/WAAS entirely
• …and I can file a GPS alternate– But using the LNAV minima line
GPS/WAAS25Federal Aviation
Administration
WAAS
• TSO-C146 “Stand-Alone Airborne Nav Using GPS Augmented by WAAS)
• TSO-C145 “Airborne Nav Sensors Using GPS Augmented by WAAS”
GPS/WAAS26Federal Aviation
Administration
Instrument Approach Update
• NDBs being reduced• No new funding for ILS• Expansion of LPVs• LPV minimums of 200’
GPS/WAAS27Federal Aviation
Administration
Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV)• Flies like an ILS (but better!)• Minimums down to 200’• Why isn’t it a precision approach?• What about the pilot test standards?
GPS/WAAS28Federal Aviation
Administration
Charting with LPV Minimum Line
LPV Minimum Line
WAAS Channel Number
WAAS Approach ID: W24AW: WAAS24: Runway 24A: 1st WAAS Approach To Rwy 24
Temperature RestrictionDoes Not Apply to WAASEquipment
GPS/WAAS29Federal Aviation
Administration
LPV Production Schedule
• Currently, 846 LPV approaches• Adding 300 per year• On the web: gps.faa.gov
– Click button: GPS/WAAS
GPS/WAAS30Federal Aviation
Administration
Standard Instrument Departure
GPS/WAAS31Federal Aviation
Administration
Here is what’s coming!
GPS/WAAS32Federal Aviation
Administration
Q-Routes
GPS/WAAS33Federal Aviation
Administration
T-Routes
GPS/WAAS34Federal Aviation
Administration
Coming Soon…
• LP approaches• Helo point in space approaches
GPS/WAAS35Federal Aviation
Administration
Why All the Changes?
• Ask anyone who regularly flies into O’Hare, JFK, ATL– Capacity– Safety– Oh, and money!
• Seen any new airports under construction?• Heard about the anticipated number of
VLJs?
GPS/WAAS36Federal Aviation
Administration
Nav Aid Cost
• VOR– Install = $250,000– 20-year life cycle cost = $1,100,000
• ILS– Install = $1,200,000– 20-year life cycle cost = $2,700,000
• Neither figure considers cost of real estate
GPS/WAAS37Federal Aviation
Administration
Where is this leading?
• GPS is biggest change to hit aviation since the jet engine!
• 2007 – decision for drawdown of VORs• My personal guess -reduce by 60% over 10
years• NDBs are already being divested
GPS/WAAS38Federal Aviation
Administration
StreamlinedDepartures
Vector -FreeArrivals
All-Weather
Approaches
StreamlinedDepartures
Efficient, Flexible Routing
Vector -FreeArrivals
All-Weather
Approaches
Performance-Based Navigation
• Complete transition by 2025• Consistent with ICAO global vision• Operational capability based on GPS and augmentations• Enhance safety, capacity, efficiency• Reduce costs
GPS/WAAS39Federal Aviation
Administration
Required Navigational Performance (RNP)• Major change in technical approach – not
sensor specific• Complete “system” will be RNP certified
– Aircraft, nav system, autopilot to provide containment and alerting
• RNP 2 miles en route, 1 mile terminal, 0.3 for approach
GPS/WAAS40Federal Aviation
Administration
RNP 0.3 DME/DME NA
GPS/WAAS41Federal Aviation
Administration
Larry’s Forecast
• Satellite-based navigation• More takeoff-direct routing• ILS-like accuracy en route throughout the NAS• Skeleton framework of VORs as mitigation
for possible GPS jamming/obstruction– Until we work out a jam-proof system
GPS/WAAS42Federal Aviation
Administration
In The Future, You Will:
• Have to intimately understand the workings of your GPS receiver (to fly IFR)– Incredibly capable, but it’s a computer!
• Spend more time as a “systems operator”• You will either love it, or hate it, but it’s here
to stay!
GPS/WAAS43Federal Aviation
Administration
Three Major FAA Planning Documents• Operational Evolution Plan
– www.faa.gov/programs/OEP
• Roadmap for Performance Based Navigation– www.faa.gov/ats/rnp
• Next Generation Air Transport System
GPS/WAAS44Federal Aviation
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The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Plan Defines A System That Can Meet Demands For The 21st Century
Trajectory-Based Operations
Performance-Based Operations and Services
Precision Navigation
Weather Integration
Network-Centric Information Sharing
Surveillance Services
Equivalent Visual Operations
Super Density Operations
Layered, Adaptive Security
Capabilities
GPS/WAAS45Federal Aviation
Administration
Navigation Evolution Customer Council (NECC)• Council made up of government and industry
members • Created by Director of Navigation Services to:
– Implement the navigation evolution roadmap – Adjudication of roadmap comments– Develop roadmap updates– Liaison between policy-makers and the aviation
community
GPS/WAAS46Federal Aviation
Administration
• Contact me at:
(202)-385-4593
GPS/WAAS47Federal Aviation
Administration
GPS Inflight Problem Solving Does the Damn Thing Work?
Don't Mess with It? Should You Mess with It?You Idiot!!!
You PoorIdiot!!!
Trash It?Can You Blame Someone Else?
NOPROBLEM
Does Anyone ElseKnow How to Use It?
Will You Catch Hell?
Hide It?
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
GPS/WAAS48Federal Aviation
Administration