large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the italian coasts: a ......historical earthquakes with mw ≥...

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Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a review of historical events and their debated sources Alberto Armigliato , Stefano Tinti, Gianluca Pagnoni, Filippo Zaniboni Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Settore Geofisica

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Page 1: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts:

a review of historical events and their debated sources

Alberto Armigliato, Stefano Tinti, Gianluca Pagnoni, Filippo Zaniboni

Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna,

Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Settore Geofisica

Page 2: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Date Location Lat Lon Imax Mw Tsunami Tsunami

intensity

1693/01/11 Sicilia orientale 37.140 15.013 XI 7.41 5

1456/12/05 Molise 41.302 14.711 XI 7.22

1743/02/20 Basso Ionio 39.852 18.777 IX 7.13 2

1908/12/28 Calabria meridionale-

Messina

38.146 15.687 XI 7.10 6

1905/09/08 Calabria meridionale 38.819 15.943 X-XI 7.04 4

1638/03/27 Calabria 39.048 16.289 XI 7.03 2

1857/12/16 Basilicata 40.352 15.842 XI 7.03

1348/01/25 Carinzia 46.578 13.541 IX-X 7.02

1783/02/05 Calabria 38.297 15.970 XI 7.02 4

1915/01/13 Avezzano 42.014 13.530 XI 7.00

Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011)

Tsunami data from Tinti et al. (2004, 2007)

Page 3: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

1) Very light. Wave so weak as to be perceptible only on tide-gauge records.

2) Light. Wave noticed by those living along the shore and familiar with the sea. On very flat shores

generally noticed.

3) Rather strong. Generally noticed. Flooding of gently sloping coasts. Light sailing vessels or small

boats carried away on shore. Slight damage to light structures situated near the coast. In estuaries

reversal of the river flow some distance upstream.

4) Strong. Flooding of the shore to some depth. Light scouring on man-made ground. Embankments

and dikes damaged. Light structures near the coasts damaged. Solid structures on the coast injured.

Big sailing vessels and small ships carried inland or out to sea. Coasts littered with floating debris.

5) Very strong. General flooding of the shore to some depth. Breakwater walls and solid structures

near the sea damaged. Light structures destroyed. Severe scouring of cultivated land and littering of

the coast with floating items and sea animals. With the exception of big ships, all other type of

vessels carried inland or out to sea. Big bores in estuary rivers. Harbour works damaged. People

drowned. Wave accompanied by strong roar.

6) Disastrous. Partial or complete destruction of man-made structures for some distance from the

shore. Flooding of coasts to great depths. Big ships severely damaged. Trees uprooted or broken.

Many casualties.

The Sieberg-Ambraseys tsunami intensity scale

Page 4: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Date Location Lat Lon Imax Mw Tsunami

Tsunami

Intensity

1511 03 26 Slovenia 46.198 13.431 X 6.98 2

1688 06 05 Sannio 41.283 14.561 XI 6.98

1783 03 28 Calabria 38.785 16.464 XI 6.98 3

1887 02 23 Liguria occidentale 43.715 8.161 X 6.97 3

1638 06 08 Crotonese 39.279 16.812 X 6.89

1980 11 23 Irpinia-Basilicata 40.842 15.283 X 6.89

1561 08 19 Vallo di Diano 40.563 15.505 X-XI 6.83

1706 11 03 Maiella 42.076 14.080 X-XI 6.83

1694 09 08 Irpinia-Basilicata 40.862 15.406 X 6.79

1542 12 10 Siracusano 37.215 14.944 X 6.77

1184 05 24 Valle del Crati 39.395 16.193 IX 6.74

1703 01 14 Appennino umbro-reatino 42.708 13.071 XI 6.74

1854 12 29 Liguria occidentale-Francia 43.350 7.648 VII-VIII 6.73

1703 02 02 Aquilano 42.434 13.292 X 6.72 2

1117 01 03 Veronese 45.309 11.023 IX 6.69

1627 07 30 Gargano 41.737 15.342 X 6.66 5

1732 11 29 Irpinia 41.064 15.059 X-XI 6.64

1783 02 07 Calabria 38.580 16.201 X-XI 6.62 2

1805 07 26 Molise 41.500 14.474 X 6.62 2

1930 07 23 Irpinia 41.068 15.318 X 6.62

1646 05 31 Gargano 41.727 15.764 X 6.61

1349 09 09 Lazio meridionale-Molise 41.560 13.901 X 6.59

1832 03 08 Crotonese 39.079 16.919 X 6.59 3

1659 11 05 Calabria centrale 38.694 16.249 X 6.55

1690 12 04 Carinzia 46.634 13.882 VIII-IX 6.54

1702 03 14 Beneventano-Irpinia 41.120 14.989 X 6.54

1731 03 20 Foggiano 41.274 15.757 IX 6.53 2

Historical

earthquakes

with

6.5 ≤ Mw < 7.0

(from the

CPTI11

catalogue,

Rovida et al.,

2011)

Page 5: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

CPTI11

catalogue,

(Rovida et al., 2011)

Page 6: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

FP6 TRANSFER

Project tsunami

catalogue

(taken up in

Maramai et al., 2014)

Page 7: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

A quanti dei maremoti storici associati a terremoti

sappiamo attribuire una faglia «generatrice»?

Decisamente a pochi…

Quali le cause?

Quali le conseguenze?

Page 8: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

SHARE-EDSF (Basili et al., 2013)

Ci sono tutte le faglie

«necessarie» dal

punto di vista dei

maremoti?

Page 9: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Un caso favorevole

– il terremoto

tsunamigenico del 23 febbraio 1887

Imperia -

ITCS022

Strike (min-max) 250 -270

Dip (min-max) 25 -35

Rake (min-max) 80 -100

Depth (min-max)

(km)

3.0-10.0

Maximum

magnitude

6.3

Page 10: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Gargano –

30 luglio 1627

Tocco Casauria-

Tremiti – ITCS059

Ripabottoni-San

Severo – ITCS003

San Marco in Lamis-

Mattinata – ITCS058

Shallow Gondola

Fault Zone – ITCS074

Deep Gondola Fault

Zone – ITCS070

Castelluccio di Sauro-

Trani – ITCS031

Strike (min-max) 80 -100 250 -270 260 -290 270 -280 90 -100 260 -280

Dip (min-max) 70 -90 80 -90 80 -90 80 -90 70 -90 70 -90

Rake (min-max) 170 -230 180 -220 200 -230 220 -230 160 -190 170 -190

Depth (min-max) (km) 11.0-20.0 6.0-25.0 0.0-25.0 0.0-14.0 14.0-25.0 11.0-22.5

Maximum magnitude 6.0 6.7 6.4 6.5 5.5 6.3

Tocco Casauria - Tremiti

Ripabottoni –

San Severo S.Marco in Lamis –

Mattinata

Deep Gondola

Fault Zone

Shallow Gondola

Fault Zone

Castelluccio dei Sauri – Trani

Page 11: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Gruppo di

Ricerca sui

Maremoti,

DIFA, UNIBO, 2014

Page 12: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Calabria

tirrenica –

8 settembre 1905

(Si rimanda anche

alla presentazione di

Filomena Loreto,

Sala 20 maggio, ore

14:30)

DISS 3.1.1

DISS Working Group (2010)

Page 13: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Stretto di Messina e Sicilia orientale

28/12/1908

11/01/1693

Aspromonte-

Peloritani – ITCS016

Strike (min-max) 10 -30

Dip (min-max) 25 -40

Rake (min-max) 250 -280

Depth (min-max)

(km)

2.0-13.0

Maximum magnitude 7.0

Monte Lauro –

ITCS036

Gela-Catania –

ITCS029

Strike (min-max) 50 -70 225 -260

Dip (min-max) 40 -50 20 -40

Rake (min-max) 60 -90 80 -100

Depth (min-

max) (km)

3.0-15.0 3.0-10.0

Maximum

magnitude

6.6 6.0

Page 14: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

11 gennaio 1693 (Gerardi et al., 2008)

Page 15: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

11 gennaio 1693 (Argnani et al., 2012)

Faglie sulla scarpata ibleo-maltese

Page 16: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

1 m

5 m

10 m

Malta - Gozo

Altezze di Run-up Misurate

5 m

in

15 m

in

30 m

in

Ritardo tra Terremoto e Maremoto

28 dicembre 1908

Sulla base di Platania (1909), Baratta

(1910), Tinti and Giuliani (1983)

Page 17: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Polonia et al. (2012)

Aloisi et al. (2013)

C’è fermento sulle sorgenti…!!!

Page 18: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Stime di tsunami

hazard per le coste

siciliane orientali

(FP7 ASTARTE

Project, lavori in corso…)

Page 19: Large tsunamigenic earthquakes along the Italian coasts: a ......Historical earthquakes with Mw ≥ 7.0 (from the CPTI11 catalogue, Rovida et al., 2011) Tsunami data from Tinti et

Conclusioni

Per molti dei terremoti storici italiani a cui sono seguiti maremoti distruttivi, l’identificazione della faglia

«generatrice» è ancora un problema aperto.

Certamente il problema è reso complicato dal fatto che parliamo di eventi «antichi».

I modelli di sorgente proposti sulla base di dati macrosismici, di osservazioni geomorfologiche e di

considerazioni tettoniche non spiegano le osservazioni storiche sugli effetti di maremoto.

Non è da escludere che, almeno per alcuni di questi terremoti, il non avere tenuto conto dei dati di

maremoto possa avere portato ad una sottostima della magnitudo.

L’idea che per alcuni di questi maremoti il meccanismo di generazione possa essere imputato anche

a movimenti franosi innescati dal terremoto è certamente percorribile, a patto che le prospezioni geo-

marine diano chiare indicazioni in proposito.

Le nostre stime di hazard da maremoto (ma forse anche da terremoto) sono ancora incomplete…