large hadron collider presentation report

8/9/2019 Large Hadron Collider Presentation Report

1/47

KGISQN_ " 9

HLQ_FA^KQHFL

Qgn Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr Srfenkq }i{ issrftna ox KN_L Kf~lkhj hl Anknbonr 9881, Gf}ntnr* hlfranr qf ijjf} qgn bikghln qf on o~hjq }hqghl i kfl{qilq o~amnq }hqg lf dhlilkhij kflqrho~qhfl{ drfb

lfl"Bnbonr [qiqn{* hq }i{ ankhana qgiq qgn ikknjnriqfr }i{ qf on o~hjq i{ i ?"{qimn srfenkq* qgn dhr{q

{qimn }hqg nlnrmx fd 93 QnT hl qgn knlqrn"fd"bi{{* qf on fsnriqhflij ox ?331* }hqg il ~smrian qf hq{

dhlij nlnrmx fd 91 QnTox ?337, Hq }i{ ij{f ankhana qgiq i kfbsrngnl{htn rnthn} fd qgn Srfenkq

}f~ja on bian ondfrn qgn nla fd 988= ila qgiq hd {~ddhkhnlq nwqri kflqrho~qhfl{ kf~ja on {nk~rna

drfb lfl"Bnbonr [qiqn{ qgnl hq }f~ja on sf{{hojn qf rn"nwibhln qgn ?"{qimn srfenkq ila rntnrq qf qgn

hbbnahiqn kfl{qr~kqhfl fd i 91 QnT ikknjnriqfrA~rhlm qgn xnir{ 988>"9884* hlqnl{n lnmfqhiqhfl{ }hqg lfl"Bnbonr [qiqn{ {nk~rna i{~o{qilqhij kfbbhqbnlq qf sirqhkhsiqn dhlilkhijjx hl qgn kfl{qr~kqhfl fd qgn Bikghln, Kfl{ny~nlqjx*qgn rnthn} dfrn{nnl ondfrn qgn nla fd 988= }i{ orf~mgq dfr}ira, Hl Anknbonr 9884* Kf~lkhj si{{na

i _n{fj~qhfl issrfthlm qgn kfl{qr~kqhfl fd qgn91 QnT ikknjnriqfr{ hl i {hlmjn {qimn, Qgn JGK }hjjon qgn dhr{q bikghln o~hjq iq KN_L }hqg {~o{qilqhij biqnrhij kflqrho~qhfl drfb lfl"Bnbonr [qiqn{,Bikghln gira}irn h{ onhlm kfl{qr~kqna hl Liqhflij Jiofriqfrhn{ hl Kiliai* Hlahi* Eisil* _~{{hi ilaqgn ^[I,

Hl sirijjnj }hqg qgn ahsjfbiqhk ikqhthqx* i {~o{qilqhij rnan{hml fd qgn bikghln }i{ ~lanrqi`nl hl

franr qf rna~kn kf{qila hbsrftn snrdfrbilkn, Qgh{ }fr` k~jbhliqna hl qgn JGK Kflknsq~ij

An{hml _nsfrq 'qgn Xnjjf} Off`( s~ojh{gna hl Fkqfonr 988>* }ghkg gi{ {nrtna i{ qgn oi{h{ dfr

qgn anqihjna an{hml, Qgn oi{hk an{hml fd qgn bikghln ila hq{ snrdfrbilkn srfenkqhfl{ gitn rnbihlna

rnbir`iojx {qiojn ftnr qgn nl{~hlm xnir{* }hqg i dn} nwknsqhfl{ bnlqhflna onjf},

Hl qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq {x{qnb* qgn bf{q {hmlhdhkilq kgilmn h{ hl qgn an{hml fd qgn bihl

ahsfjn{, Qgn Xnjjf} Off` an{hml }i{ oi{na fl qgn ~{n fd ghmg"{qrnlmqg ij~bhlh~b kfjjir{

qf kflqihl qgn njnkqrfbimlnqhk dfrkn{* }hqg i mis hl qgn xf`n qgiq kjf{na }gnl kfja, Idqnr qn{qhlm i

l~bonr fd bfanj{ oi{na fl qgh{ kflknsq hq }i{ ankhana qf rnsjikn qgn ij~bhlh~b kfjjir{ }hqg

i~{qnlhqhk {qnnj kfjjir{ ila qf kjf{n qgn xf`n mis iq rffb qnbsnriq~rn, Qgn bihl rni{fl dfr qgh{ }i{

qgn b~kg qhmgqnr qfjnrilkn rny~hrnbnlq{ dfr qgn ij~bhlh~b kfjjir{, Hq }i{ kfl{hanrna qgiq qgn kf{q fd

ikghnthlm qgh{ qfjnrilkn hl il hla~{qrhij nlthrflbnlq }f~ja nwknna qgn nwqri kf{q fd qgn kfjjir

biqnrhij, Qgh{ kgfhkn gi{ srftna qf on i tnrx mffa fln, Ahsfjn srfa~kqhfl h{ srfknnahlm {bffqgjx*

}hqg kfl{h{qnlq y~ijhqx,

Qgn an{hml fd qg n o nib kfjjhbi qhfl {x{qn b{ g i{ ntfj tna kfl{hanriojx, [hlkn qgn

ahddhk~jqhn{ ila snrdfrbilkn mfij{ irn ah{qrho~qna hl qhbn* qgn kfjjhbiqhfl {x{qnb{ irn an{hmlna

{f qgiq qgnx kil on hl{qijjna hl qgrnn sgi{n{, Hl qgn dhr{q sgi{n* rfo~{qln{{ h{ ditfrna qf ~jqhbiqn

snrdfrbilkn, Qgn srhbirx kfjjhbiqfr ei}{ irn bian drfb kirofl* iojn qf rn{h{q ghmg onib jf{{, I{nwsnrhnlkn }hqg qgn {x{qnb mrf}{* d~rqgnr kfjjhbiqfr{ }hjj on hl{qijjna qf nddhkhnlqjx srfqnkq qgn

bikghln ila anqnkqfr{ iq qgn ghmgn{q hlqnl{hqx,

Qgn _D ila Onib Dnnaoik` {x{qnb{ gitn ntfjtna {fbn}giq {hlkn qgn Xnjjf} Off`, Qgn

jflmhq~ahlij aibshlm }hjj lf jflmnr on snrdfrbna }hqg {nsiriqn aibshlm kithqhn{, Hl iaahqhfl i ln}

?33 BGu {x{qnb qf rna~kn kisq~rn jf{{n{ ila qf ni{n fsnriqhfl gi{ onnl an{hmlna* ijqgf~mg

rnknlq {~kkn{{ hl kflqrfjjhlm qgn jflmhq~ahlij nbhqqilkn hl qgn [S[ gitn {gf}l qgiq qgh{ {x{qnb }hjj

fljx on rny~hrna iq qgn ghmgn{q hlqnl{hqx,

Qgn an{hml fd qgn tik~~b {x{qnb gi{ rnbihlna ~lkgilmna hl qgn kfja rnmhfl{ fd qgn bikghln nwknsqhl qgn hl{nrqhfl rnmhfl{* }gnrn onib {krnnl{ gitn onnl hlqrfa~kna hl ijj {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ hlfranr qf itfha kfja qris{, Hl qgn rffb qnbsnriq~rn rnmhfl{ hq gi{ onnl ankhana qf kfiq qgnkgibonr{ }hqg Qh"Ur"T Lfl Ntisfriojn Mnqqnr 'LNM( }ghkg kil on ikqhtiqna iq jf} qnbsnriq~rn

'?33K(, Kfl{hanriojn nwsnrhnlkn gi{ ij{f onnl ikk~b~jiqna hl qgn [S[ fl qgn njnkqrfl kjf~ahl{qiohjhqx* }ghkg }hjj jhbhq qgn j~bhlf{hqx hl nirjx fsnriqhfl, I {kr~oohlm snrhfa }hjj on lnnana

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qf kjnil qgn tik~~b kgibonr qgrf~mg njnkqrfl ofboirabnlq ondfrn hq }hjj on sf{{hojn qf fsnriqn iqd~jj hlqnl{hqx,

Qgn anqihjna fsqhkij an{hml fd qgn bikghln gi{ onnl bfahdhna hl qgn ah{snr{hfl {~ssrn{{fr ila

hl{nrqhfl rnmhfl{ hl franr qf hbsrftn qgn djnwhohjhqx ila q~ln iohjhqx fd qgn bikghln,

Dhlijjx* i ln} {bijj nwsnrhbnlq dfr {bijj ilmjn {kiqqnrhlm 'QFQNB( gi{ onnl issrftna qf onhl{qijjna hl qgn rnmhfl fd KB[, Qgh{ gi{ rny~hrna i l~bonr fd jixf~q kgilmn{ hl franr qf hlqnmriqnqgn _fbil Sfq anqnkqfr{,

I tnrx kfl{hanriojn ibf~lq fd bfahdhkiqhfl fd qgn nwh{qhlm JNS hldri{qr~kq~rn gi{ onnl lnkn{{irx,

Fl qgn {~rdikn* iaahqhflij o~hjahlm{ irn lnnana qf gf~{n qgn g~mn krxfmnlhk sjilq{ ila

fqgnr ny~hsbnlq, ^lanrmrf~la* qgn bf{q anbilahlm khthj nlmhlnnrhlm }fr` gi{ onnl qgn

nwkitiqhfl fd qgn nwsnrhbnlqij kitnrl{ dfr qgn q}f jirmn anqnkqfr{ IQJI[ ila KB[, Fqgnr

kfltnlqhflij hldri{qr~kq~rn* hlkj~ahlm kffjhlm* tnlqhjiqhfl* ikkn{{ ila {idnqx{x{qnb{* njnkqrhkij

hldri{qr~kq~rn gi{ ijj lnnana kfl{hanriojn bfahdhkiqhfl,

Qgn JGK }hjj on {~ssjhna }hqg srfqfl{ ila So hfl{ drfb qgn nwh{qhlm hlenkqfr kgihl kfbsrh{hlm

jhlik* off{qnr* S[ ila [S[, Qgn{n ikknjnriqfr{ gitn ~lanrmfln i biefr ~smrian hl qgn ji{q dhtnxnir{ hl franr qf bnnq qgnanbilahlm rny~hrnbnlq{ fd qgn JGK, Qgn ~smrian srfenkq hltfjtna il

hlkrni{n hl Jhlik? k~rrnlq* ln} _D {x{qnb{ hl qgn S[ Off{qnr ila S[* hlkrni{hlm qgn Off{qnr

nlnrmx drfb 9 MnT qf 9,1 MnT ila qgn bfahdhkiqhfl fd qgn JNI_ rhlm qf ijjf} So hfl kffjhlm

ila ikk~b~jiqhfl, Hl iaahqhfl* i l~bonr fd bfahdhkiqhfl{ fd qgn [S[ gitn onnl lnkn{{irx*

hlkj~ahlm il hbsnailkn rna~kqhfl srfmribbna ila qgn hl{qijjiqhfl fd i ln} nwqrikqhfl kgillnj,

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4/47

Qgn {hun fd il ikknjnriqfr h{ rnjiqna qf qgn biwhb~b nlnrmx foqihliojn, Hl qgn ki{n fd i Kfjjhanr fr

{qfrimn rhlm* qgh{ h{ i d~lkqhfl fd qgn riah~{ fd qgn bikghln ila qgn {qrnlmqg fd qgn ahsfjn bimlnqhk

dhnja qgiq `nns{ sirqhkjn{ hl qgnhr frohq{, Qgn JGK rn"~{n{ qgn ?="`b khrk~bdnrnlkn q~llnj qgiq }i{

o~hjq dfr qgn srnthf~{ ohm ikknjnriqfr* JNS, Qgn JGK ~{n{ {fbn fd qgn bf{q sf}nrd~j ahsfjn{ ila

riahf"drny~nlkx kithqhn{ hl nwh{qnlkn, Qgn {hun fd qgn q~llnj* bimlnq{* kithqhn{ ila fqgnr n{{nlqhijnjnbnlq{ fd qgn bikghln* rnsrn{nlq qgn bihl kfl{qrihlq{ qgiq anqnrbhln qgn an{hml nlnrmx fd = QnT snr

srfqfl onib,

]gx Giarfl{6

Qgn JGK }hjj ikknjnriqn q}f onib{ fd sirqhkjn{ fd qgn {ibn `hla* nhqgnr srfqfl{ fr jnia hfl{* }ghkg

irn giarfl{, Il ikknjnriqfr kil fljx ikknjnriqn knrqihl `hla{ fd sirqhkjn5 dhr{qjx qgnx lnna qf on

kgirmna 'i{ qgn onib{ irn bilhs~jiqna ox njnkqrfbimlnqhk anthkn{ qgiq kil fljx hldj~nlkn kgirmna

sirqhkjn{(* ila {nkflajx* nwknsq hl {snkhij ki{n{* qgnx lnna lfq qf ankix, Qgh{ jhbhq{ qgn l~bonr fd

sirqhkjn{ qgiq kil srikqhkijjx on ikknjnriqna qf njnkqrfl{* srfqfl{* ila hfl{* sj~{ ijj qgnhr ilqhsirqhkjn{,

Hl i khrk~jir ikknjnriqfr* {~kg i{ qgn JGK* gnitx sirqhkjn{ {~kg i{ srfqfl{ 'srfqfl{ irn irf~la ?333qhbn{ bfrn bi{{htn qgil njnkqrfl{( gitn i b~kg jf}nr nlnrmx jf{{ snr q~rl qgrf~mg {xlkgrfqrfl

riahiqhfl qgil jhmgq sirqhkjn{ {~kg i{ njnkqrfl{, Qgnrndfrn* hl khrk~jir ikknjnriqfr{* qf foqihl qgn

ghmgn{q"nlnrmx kfjjh{hfl{ hq h{ bfrn nddnkqhtn qf ikknjnriqn bi{{htn sirqhkjn{,

[xlkgrfqrfl riahiqhfl h{ qgn libn mhtnl qf qgn riahiqhfl qgiq fkk~r{ }gnl kgirmna sirqhkjn{ irn

ikknjnriqna hl i k~rtna siqg fr frohq, Qgh{ `hla fd riahiqhfl rnsrn{nlq{ il nlnrmx jf{{ dfr sirqhkjn{*}ghkg hl q~rl bnil{ qgiq bfrn nlnrmx b~{q on srfthana ox qgn ikknjnriqfr qf `nns qgn onib nlnrmx

kfl{qilq

]gx Kfjjhanr6

I Kfjjhanr 'qgiq h{ i bikghln }gnrn kf~lqnr"khrk~jiqhlm onib{ kfjjhan( gi{ i ohm iatilqimn ftnr fqgnr

`hla{ fd ikknjnriqfr }gnrn i onib kfjjhan{ }hqg i {qiqhflirx qirmnq, ]gnl q}f onib{ kfjjhan* qgn

nlnrmx fd qgn kfjjh{hfl h{ qgn {~b fd qgn nlnrmhn{ fd qgn q}f onib{, I onib fd qgn {ibn nlnrmx qgiq

ghq{ i dhwna qirmnq }f~ja srfa~kn i kfjjh{hfl fd b~kg jn{{ nlnrmx,

JGK Bikghln Kf{qhlm |

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Qgn kf{q dfr qgn bikghln ijfln h{ iof~q > ohjjhfl KGD 'iof~q ; ohjjhfl N~rf{(, Qgn qfqij srfenkq kf{q

orni`{ af}l rf~mgjx i{ dfjjf}{5

Qgn nwsnrhbnlqij kfjjiofriqhfl{ irn hlahtha~ij nlqhqhn{* d~lana hl"ansnlanlqjx drfb KN_L, KN_L h{

i bnbonr fd nikg nwsnrhbnlq* ila kflqrho~qn{ qf qgn biqnrhij o~amnq fd KB[ ila JGKo iq qgn ?3.

jntnj* 94. dfr IJHKN ila 91. dfr IQJI[, QFQNB h{ i b~kg {bijjnr nwsnrhbnlq* }hqg i qfqij

biqnrhij kf{q fd iof~q 4 bhjjhfl KGD* fd }ghkg KN_L srfthan{ ;3. fd qgn o~amnq,

]gx JGK h{ o~hjq ~lanrmrf~la6

Qgn JGK rn"~{n{ qgn q~llnj qgiq }i{ o~hjq dfr KN_L{ srnthf~{ ohm ikknjnriqfr* JNS* ah{bilqjna hl

?333, Qgn ~lanrmrf~la q~llnj }i{ qgn on{q {fj~qhfl qf gf~{n i ?="`b khrk~bdnrnlkn bikghln onki~{nhq h{ kgnisnr qf nwkitiqn i q~llnj riqgnr qgil iky~hrn qgn jila qf o~hja iq qgn {~rdikn ila qgn hbsikq fl

qgn jila{kisn h{ rna~kna qf i bhlhb~b, Hl iaahqhfl* qgn Nirqg{ kr~{q srfthan{ mffa {ghnjahlm dfr

riahiqhfl,

Qgn q~llnj }i{ o~hjq iq i bnil ansqg fd 933 b* a~n qf mnfjfmhkij kfl{hanriqhfl{ 'imihl qril{jiqhlm hlqf

kf{q( ila iq i {jhmgq mriahnlq fd 9,1., Hq{ ansqg tirhn{ onq}nnl 9=> b '~lanr qgn E~ri( ila >3 b

'qf}ira{ Ji`n Mnlnti(,

Kfjjh{hfl Nlnrmx iq qgn JGK |

Nikg srfqfl onib djxhlm irf~la qgn JGK }hjj gitn nlnrmx fd = QnT* {f }gnl q}f srfqfl{ kfjjhan qgnkfjjh{hfl nlnrmx }hjj on 91 QnT, Jnia hfl{ gitn bilx srfqfl{* ila qfmnqgnr qgnx mhtn il ntnl mrniqnr

nlnrmx5 qgn jnia"hfl onib{ }hjj gitn kfjjh{hfl nlnrmx fd 99>3 QnT, Ofqg kfjjh{hfl nlnrmhn{ gitn

lntnr onnl rnikgna ondfrn hl i jio, Nlnrmx kflknlqriqhfl h{ }giq bi`n{ sirqhkjn kfjjh{hfl{ {f {snkhij,

]gnl xf~ kjis xf~r gila{ xf~ srfoiojx af i kfjjh{hfl iq nlnrmx ghmgnr qgil srfqfl{ iq qgn JGK* o~q

b~kg jn{{ kflknlqriqna) Lf} qghl` fd }giq xf~ }f~ja af hd xf~ }nrn qf s~q i lnnajn hl fln fd xf~r

gila{, Xf~ }f~ja knrqihljx {jf} xf~r gila{ af}l i{ xf~ kjissna)

Bihl Mfij{ Fd JGK |

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F~r k~rrnlq ~lanr{qilahlm fd qgn ^lhtnr{n h{ hlkfbsjnqn, Qgn [qilaira Bfanj fd sirqhkjn{ ila dfrkn{

{~bbirhun{ f~r srn{nlq `lf}jnamn fd sirqhkjn sgx{hk{, Qgn [qilaira Bfanj gi{ onnl qn{qna ox

tirhf~{ nwsnrhbnlq{ ila hq gi{ srftnl sirqhk~jirjx {~kkn{{d~j hl ilqhkhsiqhlm qgn nwh{qnlkn fd

srnthf~{jx ~lah{kftnrna sirqhkjn{, Gf}ntnr* hq jnitn{ bilx ~l{fjtna y~n{qhfl{* }ghkg qgn JGK }hjj

gnjs qf il{}nr,

Qgn [qilaira Bfanj afn{ lfq nwsjihl qgn frhmhl fd bi{{* lfr }gx {fbn sirqhkjn{ irn tnrx

gnitx }ghjn fqgnr{ gitn lf bi{{ iq ijj, Qgn il{}nr bix on qgn {f"kijjna Ghmm{ bnkgilh{b,

Ikkfrahlm qf qgn qgnfrx fd qgn Ghmm{ bnkgilh{b* qgn }gfjn fd {sikn h{ dhjjna }hqg i Ghmm{

dhnja* ila ox hlqnrikqhlm }hqg qgh{ dhnja* sirqhkjn{ iky~hrn qgnhr bi{{n{, Sirqhkjn{ qgiq hlqnrikq

hlqnl{njx }hqg qgn Ghmm{ dhnja irn gnitx* }ghjn qgf{n qgiq gitn dnnojn hlqnrikqhfl{ irn jhmgq,

Qgn Ghmm{ dhnja gi{ iq jni{q fln ln} sirqhkjn i{{fkhiqna }hqg hq* qgn Ghmm{ of{fl, Hd {~kg i

sirqhkjn nwh{q{* nwsnrhbnlq{ iq qgn JGK }hjj on iojn qf anqnkq hq,

Qgn [qilaira Bfanj afn{ lfq fddnr i ~lhdhna an{krhsqhfl fd ijj qgn d~laibnlqij dfrkn{* i{ hq

rnbihl{ ahddhk~jq qf kfl{qr~kq i qgnfrx fd mrithqx {hbhjir qf qgf{n dfr qgn fqgnr dfrkn{, [~snr

{xbbnqrx i qgnfrx qgiq gxsfqgn{hun{ qgn nwh{qnlkn fd bfrn bi{{htn sirqlnr{ fd qgn {qilairasirqhkjn{ }n `lf} kf~ja dikhjhqiqn qgn ~lhdhkiqhfl fd d~laibnlqij dfrkn{, Hd {~snr {xbbnqrx

h{ rhmgq* qgnl qgn jhmgqn{q {~snr {xbbnqrhk sirqhkjn{ {gf~ja on df~la iq qgn JGK,

Kf{bfjfmhkij ila i{qrfsgx{hkij fo{nrtiqhfl{ gitn {gf}l qgiq ijj fd qgn th{hojn biqqnr

ikkf~lq{ dfr fljx 1. fd qgn ^lhtnr{n, Qgn {nirkg h{ fsnl dfr sirqhkjn{ fr sgnlfbnli

rn{sfl{hojn dfr air` biqqnr '?;.( ila air` nlnrmx '=;.(, I tnrx sfs~jir hani h{ qgiq air`

biqqnr h{ bian fd ln~qrij o~q {qhjj ~lah{kftnrna {~snr {xbbnqrhk sirqhkjn{,

KGISQN_ " ;

QGN BIKGHLN

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[nkqfr{ $ Fkqilq{ hl qgn Bikghln |

Qgn JGK h{ lfq i snrdnkq khrkjn, Hq h{ bian fd nhmgq irk{ ila nhmgq hl{nrqhfl{, Qgn irk{ kflqihl qgn

ahsfjn onlahlm bimlnq{* }hqg 9>1 hl nikg irk, Il hl{nrqhfl kfl{h{q{ fd i jflm {qrihmgq {nkqhfl sj~{q}f 'fln iq nikg nla( qril{hqhfl rnmhfl{ qgn {f"kijjna ah{snr{hfl {~ssrn{{fr{, Qgn nwikq jixf~q fd

qgn {qrihmgq {nkqhfl ansnla{ fl qgn {snkhdhk ~{n fd qgn hl{nrqhfl5 sgx{hk{ 'onib kfjjh{hfl{ }hqghl il

nwsnrhbnlq(* hlenkqhfl* onib a~bshlm* ila onib kjnilhlm, I {nkqfr h{ andhlna i{ qgn sirq fd qgn

bikghln onq}nnl q}f hl{nrqhfl sfhlq{, Qgn nhmgq {nkqfr{ irn qgn }fr`hlm ~lhq{ fd qgn JGK5 qgn bimlnq

hl{qijjiqhfl gissnl{ {nkqfr ox {nkqfr* qgn gira}irn h{ kfbbh{{hflna {nkqfr ox {nkqfr ila ijj qgn

ahsfjn{ fd i {nkqfr irn kfllnkqna hl {nrhn{ ila irn hl qgn {ibn kflqhl~f~{ krxf{qiq, Sf}nrhlm fd nikg

{nkqfr h{ n{{nlqhijjx hlansnlanlq, Il fkqilq {qirq{ drfb qgn bhaajn fd il irk ila nla{ hl qgn bhaajn fd

qgn dfjjf}hlm irk ila qg~{ {sil{ i d~jj hl{nrqhfl, Qgnrndfrn* qgh{ an{krhsqhfl h{ bfrn srikqhkij }gnl }n

jff` iq qgn ~{n fd qgn bimlnq{ qf m~han qgn onib{ hlqf kfjjh{hfl{ fr qgrf~mg qgn hlenkqhfl* a~bshlm*

ila kjnilhlm {nkqhfl{,

Hbsfrqilq Siribnqnr{ dfr il Ikknjnriqfr |

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]n o~hja ikknjnriqfr{ qf {q~ax srfkn{{n{ }gf{n srfoiohjhqx tirhn{ }hqg kfjjh{hfl nlnrmx* ila }ghkg

irn fdqnl rirn, Qgh{ bnil{ qgiq dfr sgx{hkh{q{ qgn bf{q hbsfrqilq siribnqnr{ irn qgn onib nlnrmx ila

qgn l~bonr fd hlqnrn{qhlm kfjjh{hfl{, Bfrn {snkhdhkijjx* hl i Kfjjhanr {~kg i{ qgn JGK qgn srfoiohjhqx

dfr i sirqhk~jir srfkn{{ tirhn{ }hqg }giq h{ `lf}l i{ qgn j~bhlf{hqx i y~ilqhqx qgiq ansnla{ fl qgn

l~bonr fd sirqhkjn{ hl nikg o~lkg* qgn drny~nlkx fd kfbsjnqn q~rl{ irf~la qgn rhlm* qgn l~bonr fd

o~lkgn{ ila qgn onib krf{{"{nkqhfl, Hl orhnd* }n lnna qf {y~nnun qgn biwhb~b l~bonr fd sirqhkjn{hlqf qgn {bijjn{q ibf~lq fd {sikn irf~la qgn hlqnrikqhfl rnmhfl,

Bihl Hlmrnahnlq{ fd il Ikknjnriqfr |

Hl il ikknjnriqfr* sirqhkjn{ khrk~jiqn hl i tik~~b q~on ila irn bilhs~jiqna ~{hlm njnkqrfbimlnqhk

anthkn{5 ahsfjn bimlnq{ `nns qgn sirqhkjn{ hl qgnhr lnirjx khrk~jir frohq{* y~iar~sfjn bimlnq{ dfk~{ qgn

onib* ila ikknjnriqhlm kithqhn{ irn njnkqrfbimlnqhk rn{fliqfr{ qgiq ikknjnriqn sirqhkjn{ ila qgnl `nns

qgnb iq i kfl{qilq nlnrmx ox kfbsnl{iqhlm dfr nlnrmx jf{{n{,

7


9/47

JGK Ahsfjn{ |

Qgn ahsfjn{ fd qgn JGK rnsrn{nlqna qgn bf{q hbsfrqilq qnkglfjfmhkij kgijjnlmn dfr qgn JGK an{hml,

Hl i srfqfl ikknjnriqfr jh`n qgn JGK* qgn biwhb~b nlnrmx qgiq kil on ikghntna h{ ahrnkqjx

srfsfrqhflij qf qgn {qrnlmqg fd qgn ahsfjn dhnja* mhtnl i {snkhdhk ikknjnriqhfl khrk~bdnrnlkn, Iq qgn

JGK qgn ahsfjn bimlnq{ irn {~snrkfla~kqhlm njnkqrfbimlnq{ ila iojn qf srfthan qgn tnrx ghmg dhnja fd

7,; Q ftnr qgnhr jnlmqg, Lf srikqhkij {fj~qhfl kf~ja gitn onnl an{hmlna ~{hlm }irb bimlnq{ hl{qniafd {~snrkfla~kqhlm fln{, Qgn JGK ahsfjn{ ~{n lhfoh~b"qhqilh~b 'LoQh( kiojn{* }ghkg onkfbn

{~snrkfla~kqhlm onjf} i qnbsnriq~rn fd 93 @ '?4;,?K(* qgiq h{* qgnx kfla~kq njnkqrhkhqx }hqgf~q

rn{h{qilkn, Hl dikq* qgn JGK }hjj fsnriqn iq 9,8 @ '?=9,;K(* }ghkg h{ ntnl jf}nr qgil qgn

qnbsnriq~rn fd f~qnr {sikn '?,= @ fr ?=3,>K(, I k~rrnlq fd 99 7>3 I djf}{ hl qgn ahsfjn{* qf krniqn

qgn ghmg bimlnqhk dhnja fd 7,;; Q* rny~hrna qf onla qgn = QnT onib{ irf~la qgn ?="`b rhlm fd qgn

JGK, Hd qgn bimlnq{ }nrn bian qf }fr` iq i qnbsnriq~rn fd 1,> @ '"?47,=K (* qgnx }f~ja srfa~kn i

bimlnqhk dhnja fd fljx 4,7 Q, Dfr kfbsirh{fl* qgn qfqij biwhb~b k~rrnlq dfr il itnrimn dibhjx gf~{n

h{ iof~q 933 I,

Qgn qnbsnriq~rn fd 9,8 @ '?=9,;K( h{ rnikgna ox s~bshlm {~snrdj~ha gnjh~b hlqf qgn bimlnq

{x{qnb{, Nikg ahsfjn h{ 9> b jflm ila }nhmg{ irf~la ;> q,

Qgn Krxfmnlhk [x{qnb |

Tik~~b hl qgn JGK5 qgn JGK gi{ qgn sirqhk~jirhqx fd githlm lfq fln* o~q qgrnn tik~~b {x{qnb{5

hl{~jiqhfl tik~~b dfr krxfbimlnq{

hl{~jiqhfl tik~~b dfr qgn gnjh~b ah{qrho~qhfl jhln

onib tik~~b

Qgn onib tik~~b srn{{~rn }hjj on 939; iqb '~jqrighmg tik~~b(* onki~{n }n }ilq qf itfha kfjjh{hfl{

}hqg mi{ bfjnk~jn{, Qgn jirmn{q tfj~bn qf on s~bsna hl qgn JGK h{ qgn hl{~jiqhfl tik~~b dfr qgn

krxfbimlnq{ '| 8333 b; jh`n s~bshlm af}l qgn knlqrij litn fd i kiqgnarij)(

Bimlnq{5 Qgnrn h{ i jirmn tirhnqx fd bimlnq{ hl qgn JGK* hlkj~ahlm ahsfjn{* y~iar~sfjn{* {nwq~sfjn{*

fkq~sfjn{* ankisfjn{* nqk, mhthlm i qfqij fd iof~q 8433 bimlnq{, Nikg qxsn fd bimlnq kflqrho~qn{ qf fs"

qhbhuhlm i sirqhkjn{ qrienkqfrx, Bf{q fd qgn kfrrnkqhfl bimlnq{ irn nbonaana hl qgn kfja bi{{ fd qgn bihl

ahsfjn{ ila y~iar~sfjn{, Qgn JGK bimlnq{ gitn nhqgnr i q}hl isnrq~rn 'dfr nwibsjn* qgn bihl ahsfjn{(* fr

i {hlmjn isnrq~rn 'dfr nwibsjn* {fbn fd qgn hl{nrqhfl y~iar~sfjn{(, Hl{nrqhfl y~iar~sfjn{ irn {snkhij

bimlnq{ ~{na qf dfk~{ qgn onib af}l qf qgn {bijjn{q sf{{hojn {hun iq qgn kfjjh{hfl sfhlq{* qgnrnox

biwhbhuhlm qgn kgilkn fd q}f srfqfl{ {bi{ghlm gnia"fl hlqf nikg fqgnr, Qgn ohmmn{q bimlnq{ irn qgn9?;? ahsfjn{,

Kithqhn{5 Qgn bihl rfjn fd qgn JGK kithqhn{ h{ qf `nns qgn ?737 srfqfl o~lkgn{ qhmgqjx o~lkgna qf nl{~rn

ghmg j~bhlf{hqx iq qgn kfjjh{hfl sfhlq{ ila gnlkn* biwhbhun qgn l~bonr fd kfjjh{hfl{, Qgnx ij{f anjhtnr

riahfdrny~nlkx '_D( sf}nr qf qgn onib a~rhlm ikknjnriqhfl qf qgn qfs nlnrmx, [~snrkfla~kqhlm kithqhn{

}hqg {bijj nlnrmx jf{{n{ ila jirmn {qfrna nlnrmx irn qgn on{q {fj~qhfl, Qgn JGK }hjj ~{n nhmgq kithqhn{ snr

onib* nikg anjhtnrhlm ? BT 'il ikknjnriqhlm dhnja fd > BT&b( iq 133 BGu, Qgn kithqhn{ }hjj fsnriqn iq

1,> @ '"?47,=K('qgn JGK bimlnq{ }hjj ~{n {~snr dj~ha gnjh~b iq 9,8 @ fr "?=9,;K(, Dfr qgn JGK qgnx

}hjj on mrf~sna hl df~r{ hl krxfbfa~jn{* }hqg q}f krxfbfa~jn{ snr onib* ila hl{qijjna hl i jflm {qrihmgq

{nkqhfl fd qgn bikghln }gnrn qgn qril{tnr{n hlqnronib ah{qilkn }hjj on hlkrni{na drfb qgn lfrbij 98> bbqf 1?3 bb

8


10/47


11/47

BIHL KFBSFLNLQ[ FD JGK

G f} af }n {nn sirqhkjn{ 6

Dfr nikg kfjjh{hfl* qgn sgx{hkh{q{ mfij h{ qf kf~lq* qrik` ila kgirikqnrhun ijj qgn ahddnrnlq sirqhkjn{ qgiq}nrn srfa~kna hl franr qf rnkfl{qr~kq qgn srfkn{{ hl d~jj, E~{q qgn qrik` fd qgn sirqhkjn mhtn{ b~kg

~{nd~j hldfrbiqhfl* n{snkhijjx hd qgn anqnkqfr h{ sjikna hl{han i bimlnqhk dhnja5 qgn kgirmn fd qgn

sirqhkjn* dfr hl{qilkn* }hjj on fothf~{ {hlkn sirqhkjn{ }hqg sf{hqhtn njnkqrhk kgirmn }hjj onla fln }ix

ila qgf{n }hqg lnmiqhtn kgirmn }hjj onla qgn fssf{hqn }ix, Ij{f qgn bfbnlq~b fd qgn sirqhkjn 'qgn

y~ilqhqx fd bfqhfl* }ghkg h{ ny~ij qf qgn srfa~kq fd qgn bi{{ ila qgn tnjfkhqx( kil on anqnrbhlna5

tnrx ghmg bfbnlq~b sirqhkjn{ qritnj hl ijbf{q {qrihmgq jhln{0 jf} bfbnlq~b sirqhkjn{ bi`n qhmgq

{shrij{,

[hw Bihl Kfbsflnlq{ fr nwsnrhbnlq{ fd JGK |

Qgn {hw nwsnrhbnlq{ iq qgn JGK irn ijj r~l ox hlqnrliqhflij kfjjiofriqhfl{* orhlmhlm qfmnqgnr {khnlqh{q{

drfb hl{qhq~qn{ ijj ftnr qgn }frja, Nikg nwsnrhbnlq h{ ah{qhlkq* kgirikqnrhuna ox hq{ ~lhy~n sirqhkjn

anqnkqfr, Qgn q}f jirmn nwsnrhbnlq{* IQJI[ ila KB[* irn oi{na fl mnlnrij"s~rsf{n anqnkqfr{ qfilijxun qgn bxrhia fd sirqhkjn{ srfa~kna ox qgn kfjjh{hfl{ hl qgn ikknjnriqfr, Qgnx irn an{hmlna qf

hltn{qhmiqn qgn jirmn{q rilmn fd sgx{hk{ sf{{hojn, Githlm q}f hlansnlanlqjx an{hmlna anqnkqfr{ h{ thqij

dfr krf{{"kfldhrbiqhfl fd ilx ln} ah{kftnrhn{ bian, Q}f bnah~b"{hun nwsnrhbnlq{*IJHKN ila

JGKo* gitn {snkhijhuna anqnkqfr{ dfr ilijxuhlm qgn JGK kfjjh{hfl{ hl rnjiqhfl qf {snkhdhk sgnlfbnli,

Q}f nwsnrhbnlq{* QFQNBila JGKd* irn b~kg {bijjnr hl {hun, Qgnx irn an{hmlna qf dfk~{ fl

dfr}ira sirqhkjn{ 'srfqfl{ fr gnitx hfl{(, Qgn{n irn sirqhkjn{ qgiq e~{q or~{g si{q nikg fqgnr i{ qgn

onib{ kfjjhan* riqgnr qgil bnnqhlm gnia"fl Qgn IQJI[* KB[* IJHKN ila JGKo anqnkqfr{ irn

hl{qijjna hl df~r g~mn ~lanrmrf~la kitnrl{ jfkiqna irf~la qgn rhlm fd qgn JGK, Qgn anqnkqfr{ ~{na ox

qgn QFQNB nwsnrhbnlq irn sf{hqhflna lnir qgn KB[ anqnkqfr* }gnrni{ qgf{n ~{na ox JGKd irn lnir

qgn IQJI[ anqnkqfr,

9( IJHKN Nwsnrhbnlq |

99
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12/47

I Jirmn Hfl Kfjjhanr Nwsnrhbnlq 'IJHKN(

Dfr qgn IJHKN nwsnrhbnlq* qgn JGK }hjj kfjjhan jnia hfl{ qf rnkrniqn qgn kflahqhfl{ e~{q idqnr qgn Ohm

Oilm ~lanr jiofriqfrx kflahqhfl{, Qgn aiqi foqihlna }hjj ijjf} sgx{hkh{q{ qf {q~ax i {qiqn fd biqqnr

`lf}l i{ y~ir`"mj~fl sji{bi* }ghkg h{ onjhntna qf gitn nwh{qna {ffl idqnr qgn Ohm Oilm, Ijj frahlirx

biqqnr hl qfaix{ ^lhtnr{n h{ bian ~s fd iqfb{, Nikg iqfb kflqihl{ i l~kjn~{ kfbsf{na fd srfqfl{ila ln~qrfl{* {~rrf~lana ox i kjf~a fd njnkqrfl{, Srfqfl{ ila ln~qrfl{ irn hl q~rl bian fd y~ir`{

}ghkg irn of~la qfmnqgnr ox fqgnr sirqhkjn{ kijjna mj~fl{, Qgh{ hlkrnahojx {qrflm ofla bnil{ qgiq

h{fjiqna y~ir`{ gitn lntnr onnl df~la, Kfjjh{hfl{ hl qgn JGK }hjj mnlnriqn qnbsnriq~rn{ bfrn qgil

933 333 qhbn{ gfqqnr qgil qgn gnirq fd qgn [~l, Sgx{hkh{q{ gfsn qgiq ~lanr qgn{n kflahqhfl{* qgn srfqfl{

ila ln~qrfl{ }hjj -bnjq-* drnnhlm qgn y~ir`{ drfb qgnhr ofla{ }hqg qgn mj~fl{, Qgh{ {gf~ja krniqn i {qiqn

fd biqqnr kijjna y~ir`"mj~fl sji{bi* }ghkg srfoiojx nwh{qna e~{q idqnr qgn Ohm Oilm }gnl qgn

^lhtnr{n }i{ {qhjj nwqrnbnjx gfq, Qgn IJHKN kfjjiofriqhfl sjil{ qf {q~ax qgn y~ir`"mj~fl sji{bi i{

hq nwsila{ ila kffj{* fo{nrthlm gf} hq srfmrn{{htnjx mhtn{ rh{n qf qgn sirqhkjn{ qgiq kfl{qhq~qn qgn

biqqnr fd f~r ^lhtnr{n qfaix, I kfjjiofriqhfl fd bfrn qgil 9333 {khnlqh{q{ drfb 81 hl{qhq~qn{ hl ?7

kf~lqrhn{ }fr`{ fl qgn IJHKN nwsnrhbnlq 'Birkg ?334(,

IJHKN anqnkqfr

[hun5 ?4 b jflm* 94 b ghmg* 94 b }han

]nhmgq5 93 333 qfln{

An{hml5 knlqrij oirrnj sj~{ {hlmjn irb dfr}ira B~fl {snkqrfbnqnr

Jfkiqhfl5 [q Mnlh{"Sf~hjjx* Drilkn,

?( IQJI[ Nwsnrhbnlq |

I Qfrfhaij JGK Issiriq~[ 'IQJI[(

9?


13/47

IQJI[ h{ i sirqhkjn sgx{hk{ nwsnrhbnlq iq qgn Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr, IQJI[ anqnkqfr }hjj {nirkg

dfr ln} ah{kftnrhn{ hl qgn gnia"fl kfjjh{hfl{ fd srfqfl{ fd nwqrifrahlirhjx ghmg nlnrmx, IQJI[ }hjj

jnirl iof~q qgn oi{hk dfrkn{ qgiq gitn {gisna f~r ^lhtnr{n {hlkn qgn onmhllhlm fd qhbn ila qgiq }hjj

anqnrbhln hq{ diqn, Ibflm qgn sf{{hojn ~l`lf}l{ irn qgn frhmhl fd bi{{* nwqri ahbnl{hfl{ fd {sikn*

bhkrf{kfshk ojik` gfjn{* ila nthanlkn dfr air` biqqnr kilahaiqn{ hl qgn ^lhtnr{n, Qgn bihl dniq~rnfd qgn IQJI[ anqnkqfr h{ hq{ nlfrbf~{ af~mgl~q"{gisna bimlnq {x{qnb, Qgh{ kfl{h{q{ fd nhmgq ?>"b

jflm {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq kfhj{* irrilmna qf dfrb i kxjhlanr irf~la qgn onib shsn qgrf~mg qgn

knlqrn fd qgn anqnkqfr, IQJI[ h{ qgn jirmn{q"tfj~bn Kfjjhanr"anqnkqfr ntnr kfl{qr~kqna, IQJI[ h{ fln

fd q}f mnlnrij"s~rsf{n anqnkqfr{ iq qgn JGK, Hq }hjj hltn{qhmiqn i }han rilmn fd sgx{hk{* hlkj~ahlm qgn

{nirkg dfr qgn Ghmm{ of{fl* nwqri ahbnl{hfl{* ila sirqhkjn{ qgiq kf~ja bi`n ~s air` biqqnr, IQJI[

}hjj rnkfra {nq{ fd bni{~rnbnlq{ fl qgn sirqhkjn{ krniqna hl kfjjh{hfl{ " qgnhr siqg{* nlnrmhn{* ila qgnhr

hanlqhqhn{, Qgh{ h{ ikkfbsjh{gna hl IQJI[ qgrf~mg {hw ahddnrnlq anqnkqhlm {~o{x{qnb{ qgiq hanlqhdx

sirqhkjn{ ila bni{~rn qgnhr bfbnlq~b ila nlnrmx, Ilfqgnr thqij njnbnlq fd IQJI[ h{ qgn g~mn

bimlnq {x{qnb qgiq onla{ qgn siqg{ fd kgirmna sirqhkjn{ dfr bfbnlq~b bni{~rnbnlq, Qgn hlqnrikqhfl{

hl qgn IQJI[ anqnkqfr{ }hjj krniqn il nlfrbf~{ aiqidjf}, Qf ahmn{q qgn{n aiqi* IQJI[ lnna{ i tnrx

iatilkna qrhmmnr ila aiqi iky~h{hqhfl {x{qnb* ila i jirmn kfbs~qhlm {x{qnb, Bfrn qgil ?833

{khnlqh{q{ drfb 9=? hl{qhq~qn{ hl ;= kf~lqrhn{ }fr` fl qgn IQJI[ nwsnrhbnlq 'Anknbonr ?338(,

IQJI[ anqnkqfr

[hun5 14 b jflm* ?> b ghmg ila ?> b }han, Qgn IQJI[ anqnkqfr h{ qgn jirmn{qtfj~bn sirqhkjn anqnkqfr ntnr kfl{qr~kqna,

]nhmgq5 =333 qfln{

An{hml5 oirrnj sj~{ nla kis{

Jfkiqhfl5 Bnxrhl* [}hqunrjila,

;( KB[ Nwsnrhbnlq |

Kfbsikq B~fl [fjnlfha 'KB[(

9;
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14/47

Qgn KB[ nwsnrhbnlq ~{n{ i mnlnrij"s~rsf{n anqnkqfr qf hltn{qhmiqn i }han rilmn fd sgx{hk{* hlkj~ahlm

qgn {nirkg dfr qgn Ghmm{ of{fl*nwqri ahbnl{hfl{* ila sirqhkjn{ qgiq kf~ja bi`n ~s air` biqqnr,

Ijqgf~mg hq gi{ qgn {ibn {khnlqhdhk mfij{ i{ qgn IQJI[ nwsnrhbnlq* hq ~{n{ ahddnrnlq qnkglhkij

{fj~qhfl{ ila an{hml fd hq{ anqnkqfr bimlnq {x{qnb qf ikghntn qgn{n, Qgn KB[ anqnkqfr h{ o~hjq irf~la

i g~mn {fjnlfha bimlnq, Qgh{ qi`n{ qgn dfrb fd i kxjhlarhkij kfhj fd {~snrkfla~kqhlm kiojn qgiq

mnlnriqn{ i bimlnqhk dhnja fd 1 qn{ji{* iof~q 933 333 qhbn{ qgiq fd qgn Nirqg, Qgn bimlnqhk dhnja h{kfldhlna ox i {qnnj -xf`n- qgiq dfrb{ qgn o~j` fd qgn anqnkqfr-{ }nhmgq fd 9? >33 qfln{, Il ~l~{~ij

dniq~rn fd qgn KB[ anqnkqfr h{ qgiq hl{qnia fd onhlm o~hjq hl"{hq~ ~lanrmrf~la* jh`n qgn fqgnr mhilq

anqnkqfr{ fd qgn JGK nwsnrhbnlq{* hq }i{ kfl{qr~kqna fl qgn {~rdikn* ondfrn onhlm jf}nrna

~lanrmrf~la hl 9> {nkqhfl{ ila rni{{nbojna, Bfrn qgil ?333 {khnlqh{q{ kfjjiofriqn hl KB[* kfbhlm

drfb 9>> hl{qhq~qn{ hl ;= kf~lqrhn{ 'Fkqfonr ?334(,

KB[ anqnkqfr

[hun5 ?9 b jflm* 9> b }han ila 9> b ghmg,

]nhmgq5 9? >33 qfln{

An{hml5 oirrnj sj~{ nla kis{

Jfkiqhfl5 Kn{{x* Drilkn,

1( JGKo Nwsnrhbnlq |

Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr oni~qx 'JGKo(

91
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15/47

Qgn JGKo nwsnrhbnlq }hjj gnjs ~{ qf ~lanr{qila }gx }n jhtn hl i ^lhtnr{n qgiq issnir{ qf on

kfbsf{na ijbf{q nlqhrnjx fd biqqnr* o~q lf ilqhbiqqnr, Hq {snkhijhun{ hl hltn{qhmiqhlm qgn {jhmgq

ahddnrnlkn{ onq}nnl biqqnr ila ilqhbiqqnr ox {q~axhlm i qxsn fd sirqhkjn kijjna qgn -oni~qx y~ir`-* fr -o

y~ir`-, Hl{qnia fd {~rrf~lahlm qgn nlqhrn kfjjh{hfl sfhlq }hqg il nlkjf{na anqnkqfr* qgn JGKo

nwsnrhbnlq ~{n{ i {nrhn{ fd {~o"anqnkqfr{ qf anqnkq bihljx dfr}ira sirqhkjn{, Qgn dhr{q {~o"anqnkqfr h{

bf~lqna kjf{n qf qgn kfjjh{hfl sfhlq* }ghjn qgn lnwq fln{ {qila fln onghla qgn fqgnr* ftnr i jnlmqg fd?3 b, Il io~lailkn fd ahddnrnlq qxsn{ fd y~ir` }hjj on krniqna ox qgn JGK ondfrn qgnx ankix y~hk`jx

hlqf fqgnr dfrb{, Qf kiqkg qgn o"y~ir`{* JGKo gi{ antnjfsna {fsgh{qhkiqna bftiojn qrik`hlm

anqnkqfr{ kjf{n qf qgn siqg fd qgn onib{ khrkjhlm hl qgn JGK, Qgn JGKo kfjjiofriqhfl gi{ 4>3

{khnlqh{q{ drfb 17 hl{qhq~qn{ hl 9; kf~lqrhn{ 'Isrhj ?334(,

JGKo anqnkqfr

[hun5 ?9b jflm* 93b ghmg ila 9;b }han

]nhmgq5 >433 qfln{

An{hml5 dfr}ira {snkqrfbnqnr }hqg sjilir anqnkqfr{

Jfkiqhfl5 Dnrlnx"Tfjqihrn* Drilkn,

>( QFQNB Nwsnrhbnlq |

QFQij Nji{qhk ila ahddrikqhtn krf{{ {nkqhfl Bni{~rnbnlq 'QFQNB(

9>


16/47

Qgn QFQNB nwsnrhbnlq {q~ahn{ dfr}ira sirqhkjn{ qf dfk~{ fl sgx{hk{ qgiq h{ lfq ikkn{{hojn qf qgn

mnlnrij"s~rsf{n nwsnrhbnlq{, Ibflm i rilmn fd {q~ahn{* hq }hjj bni{~rn* hl nddnkq* qgn {hun fd qgn

srfqfl ila ij{f bflhqfr ikk~riqnjx qgn JGK-{ j~bhlf{hqx, Qf af qgh{ QFQNB b~{q on iojn qf anqnkq

sirqhkjn{ srfa~kna tnrx kjf{n qf qgn JGK onib{, Hq }hjj hlkj~an anqnkqfr{ gf~{na hl n{snkhijjx

an{hmlna tik~~b kgibonr{ kijjna -_fbil sfq{-* }ghkg irn kfllnkqna qf qgn onib shsn{ hl qgn JGK,

Nhmgq _fbil sfq{ }hjj on sjikna hl sihr{ iq df~r jfkiqhfl{ lnir qgn kfjjh{hfl sfhlq fd qgn KB[nwsnrhbnlq, Ijqgf~mg qgn q}f nwsnrhbnlq{ irn {khnlqhdhkijjx hlansnlanlq* QFQNB }hjj kfbsjnbnlq

qgn rn{~jq{ foqihlna ox qgn KB[ anqnkqfr ila ox qgn fqgnr JGK nwsnrhbnlq{ ftnrijj, Qgn QFQNB

nwsnrhbnlq hltfjtn{ >3 {khnlqh{q{ drfb 93 hl{qhq~qn{ hl 7 kf~lqrhn{ '?334(,

QFQNB anqnkqfr

[hun5 113 b jflm* > b ghmg ila > b }han

]nhmgq5 ?3 qfln{

An{hml5 _fbil sfq ila MNB anqnkqfr{ ila kiqgfan {qrhs kgibonr{

Jfkiqhfl5 Kn{{x* Drilkn 'lnir KB[(

4( JGKd Nwsnrhbnlq |

Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr dfr}ira 'JGKd(

Qgn JGKd nwsnrhbnlq ~{n{ dfr}ira sirqhkjn{ krniqna hl{han qgn JGK i{ i {f~rkn qf {hb~jiqn kf{bhk

rix{ hl jiofriqfrx kflahqhfl{, Kf{bhk rix{ irn liq~rijjx fkk~rrhlm kgirmna sirqhkjn{ drfb f~qnr {sikn94


17/47

qgiq kfl{qilqjx ofboira qgn Nirqg-{ iqbf{sgnrn, Qgnx kfjjhan }hqg l~kjnh hl qgn ~ssnr iqbf{sgnrn*

jniahlm qf i ki{kian fd sirqhkjn{ qgiq rnikgn{ mrf~la jntnj, [q~axhlm gf} kfjjh{hfl{ hl{han qgn JGK

ki~{n {hbhjir ki{kian{ fd sirqhkjn{ }hjj gnjs {khnlqh{q{ qf hlqnrsrnq ila kijhoriqn jirmn"{kijn kf{bhk"rix

nwsnrhbnlq{ qgiq kil kftnr qgf~{ila{ fd `hjfbnqnr{, Qgn JGKd nwsnrhbnlq hltfjtn{ ?? {khnlqh{q{ drfb

93 hl{qhq~qn{ hl 1 kf~lqrhn{ '[nsqnbonr ?334(,

JGKd anqnkqfr

[hun5 q}f anqnkqfr{* nikg bni{~rn{ ;3 kb jflm* 73 kb ghmg* 93 kb }han

]nhmgq5 13 `m nikg

An{hml5

Jfkiqhfl5 Bnxrhl* [}hqunrjila 'lnir IQJI[(

[fbn Fqgnr [bijj Nwsnrhbnlq{ i{{fkhiqna }hqg JGK |

IA 'Qgn Ilqhsrfqfl Anknjnriqfr( |

Qgn Ilqhsrfqfl Anknjnriqfr h{ ~lhy~n bikghln srfthahlm jf}"nlnrmx ilqhsrfqfl{ dfr {q~ahn{ fd

ilqhbiqqnr* hl sirqhk~jir dfr krniqhlm ilqh"iqfb{, Srnthf~{jx* ilqhsirqhkjn dikqfrhn{ iq KN_L fr

nj{n}gnrn kfl{h{qna fd i kgihl fd ikknjnriqfr{* nikg snrdfrbhlm fln fd qgn {qns{ lnnana qf srfthan

9=


18/47

ilqhsirqhkjn{ dfr nwsnrhbnlq{, Lf} qgn IA snrdfrb{ ijj qgn qi{`{ ijfln* drfb srfa~khlm qgn

ilqhsrfqfl{ qf anjhtnrhlm qgnb qf qgn nwsnrhbnlq{, Qgn {qirqhlm sfhlq* {~rsrh{hlmjx* h{ i onib fd

srfqfl{ drfb qgn Srfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl 'S[(* }ghkg h{ dhrna hlqf i ojfk` fd bnqij, Qgn nlnrmx fd qgn

kfjjh{hfl{ h{ nlf~mg qf krniqn i ln} srfqfl"ilqhsrfqfl sihr iof~q flkn hl ntnrx bhjjhfl kfjjh{hfl{, Qgn

ilqhsrfqfl{ irn srfa~kna qritnjhlm iq ijbf{q qgn {snna fd jhmgq ila gitn qff b~kg nlnrmx qf on ~{nd~j

dfr bi`hlm ilqh"iqfb{, Qgnx ij{f gitn i rilmn fd nlnrmhn{ ila bftn rilafbjx hl ijj ahrnkqhfl{, Qgnefo fd qgn IA h{ qf qibn qgn{n ~lr~jx sirqhkjn{ hlqf i ~{nd~j* jf}"nlnrmx onib, I rhlm fd onlahlm ila

dfk~{hlm bimlnq{ `nns{ qgn ilqhsrfqfl{ fl qgn {ibn qrik`* }ghjn {qrflm njnkqrhk dhnja{ anknjnriqn qgnb,

I qnkglhy~n `lf}l i{ kffjhlm rna~kn{ qgn {han}ix{ bfqhfl ila qgn {srnia hl nlnrmhn{, Dhlijjx*

}gnl qgn ilqhsrfqfl{ gitn {jf}na af}l qf iof~q 93. fd qgn {snna fd jhmgq* qgnx irn rniax qf on

nenkqna, Fln anknjnriqhfl kxkjn h{ ftnr5 hq gi{ ji{qna iof~q fln bhl~qn,

KJHK 'Qgn Kfbsikq Jhlnir Kfjjhanr [q~ax( |

]hqg il nxn fl qgn d~q~rn* {khnlqh{q{ iq KN_L irn s~r{~hlm iatilkna ikknjnriqfr rn{nirkg ila

antnjfsbnlq dfr i bikghln qf nwsjfhq qgn JGK{ ah{kftnrhn{ iq qgn ghmg"nlnrmx drflqhnr, Hl qgn

Kfbsikq Jhlnir Kfjjhanr 'KJHK( {q~ax* il hlqnrliqhflij kfjjiofriqhfl h{ }fr`hlm fl i kflknsq dfr i

bikghln qf kfjjhan njnkqrfl{ ila sf{hqrfl{ 'ilqh"njnkqrfl{( gnia fl iq nlnrmhn{ ~s qf {ntnrij QnT, Qgh{

nlnrmx rilmn h{ {hbhjir qf qgn JGK{* o~q ox ~{hlm njnkqrfl{ ila qgnhr ilqhsirqhkjn{ riqgnr qgil srfqfl{*

sgx{hkh{q{ }hjj mihl i ahddnrnlq snr{snkqhtn fl qgn ~lanrjxhlm sgx{hk{, Qgn ihb h{ qf ~{n ikknjnriqhlm

riahf"drny~nlkx '_D( {qr~kq~rn{ ila i q}f"onib kflknsq qf srfa~kn ikknjnriqhlm dhnja{ i{ ghmg i{ 933

BT&b qf rnikg i lfbhlij qfqij nlnrmx fd ; QnT* }ghjn `nnshlm qgn {hun ila kf{q fd qgn srfenkq }hqghl

rnikg, Qgn KJHK qn{q dikhjhqx* KQD;* srfthan{ qgn njnkqrfl onib dfr qgn {q~ahn{, Hl qgn q}f"onib

ikknjnriqhfl kflknsq* qgn ghmg _D sf}nr qf ikknjnriqn qgn bihl onib h{ nwqrikqna drfb i {nkfla ghmg"hlqnl{hqx rnjiqhth{qhk njnkqrfl onib* qgn {f"kijjna arhtn onib qgiq r~l{ sirijjnj qf qgn bihl onib, Qgn

arhtn onib h{ anknjnriqna qf srfthan qgn _D sf}nr qf ikknjnriqn qgn bihl onib hq{njd,

97


19/47

KLM[ 'KN_L ln~qrhlf{ qf Mril [i{{f(

Qgn KN_L Ln~qrhlf{ qf Mril [i{{f srfenkq ihb{ qf ~lritnj {fbn fd qgn bx{qnrhn{ {~rrf~lahlm

ln~qrhlf{ " tnrx jhmgq* ln~qrij sirqhkjn{ qgiq hlqnrikq tnrx jhqqjn }hqg biqqnr, Qgrnn qxsn{ " fr djitfr{ " fdln~qrhlf nwh{q5 qgn njnkqrfl ln~qrhlf* qgn b~fl ln~qrhlf ila qgn qi~ ln~qrhlf, O~q hq {nnb{ qgiq

ln~qrhlf{ irn qgn kgibnjnfl{ fd qgn sirqhkjn }frja5 qgnx kil kgilmn drfb fln djitfr hlqf ilfqgnr, Qgh{

sgnlfbnlfl* kijjna f{khjjiqhfl* fkk~r{ i{ qgn ln~qrhlf{ qritnj jflm ah{qilkn{ qgrf~mg biqqnr, Hq h{

hbsfrqilq qf hltn{qhmiqn hq d~rqgnr i{ hq h{ ahrnkqjx rnjiqna qf qgn qhlx bi{{ fd qgn ln~qrhlf{, Qgn KLM[

srfenkq {nla{ b~fl ln~qrhlf{ drfb KN_L qf qgn Mril [i{{f Liqhflij Jiofriqfrx 'JLM[(* =;? `b

i}ix hl Hqijx, Qgnrn* q}f nwsnrhbnlq{* FSN_I ila HKI_^[* }ihq qf dhla f~q hd ilx fd qgn b~fl

ln~qrhlf{ gitn qril{dfrbna hlqf qi~ ln~qrhlf{, Qf krniqn qgn ln~qrhlf onib* i srfqfl onib drfb qgn

[~snr Srfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl iq KN_L h{ ahrnkqna flqf i mrisghqn qirmnq* krniqhlm sirqhkjn{ kijjna shfl{

ila ìfl{, Qgn{n sirqhkjn{ irn dna hlqf i {x{qnb fd q}f bimlnqhk jnl{n{ qgiq dfk~{ qgn sirqhkjn{ hlqf i

sirijjnj onib hl qgn ahrnkqhfl fd Mril [i{{f, Lnwq* hl i 9 `b jflm q~llnj* qgn shfl{ ila ìfl{ ankix

hlqf b~fl{ ila b~fl ln~qrhlf{, Iq qgn nla fd qgh{ ankix q~llnj* il 97 b qghk` ojfk` fd mrisghqn ila

bnqij io{fro{ qgn rnbihlhlm srfqfl{* ila shfl{ ila ìfl{ qgiq aha lfq ankix, Qgn b~fl{ irn {qfssna

ox qgn rfk` onxfla, Fljx* qgn b~fl ln~qrhlf{ rnbihl qf {qrni` qgrf~mg qgn rfk` fl qgnhr ef~rlnx qf

Hqijx,

H[FJAN 'H{fqfsn [nsiriqfr Fl"Jhln(

H[FJAN 'Fl"Jhln H{fqfsn Bi{{ [nsiriqfr( h{ i ~lhy~n {f~rkn fd jf}"nlnrmx onib{ fd riahfikqhtn

h{fqfsn{ " iqfbhk l~kjnh qgiq gitn qff bilx fr q}f dn} ln~qrfl{ qf on {qiojn, Qgn dikhjhqx* jfkiqna iq98
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20/47

qgn Srfqfl"[xlkgrfqrfl Off{qnr 'S[O(* h{ jh`n i {bijj ijkgnbhkij dikqfrx* kgilmhlm fln njnbnlq qf

ilfqgnr* riqgnr i{ qgn ijkgnbh{q{ flkn hbimhlna, Hq srfa~kn{ i qfqij fd bfrn qgil 9333 ahddnrnlq

h{fqfsn{ dfr i }han rilmn fd rn{nirkg, ^s qf lf} bfrn qgil 433 h{fqfsn{ fd bfrn qgil 43 njnbnlq{ "

drfb gnjh~b qf riah~b " gitn onnl srfa~kna* }hqg gijd"jhtn{ af}l qf bhjjh{nkfla{, Bf{q fd qgn

nwsnrhbnlq{ {q~ax qgn {qr~kq~rn fd qgn l~kjn~{ hl ahddnrnlq }ix{* o~q qgnrn irn ij{f nwsnrhbnlq{

rnjntilq qf iqfbhk sgx{hk{* l~kjnir i{qrfsgx{hk{* d~laibnlqij sgx{hk{* {fjha"{qiqn sgx{hk{ ila jhdn{khnlkn{, H[FJAN ahrnkq{ i onib fd srfqfl{ drfb qgn S[O flqf {snkhij qirmnq{* xhnjahlm i }han

tirhnqx fd iqfbhk drimbnlq{, Ahddnrnlq kfbsflnlq{ qgnl nwqrikq qgn l~kjnh ila {nsiriqn qgnb

ikkfrahlm qf bi{{, Qgn _iahfikqhtn onib Nwsnrhbnlq '_NW( iq H[FJAN ikknjnriqn{ qgn riahfikqhtn

onib{ krniqna hl qgh{ }ix* hlkrni{hlm qgn rilmn fd sf{{hojn nwsnrhbnlq{, Bilx fd qgn{n ~{n Bhlhoijj* i

mibbi"rix anqnkqfr oi{na fl tnrx s~rn mnrbilh~b,

lQFD 'Qgn ln~qrfl Dikhjhqx(

Qgn ln~qrfl qhbn"fd"djhmgq dikhjhqx* lQFD* h{ i ln~qrfl {f~rkn qgiq gi{ onnl fsnriqhlm iq KN_L {hlkn

?339, Hq h{ i ~lhy~n dikhjhqx hl }ghkg ln~qrfl{ irn srfa~kna hl i }han rilmn fd nlnrmhn{ ila hl tnrx

hlqnl{n onib{, Qgh{ ijjf}{ srnkh{n bni{~rnbnlq{ fd ln~qrfl rnjiqna srfkn{{n{ qgiq irn rnjntilq dfr

{ntnrij dhnja{, Fln nwibsjn h{ l~kjnir i{qrfsgx{hk{ }gnrn aiqi srfa~kna ox lQFD irn ~{na qf {q~axqgn frahlirx {qnjjir ntfj~qhfl i{ }njj i{ {~snrlftin, Hlqnl{n ln~qrfl onib{ irn ij{f krhqhkij hl qgn

{q~ahn{ fd srfkn{{n{ fd hlkhlnriqhfl fd riahfikqhtn l~kjnir }i{qn ila dfr i onqqnr ~lanr{qilahlm fd qgn

nddnkq{ fd riahiqhfl hl qgn qrniqbnlq fd q~bfr{ }hqg onib{ fd giarfl{ 'giarflqgnrisx(,

?3


21/47

S[ 'QgnSrfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl(

Qgn Srfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl 'S[( h{ i `nx kfbsflnlq hl KN_L{ ikknjnriqfr kfbsjnw* }gnrn hq ikknjnriqn{

srfqfl{ anjhtnrna ox qgn S[ Off{qnr fr gnitx hfl{ drfb qgn Jf} Nlnrmx Hfl _hlm, Hl qgn kf~r{n fd hq{

gh{qfrx hq gi{ e~mmjna }hqg bilx ahddnrnlq `hla{ fd sirqhkjn{* dnnahlm qgnb ahrnkqjx qf nwsnrhbnlq{ fr qf

bfrn sf}nrd~j ikknjnriqfr{, Qgn S[ dhr{q ikknjnriqna srfqfl{ fl ?1 Lftnbonr 98>8* onkfbhlm dfr i

orhnd snrhfa qgn }frja{ ghmgn{q nlnrmx sirqhkjn ikknjnriqfr, KN_L{ dhr{q {xlkgrfqrfl* hq }i{ hlhqhijjxgf{q qf KN_L{ sirqhkjn sgx{hk{ srfmribbn, Gf}ntnr* }gnl KN_L o~hjq ln} ikknjnriqfr{ hl qgn

98=3{* qgn S[{ srhlkhsij rfjn onkibn qf {~ssjx sirqhkjn{ qf qgn ln} bikghln{, Ftnr qgn xnir{* hq gi{

~lanrmfln bilx bfahdhkiqhfl{ ila qgn hlqnl{hqx fd hq{ srfqfl onib gi{ hlkrni{na i qgf~{ila dfja,

]hqg i khrk~bdnrnlkn fd 4?7 b* qgn S[ gi{ ?== kfltnlqhflij 'rffb qnbsnriq~rn( njnkqrfbimlnq{*

hlkj~ahlm 933 ahsfjn{ qf onla qgn onib{ rf~la qgn rhlm* ila hq fsnriqn{ iq ~s qf ?> MnT, Hl iaahqhfl qf

srfqfl{* hq gi{ ikknjnriqna ijsgi sirqhkjn{ 'gnjh~b l~kjnh(* fwxmnl ila {~jsg~r l~kjnh* njnkqrfl{*

sf{hqrfl{ ila ilqhsrfqfl{,

?9
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22/47

[S[ 'Qgn [~snrSrfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl(

Qgn [~snr Srfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl h{ qgn {nkfla jirmn{q bikghln hl KN_L{ ikknjnriqfr kfbsjnw,

Bni{~rhlm lnirjx = `b hl khrk~bdnrnlkn* hq qi`n{ sirqhkjn{ drfb qgn S[ ila ikknjnriqn{ qgnb qf

srfthan onib{ dfr qgn Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr* qgn KFBSI[[ nwsnrhbnlq ila qgn KLM[ srfenkq,

]gnl hq {}hqkgna fl hl 98=4* qgn [S[ onkibn qgn }fr`gfr{n fd KN_L{ sirqhkjn sgx{hk{ srfmribbn,_n{nirkg ~{hlm [S[ onib{ gi{ srfona qgn hllnr {qr~kq~rn fd srfqfl{* hltn{qhmiqna liq~rn{ srndnrnlkn

dfr biqqnr ftnr ilqhbiqqnr* jff`na dfr biqqnr i{ hq bhmgq gitn onnl hl qgn dhr{q hl{qilq{ fd qgn ^lhtnr{n

ila {nirkgna dfr nwfqhk dfrb{ fd biqqnr, I biefr ghmgjhmgq kibn hl 987; }hqg qgn Lfonj"srhun"

}hllhlm ah{kftnrx fd ] ila U sirqhkjn{ bian }hqg qgn [S[ r~llhlm i{ i srfqfl"ilqhsrfqfl Kfjjhanr,

Qgn [S[ gi{ 9;9= kfltnlqhflij 'rffb qnbsnriq~rn( njnkqrfbimlnq{* hlkj~ahlm =11 ahsfjn{ qf onla qgn

onib{ rf~la qgn rhlm* ila hq fsnriqn{ iq ~s qf 1>3 MnT, Hq gi{ gilajna bilx ahddnrnlq `hla{ fd

sirqhkjn{ {~jsg~r ila fwxmnl l~kjnh* njnkqrfl{* sf{hqrfl{* srfqfl{ ila ilqhsrfqfl{,

KGISQN_ " 1??
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23/47

SF]N_HLM $ S_FQNKQHFL FD JGK

FTN_THN]

I tnrx jirmn l~bonr fd ofqg {~snrkfla~kqhlm ila kfltnlqhflij kfssnr kfla~kqfr bimlnq{ }hjj on

hl{qijjna hl qgn JGK, Qgn anbilahlm rny~hrnbnlq{ fl qgn y~ijhqx fd qgn bimlnqhk dhnja{ rny~hrn i

jirmn l~bonr fd ah{qrho~qna kfrrnkqfr bimlnq{ irf~la qgn khrk~bdnrnlkn qgn bihl bimlnq{ dfr

onlahlm ila dfk~{hlm, Bf{q bimlnq{ fd qgn {ibn qxsn hl fln fd qgn nhmgq {xbbnqrhkij {nkqfr{ irn

kfbohlna qf dfrb dibhjhn{* sf}nrna hl {nrhn{, Hl qfqij* qgn JGK }hjj gitn 949? ahddnrnlq

njnkqrhkij khrk~hq{ fd {~snrkfla~kqhlm ila lfrbij kfla~kqhlm bimlnq{, Hl franr qf jhbhq qgn {qfrna

bimlnqhk nlnrmx ila qgn tfjqimn{ a~rhlm nlnrmx nwqrikqhfl* bimlnq dibhjhn{ af lfq nwqnla ftnr

bfrn qgil fln {nkqfr, Qgn {qfrna nlnrmx h{ bf{qjx {~ddhkhnlq qf aibimn bimlnq{ gnlkn qgnhr

srfqnkqhfl h{ n{{nlqhij, Gf}ntnr* qgnjirmn ibf~lq fd srfqnkqhfl ny~hsbnlq }hjj rna~kn qgn

itihjiohjhqx fd qgn ikknjnriqfr,

SF]N_HLM KH_K^HQ[

Qgn bimlnq{ fd qgn JGK irn sf}nrna hl nhmgq hlansnlanlq ila {xbbnqrhk {nkqfr{, ]hqghl qgn{n

{nkqfr{* bfrn qgil 13 ahddnrnlq krxf{qiq{ gf~{n qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq{* }ghjn qgn

lfrbij kfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ irn jfkiqna hl qgn jflm {qrihmgq {nkqhfl{ 'J[[( kjf{n qf qgn hlqnrikqhfl

sfhlq{ 'nwknsq dfr H_1 }gnrn qgnrn irnlf lfrbij kfla~kqhlm bimlnq{(, Qgn ghmgnr riahiqhfl jntnj{

hl qgn kjnilhlm hl{nrqhfl{ 'H_; ila H_=( ila irf~la nwsnrhbnlq{ }hqg ghmg j~bhlf{hqx 'H_?

ila H_7( srntnlq qgn ~{n fd {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq{, Gnrn lfrbij kfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ irn

nbsjfxna, Nhmgq jflm irk krxf{qiq{ {sil qgn biefr sirq fd qgn khrk~bdnrnlkn ila kflqihl qgn

bihl onlahlm ila dfk~{hlm bimlnq{, [bijjnr krxf{qiq{ jfkiqna irf~la qgn hlqnrikqhfl sfhlq{ gf~{nbimlnq{ qgiq irn {snkhdhkijjx rny~hrna dfr qgh{ hl{nrqhfl,

Hl{nrqhfl

Irk

Ah{snr{hfl [~ssrn{{frBiqkghlm [nkqhfl

Hllnr Qrhsjnq %

Jflm [qrihmgq [nkqhfl

HS

[nkqfr

Ah{snr{hfl [~ssrn{{frBiqkghlm [nkqhfl

Hllnr Qrhsjnq %

?;


24/47

Qgn qfqij fd 949? njnkqrhkij khrk~hq{ h{ kfbsf{na fd 9;9 ahddnrnlq qxsn{* kfllnkqhlm bihl onlahlm

bimlnq{* bimlnq{ dfr onib dfk~{hlm* ahsfjn dhnja kfrrnkqfr{* fr ghmgnr franr kfrrnkqfr{, [fbn qxsn{

issnir hl nikg fd qgn nhmgq {nkqfr{ 'n,m, qgn bihl ahsfjn khrk~hq( }ghjn fqgnr{ irn fljx srn{nlq hl

anahkiqna hl{nrqhfl{ 'i{ dfr nwibsjn i }irb kfbsnl{iqfr dfr qgn IJHKN nwsnrhbnlq(,

Qgn Kflknsq fd Sf}nrhlm [~o {nkqfr{ |

Qgn {nmbnlqiqhfl fd qgn sf}nrhlm fd {~kg nwqnlana njnkqrhkij {x{qnb{ rna~kn{ qgn {qfrna nlnrmhn{ hl

qgn Khrk~hq{ ila qgn tfjqimn{ a~rhlm nwqrikqhfl, Hq ij{f ijjf}{ dfr ni{hnr hl{qijjiqhfl* qn{qhlm ila

kfbbh{{hflhlm, Fl qgn fqgnr gila* i jirmnr hltnlqfrx fd kfbsflnlq{ dfr sf}nrhlm fd qgn njnkqrhkij

khrk~hq{ 'sf}nr kfltnrqnr{* k~rrnlq jnia{* }irb kiojhlm( h{ rny~hrna ila fsnriqhfl bix on bfrn

kfbsjhkiqna, Qgn nhmgq {nkqfr{ gitn onnl {~oahthana hlqf ?7 sf}nrhlm {~o {nkqfr{ fd df~r ahddnrnlq

qxsn{* i{ {gf}l

7 Irk Sf}nrhlm [~o {nkqfr{* kflqihlhlm ijj sf}nrhlm ny~hsbnlq rnjiqna qf bimlnq{ hl qgn irk

krxf{qiq{,

7 Sf}nrhlm [~o {nkqfr{ dfr sf}nrhlm fd qgn hllnr qrhsjnq krxf{qiq{* gf~{hlm qgn bimlnq{ dfr Y9

qfY; dfr qgn hl{nrqhfl{ }hqg sgx{hk{ nwsnrhbnlq{ ila iaahqhflijjx A9 hl qgn hl{nrqhfl{ ? ila 7,

9? Sf}nrhlm [~o {nkqfr{ qf sf}nr bimlnq{ hl {bijjnr krxf{qiq{ hl qgn biqkghlm {nkqhfl{*

kflqihlhlm hlahtha~ijjx sf}nrna y~iar~sfjn{ ila {nsiriqhfl ila kfbohliqhfl ahsfjn{,

= Sf}nrhlm [~o {nkqfr{ dfr sf}nrhlm fd lfrbij kfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ jndq ila rhmgq fd il HS,

Ntnrx njnkqrhkij khrk~hq ila qgn i{{fkhiqna njnkqrhkij kfbsflnlq{ hl qgn JGK q~llnj h{ ijjfkiqna qf fln

sf}nrhlm {~o {nkqfr, I{ {~kg* qgn sf}nrhlm hl nikg fd qgn sf}nrhlm {~o {nkqfr{ h{ hlansnlanlq fd qgn

sf}nrhlm fd qgn fqgnr {~o {nkqfr{

Bihl Khrk~hq{ |

Nikg fd qgn nhmgq {xbbnqrhkij JGK {nkqfr{ }hjj kflqihl fln njnkqrhkij khrk~hq 'kijjna _O(* kfllnkqhlm

ijj bihl onlahlm bimlnq{ hl {nrhn{, Qgn bihl y~iar~sfjn{ irn sf}nrna hl nikg {nkqfr hl q}f njnkqrhkij

khrk~hq{ '_YD ila _YA( anahkiqna qf dfk~{hlm ila andfk~{hlm qgn q}f onib{, Qgn sf}nr kfltnrqnr{

dfr qgn{n qgrnn bihl khrk~hq{ hl nikg fd qgn nhmgq {nkqfr{ irn jfkiqna hl il ~lanrmrf~la irni '^I( kjf{nqf qgn ntnl hl{nrqhfl rnmhfl{, Qgn k~rrnlq{ nlqnr qgn krxf{qiq qgrf~mg i lnirox ADOI dnnaofw, Qgn

{qfrna nlnrmx hl qgn{n khrk~hq{ ibf~lq{ qf 9,?? ME dfr qgn bihl ahsfjn9 ila ?3 BE dfr nikg fd qgn

bihl y~iar~sfjn khrk~hq{, Dfr qgn bihl ahsfjn khrk~hq il nlnrmx nwqrikqhfl {x{qnb 'kfl{h{qhlm fd i ghmg

k~rrnlq {}hqkg hl sirijjnj }hqg qgn nwqrikqhfl rn{h{qfr( h{ sjikna fl nhqgnr {han fd qgn irk krxf{qiq* }ghjn

fljx fln {x{qnb dfr nhqgnr fd qgn y~iar~sfjn khrk~hq{ h{ {~ddhkhnlq, Dhm hjj~{qriqn{ qgn sf}nrhlm jixf~q

dfr qgn nhmgq jflm irk krxf{qiq{,


25/47

Ahsfjn Dhnja Kfrrnkqfr{ |

I l~bonr fd ghmgnr franr kfrrnkqfr{ }hjj on hl{qijjna i{ sirq fd ntnrx ahsfjn i{{nbojx hl qgn jflm irk

krxf{qiq qf kfbsnl{iqn qgn dhnja nrrfr{ fd qgn bihl ahsfjn{, Q}f ahddnrnlq qxsn{ fd ahsfjn i{{nbojhn{

}hjj on hl{qijjna ijqnrliqnjx hl qgn JGK irk{, Hl iaahqhfl qf qgn bihl ahsfjn kfhj fl nikg fd qgn q}f

onib shsn{ qgn BOI qxsn srfthan{ i kfbohlna ankisfjn"fkq~sfjn"kfrrnkqfr 'BKAF( iq qgn

kfllnkqhfl {han fd qgn krxfi{{nbojx ila i {nwq~sfjn kfrrnkqfr 'BK[( iq qgn dir nla fd qgn krxf"i{{nbojx, Qgn BOO qxsn fljx kflqihl{ i {nwq~sfjn kfrrnkqfr iq qgn dir nla on{han qgn bihl ahsfjn

kfhj,

Ijj kfrrnkqfr{ fd i dibhjx irn kfllnkqna hl {nrhn{ dfr nikg fd qgn q}f onib{, Qgn khrk~hq dibhjhn{ _K[*


26/47

_KF ila _KA irn kfllnkqna qgrf~mgf~q qgn krxf{qiq thi ?3 {f"kijjna {sffj"shnkn o~{"oir{* 'mrf~sna

hl o~lajn{ fd dhtn o~{"oir{(* jfkiqna fl qfs fd qgn q}f bihl y~iar~sfjn o~{"oir{,

Qgn khrk~hq{ irn ij}ix{ kfllnkqna ~{hlm lnhmgofrhlm }hrn{ 'n,m, }hrn l~bonr 9 ila ?(, Kfrrnkqfr{ irn

kfllnkqna nhqgnr qf }hrn{ 9 qf 93 fr qf }hrn{ 99 ila ?3* ansnlahlm fl qgn onib qgn kfrrnkqfr dibhjx h{

ikqhlm fl, Qgn bha"sfhlq fd qgn {nwq~sfjn khrk~hq h{ kfllnkqna qf i {sirn k~rrnlq jnia fl qgn ADOI ox

~{hlm fln fd qgn {sirn {sffj"shnkn }hrn{, [hw {sffj"shnkn }hrn{ irn jndq djfiqhlm, Qgn sf}nr kfltnrqnr{irn jfkiqna iq qgn nla fd qgn irk kjf{n qf qgn ntnl hl{nrqhfl ila nlqnr qgn krxf{qiq thi k~rrnlq jnia{

jfkiqna fl qgn lnirox ADOI,

SF]N_HLM NY^HSBNLQ |

K~rrnlq Jnia{

Dfr qgn 949? njnkqrhkij khrk~hq{ hl qgn JGK i qfqij fd ;?74 k~rrnlq jnia{ irn lnnana qf kfllnkq qgn

[~snrkfla~kqhlm }hrn{ fr kiojn{ qf qgn sf}nr {~ssjx kiojn{* }ghkg irn iq ibohnlq qnbsnriq~rn, Qgn

an{hml fd qgn{n jnia{ ihb{ iq ghmg rnjhiohjhqx ila jf} gniq jfia, I qfqij fd 93=3 jnia{* fsnriqhlm

onq}nnl 433 I ila 9; `I* hlkfrsfriqn i {nkqhfl }hqg ghmg qnbsnriq~rn {~snrkfla~kqhlm 'GQ[(biqnrhij, Qgn ghmgnr hltn{qbnlq kf{q{ irn {bijj kfbsirna qf qgn {ithlm{ a~n qf qgn nwknsqhflijjx jf}

gniq jfia, Ijj fqgnr jnia{ ~{n kfssnr i{ kfla~kqfr, Qf dnna qgn njnkqrhkij khrk~hq{ fd qgn Hllnr Qrhsjnq

bimlnq{ }hqg ~s qf 433 I* 99? mi{ kffjna jnia{ irn ~{na, Qgn rnbihlhlm ?931 jnia{ dnna qgn 43I fr

9?3 I njnkqrhkij khrk~hq{ fd qgn frohq kfrrnkqfr ahsfjn{* qgn {nwq~sfjn hl qgn Hllnr Qrhsjnq* ila qgn

fkq~sfjn ila afankisfjn kfrrnkqfr{,

Fsqhbhuna kfltnlqhflij {njd"kffjna jnia{ kfla~kq iof~q 9,9 ]&`I hlqf qgn jhy~ha gnjh~b oiqg, Qgn

Itihjiohjhqx fd ?3 @ gnjh~b mi{ hl qgn krxfmnlhk {x{qnb bi`n{ hq sf{{hojn qf rna~kn qgh{ gniq hldj~w ox

dikqfr fd qnl, Hl qfqij qgn kffjhlm sf}nr rny~hrnbnlq{ irn rna~kna ox iof~q i dikqfr fd ; P4* =* 7R,


27/47

Il GQ[ k~rrnlq jnia kfl{h{q{ fd i rn{h{qhtn ila i {~snrkfla~kqhlm sirq, Qgn rn{h{qhtn sirq fsnriqn{

onq}nnl rffb qnbsnriq~rn ila iof~q >3 @, Hq h{ kfltnkqhfl kffjna ox qgn kfja gnjh~b mi{* itihjiojn

hl qgn JGK krxfmnlhk {x{qnb* nlqnrhlm qgn jnia{ iq iof~q ?3 @ ila 9,; 93> Si, Qgn rn{h{qhtn sirq fd

qgn jnia kfl{h{q{ fd kfssnr dhl"qxsn gniq nwkgilmnr, I tik~~b eik`nq hl{~jiqn{ hq qgnrbijjx drfb qgn

krxf{qiq nlthrflbnlq, Qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm sirq fsnriqn{ onq}nnl >3 @ ila qgn jhy~ha gnjh~b

qnbsnriq~rn, Qgn tisf~r* mnlnriqna ox qgn kfla~kqhfl fd qgn jnia iq 1,> @* kffj{ hq '{njd"kffjhlm(, Qgn?3 @ khrk~hq ila qgn 1,> @ khrk~hq irn gxari~jhkijjx {nsiriqna hl{han qgn jnia, Qgn GQ[ sirq fd qgn jnia

kfl{h{q{ fd {qik`{ fd O[KKF ???; qisn{ {fjanrna flqf i {qihljn{{ {qnnj {qr~kq~rn,

Qgn GQ[ jnia{ irn kji{{hdhna hl qgrnn qxsn{* ikkfrahlm qf qgnhr lfbhlij k~rrnlq kirrxhlm kisiohjhqx5

433 I* 4 Ì ila 9; Ì jnia{, Qgn 9; Ì jnia{ irn ~{na qf dnna k~rrnlq qf qgn bihl ahsfjn{ ila

y~iar~sfjn{, Qgn4 Ì qxsn jnia{ irn ~{na dfr khrk~hq{ }hqg ~jqhbiqn k~rrnlq{ onq}nnl ;833 I ila

4>33 I* dnnahlm k~rrnlq qf {hlmjn sf}nrna y~iar~sfjn{ ila ahsfjn{, Qgn 4 Ì ila qgn 9; Ì k~rrnlq

jnia{ irn o~hjq i{ {hlmjn ~lhq{* }ghjn qgn 433 I k~rrnlq jnia{ kfbn hl mrf~s{ fd df~r jnia{ bf~lqna fl

i kfbbfl djilmn, I qfqij jnlmqg fd ;9 `b fd O[KKF ???; qisn hl qgn dfrb fd {sffj{ fd b~jqh"

dhjibnlqirx O[KKF ???; qisn hl i {hjtnr"mfja 'I~ >,; }q .( ijjfx biqrhw h{ lnnana, Qgn qisn{ irn

tik~~b {fjanrna iq KN_L qf dfrb {qik`{* kflqihlhlm 1"= fr 8 qisn{* ikkfrahlm qf qgn rny~hrnbnlq{,

Qgn{n {qik`{ irn {~ssjhna qf qgn jnia{ bil~dikq~rnr, Qgn krxfmnlhk snrdfrbilkn* bni{~rna flsrfqfqxsn k~rrnlq jnia{ iq KN_L* h{ {~bbirhuna hl Qio, 8,1,Y1,>@ rnsrn{nlq{ qgn gniq jfia hlqf qgn

jhy~ha gnjh~b oiqg* }ghjn b?3@ hlahkiqn{ qgn ?3 @ mi{ djf} ila QGQ[ {qila{ dfr qgn qnbsnriq~rn iq

qgn }irb nla fd qgn ghmg qnbsnriq~rn {~snrkfla~kqfr, Qgn rn{h{qhtn ila qgn GQ[ sirq fd qgn jnia irn

srfqnkqna {nsiriqnjx iq 933 bT ila ; bT rn{snkqhtnjx, ]hqghl > {nkfla{ idqnr rnikghlm nhqgnr tfjqimn*

qgn ah{kgirmn fd qgn bimlnq fr bimlnq{ kgihl {qirq{ iq hq{ lfbhlij k~rrnlq ankix riqn,

Njnkqrhkij Dnnaofwn{

Qgn GQ[ k~rrnlq jnia{ an{krhona hl qgn srnthf~{ kgisqnr irn bf~lqna hl krxfmnlhk njnkqrhkijah{qrho~qhfl dnnaofwn{ 'ADO{(, Qgn jhbhqna {sikn hl qgn JGK q~llnj rny~hrn{ qgn ~{n fd q}f ahddnrnlq

kji{{n{ fd dnnaofwn{, Hd qgn {sikn h{ {~ddhkhnlq* qgn k~rrnlq h{ qril{dnrrna qf qgn irk bimlnq{ fr qf

{qilaijfln bimlnq{ qgrf~mg jfkijjx hl{qijjna ADO{, ]gnl qgn hlqnmriqhfl fd i ADO kjf{n qf qgn

{~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ h{ lfq sf{{hojn* qgn bimlnq{ irn sf}nrna qgrf~mg {~snrkfla~kqhlm jhl`{

'A[J( qgiq kfllnkq qgn ADO{ ila qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ iq ah{qilkn{ onq}nnl =3 b ila >33 b,

Qgnrn irn df~r ahddnrnlq qxsn{ fd njnkqrhkij ah{qrho~qhfl dnnaofwn{ jh{qna ioftn5

Qgn 94 ADOI{* kfllnkqna qf qgn nla{ fd qgn JGK {nkqfr{* nl{~rn ij{f qgn d~lkqhfl{ fd irk

qnrbhliqhfl,


28/47

Qgrf~mg qgn ?; ADOB{ sf}nr h{ dna qf qgn {qilaijfln bimlnq{ hl qgn jflm {qrihmgq {nkqhfl{,

Dhtn ADOJ{ {~ssjx i krxfmnlhk hlqnrdikn qf qgn kfllnkqna {~snrkfla~kqhlm jhl`{, Thi qgn{n

jhl`{ sf}nr h{ dna qf {qilaijfln bimlnq{ irf~la sfhlq 9 ila > i{ }njj i{ qf qgn kfrrnkqfr{ hl

qgn irk krxf{qiq rhmgq fd sfhlq ;,

Qgn hllnr qrhsjnq bimlnq{ irn dna thi fln fd 7 ADOW{* jfkiqna ij}ix{ lnwq qf Y;,

Nwknsq dfr qgn ADOI{* }ghkg ij{f nl{~rn qgn qnrbhliqhfl fd qgn JGK irk{* qgn bihl d~lkqhfl fd qgn

ADO{ h{ qf gf~{n qgn k~rrnlq jnia{ an{krhona ioftn }ghkg qril{dnr ghmg k~rrnlq{ drfb rffb

qnbsnriq~rn kiojn{ qf {~snrkfla~kqhlm o~{"oir{ thi k~rrnlq jnia{,

I thn} fd qgn ADOI* jfkiqna iq qgn jndq {han fd H_7* qgnrndfrn sf}nrhlm {nkqfr ="7* h{ {gf}l hl Dhm,

Qgh{ ADOI* i qxshkij nwibsjn fd qgn ioftn"khqna bfa~jir an{hml* kfl{h{q{ n{{nlqhijjx fd5

Qgn {g~ddjhlm bfa~jn5 qgh{ ny~hsbnlq nl{~rn{ qgn irk qnrbhliqhfl d~lkqhfl{ ila ij{f ijjf}{

qgnrn rf~qhlm fd qgn o~{ oir{ qf qgn k~rrnlq bfa~jn{, Hq }hqg{qila{ ijj dfrkn{ rn{~jqhlm drfb hq{

sf{hqhfl iq qgn nla fd qgn irk* }ghjn nl{~rhlm i tnrx srnkh{n sf{hqhflhlm fd qgn onib shsn{,

I ghmg k~rrnlq bfa~jn kfllnkqna qf qgn {g~ddjhlm bfa~jn ila hlqnmriqhlm i e~bsnr kfllnkqhfl

qf qgn Y_J,

I jf} k~rrnlq bfa~jn,


29/47

Qgn{n ADO{ irn ijj o~hjq ox kfbohlhlm qgn q}f qxsn{ fd k~rrnlq jnia bfa~jn{ ila ny~hsbnlq {snkhdhk

qf nikg ADO,

O~{"oir [x{qnb{ |

Qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq dibhjhn{ nwqnla ikrf{{ qgn {nkqfr{, Qf kfllnkq qgn hlahtha~ij bimlnq{

}hqg nikg fqgnr fr qgn k~rrnlq jnia{ {~snrkfla~kqhlm o~{"oir{ irn ~{na i{ bnlqhflna ila {`nqkgna hl

Dhm, Fsnriqna hl qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm {qiqn* qgnx bix y~nlkg ila gnlkn i y~nlkg srfqnkqhfl h{ lnnana

i{ }njj, Qgnrn irn df~r ah{qhlkq kji{{n{ fd o~{"oir{, Qgn ghmg k~rrnlq kfllnkqhfl{ irn ghmgjx {qiohjhuna

ila y~hqn rhmha* }ghjn ijj 433 I kfllnkqhfl{ qf qgn kfrrnkqfr{ hl qgn [[[ irn bian ~{hlm i 1? fr 17

}hrn kiojn r~llhlm f~q{han qgn bihl krxf{qiq hl jhln L, Qgn {ibn shsn h{ ij{f ~{na qf gfja i kiojn fd 4

`I kfla~kqfr{ dnnahlm qgn hlahtha~ijjx sf}nrna bimlnq{ hl qgn kflqhl~f~{ krxf{qiq hl qgn biqkghlm

{nkqhfl ila ah{snr{hfl {~ssrn{{fr, Qgn k~rrnlq dfr qgn {sffj shnkn{* gf}ntnr* r~l{ qgrf~mg {qrihmgq

}hrn{ bnkgilhkijjx iqqikgna qf qgn y~iar~sfjn o~{"oir{,

Bihl O~{"Oir{

[~snrkfla~kqhlm '[K( o~{"oir{ kirrxhlm i biwhb~b k~rrnlq fd 9; `I kfllnkq qgn bihl bimlnq{,

Qgnx kfl{h{q fd i {~snrkfla~kqhlm kiojn* }ghkg h{ qgnrbijjx ila njnkqrhkijjx kf~sjna qf i kfssnr q~on

ijj ijflm hq{ jnlmqg, Qgn kfssnr srfthan{ il ijqnrliqhtn siqg dfr qgn bimlnq k~rrnlq hl ki{n qgn

{~snrkfla~kqhlm kiojn y~nlkgn{ dfjjf}hlm i qril{hnlq {x{qnb ah{q~roilkn fr i lfrbij kfla~kqhlm ufln

srfsimiqhlm drfb fln fd qgn lnhmgofrhlm bimlnq{, Qgn qnbsnriq~rn a~rhlm i y~nlkg ij}ix{ gi{ qf

{qix {idnjx onjf} 933K, Hl qgn ki{n fd i y~nlkg qgn k~rrnlq h{ {}hqkgna fdd ila qgn onib{ irna~bsna,

Hl{han i bimlnq kfja bi{{ nikg bimlnq gi{ hq{ f}l sihr fd {~snrkfla~kqhlm o~{"oir{ }ghkg ijjf}

njnkqrhkij {nrhn{ kfllnkqhfl{ fd qgh{ njnbnlq }hqg fqgnr njnbnlq{ fd iaeiknlq kfja bi{{n{, I sihr

kfl{h{q{ fd i kflqhl~f~{ o~{"oir drfb fln nla qf qgn fqgnr fd qgn kfja bi{{ ila i q}f"{nkqhfl o~{"oirkfllnkqna qf qgn }hlahlm qnrbhlij{, Fqgnr o~{"oir sihr{* }ghkg irn lfq i{{fkhiqna }hqg ilx njnbnlq hl

qgn sirqhk~jir kfja bi{{* si{{ qgrf~mg hq qf nl{~rn qgn njnkqrhkij kflqhl~hqx, Ijj qgn{n sihr{ fd o~{"oir{

fd i sirqhk~jir kfja bi{{ qxsn dfrb i {nq, Qgn biwhb~b jnlmqg fd i o~{"oir h{ kjf{n qf 9= b, Qgn qfqij

jnlmqg fd 9;333 I riqna k~rrnlq {~snrkfla~kqhlm o~{"oir{ rnikgn{ iof~q 9>3 `b, Qio, 8,= mhtn{ qgn

l~bonr fd o~{"oir {nq{ lnnana qf hlqnrkfllnkq qgn bihl ahsfjn{ ila qgn bihl y~iar~sfjn{ dfr qgn irk{

ila ah{snr{hfl {~ssrn{{fr rnmhfl{,

Qgn o~{"oir{ irn srfa~kna iq qgn O~a`nr Hl{qhq~qn 'OHLS( hl Lftf{hohr{` ox hl{nrqhlm qgn

{~snrkfla~kqhlm kiojn hlqf i rnkqilm~jir ila {qrihmgq kfssnr q~on* fl }ghkg ijj qgn oriuhlm ila

bikghlhlm fsnriqhfl{ qgiq bhmgq on girbd~j qf qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm kiojn irn kfbsjnqna, Qgn kfssnr

q~on h{ {~hqiojn dfr qgn tirhf~{ dfrbhlm* {fjanrhlm ila }njahlm fsnriqhfl{ lnkn{{irx dfr bil~dikq~rn

ila {gf}{ i jf} rn{ha~ij njnkqrhkij rn{h{qilkn iq jf} qnbsnriq~rn idqnr kfbsjnqhfl fd qgn o~{"oir

bil~dikq~rn, Ghmg qnbsnriq~rn illnijhlm hl i srfqnkqhtn iqbf{sgnrn rnbftn{ ijj fhj qrikn{ drfb qgn


30/47

hllnr {~rdikn qf ni{n qgn {fjanrhlm, Qgh{ dhlij illnijhlm ij{f hlkrni{n{ qgn rn{ha~ij rn{h{qilkn riqhf fd

qgn kfssnr {nkqhfl ila hq ijjf}{ qgn sik`hlm fd qgn {nkqhfl{ hl djiq silki`n kfhj{ qf ni{n qgn qril{sfrq

fd qgn ?43 q kfssnr {nkqhfl{ rny~hrna dfr qgn o~{"oir{, Flkn qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm kiojn gi{ onnl

hl{nrqna* qgn }gfjn i{{nbojx h{ onlq ila q}h{qna qf {gisn, Qgn mis hl{han qgn kfssnr q~on h{ qgnl dhjjna

}hqg i qhl"{hjtnr {fjanr qf srfthan ofqg qgnrbij ila njnkqrhkij kflqikq onq}nnl qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm

kiojn ila qgn {qiohjhuhlm kfssnr, Nikg hlahtha~ij o~{"oir h{ hl{~jiqna }hqg i sfjxhbhan qisn,Il i{{nbojx fd qgn hl{~jiqna o~{"oir{ hl{han i kgirmna nsfwx rn{hl srfdhjn srfthan{ i kfbsikq {nq

rniax qf on hl{qijjna hl{han qgn kfja bi{{,

Qgn kfssnr krf{{ {nkqhfl irni fd i o~{"oir sihr h{ fsqhbhuna dfr qgn k~rrnlq ankix riqn fd qgn

kfrrn{sflahlm njnkqrhkij khrk~hq, Kfl{ny~nlqjx qgn krf{{"{nkqhfl fd qgn kfssnr srfdhjn dfr qgn ahsfjn

kfllnkqhfl{ '9?3 I&{( ibf~lq{ qf ?48 bb?* }ghjn qgn y~iar~sfjn kfllnkqhfl '1?3 I&{( gi{ fljx

917 bb? fd kfssnr, Qgn o~{"oir hl{~jiqhfl gi{ i orniàf}l tfjqimn qf mrf~la fd bfrn qgil 1 `T hl

gnjh~b mi{ ~lanr ijj kflahqhfl{, Qgn hl{~jiqhfl h{ qril{sirnlq qf ofqg {~snr dj~ha gnjh~b ila mi{nf~{

gnjh~b mi{ qf ijjf} kffjhlm ila tnlqhlm,

[sffj shnkn o~{"oir }hrn{ '433 I(

9?3 `hjfbnqnr{ fd {~snrkfla~kqhlm b~jqh"}hrn kiojn irn rny~hrna qf hlqnrkfllnkq qgn kfrrnkqfr bimlnq{

fd qgn JGK bihl ahsfjn{, Qgh{ b~jqh"}hrn kiojn h{ bian fd i djiq sirijjnj i{{nbojx fd dhtn hl{~jiqna*

bflfjhqghk lhfoh~b qhqilh~b {~snrkfla~kqhlm }hrn{, Qgn k~rrnlq riqhlm fd nikg }hrn h{ 9?33 I iq il

fsnriqhlm qnbsnriq~rn fd 1,? @ ila hl i bimlnqhk dhnja fd ? Q, Qgn krf{{ {nkqhfl fd qgn kfssnr h{ ny~ij

qf fr mrniqnr qgil ; bb? * }ghjn qgn dhjibnlq ahibnqnr h{ rilmhlm onq}nnl ?3 b ila 13 b, Qgndhjibnlq{ irn q}h{qna }hqg i shqkg fd ?> bb, Nikg }hrn h{ {nsiriqnjx }rissna }hqg sfjxhbhan qisn

'>3. ftnrjis(, Dhtn }hrn{ irn sjikna {han ox {han ila }rissna imihl }hqg i sfjxhbhan qisn }hqgf~q

ftnrjis ila hl qgn fssf{hqn {nl{n fd qgn dhr{q jixnr, Hl qfqij 1 {~kg i{{nbojhn{ fd > }hrn{ nikg irn qgnl

iqqikgna qf qgn q}f o~{"oir{* kirrxhlm qgn y~iar~sfjn k~rrnlq{,

Qgn 433 I ila 4 Ì djnwhojn* {~snrkfla~kqhlm o~{"oir kiojn{

, 1?"kfla~kqfr kiojn kfllnkq{ qgn kfrrnkqfr{ hl qgn [[[{, Onki~{n kfllnkqhfl{ irn rny~hrna fljx hl qgn

[[[ hlqnrkfllnkq{0 qgn kiojn {sil{ qgn nlqhrn gijd knjj{ '>1 b(, Qgn kiojn h{ djnwhojn, Idqnr qgn

Bimlnq{ fd i gijd"knjj gitn onnl sjikna hlqf qgnhr dhlij sf{hqhfl{ hl qgn q~llnj0 >1 b jflm {nkqhfl{ fd

qgh{ kiojn irn hl{nrqna hlqf qgn Jhln L q~on ila kfllnkqna hl i {qihljn{{ {qnnj kxjhlanr lnwq qf qgn

y~iar~sfjn{ qf qgn lnhmgofrhlm {nkqhfl ila qf kfla~kqfr{ jniahlm qf qgn bimlnq{ hl{han qgn [[[ kfja

bi{{, Qgn kiojn{ gitn qf si{{ qgrf~mg {f kijjna sj~m{* }ghkg irn njnkqrhkijjx hl{~jiqna fo{qikjn{ dfr

qgn gnjh~b djf}, Qf bnnq qgn hlkrni{na anbila dfr kfrrnkqfr bimlnq{ irf~la sfhlq ; ila =* qgn 1?

}hrn kiojn hl qgn dhr{q gijd"knjj fl nhqgnr {han h{ rnsjikna ox i 17 }hrn kiojn '}ghkg* nwknsq dfr qgn

hlkrni{na l~bonr fd }hrn{* gi{ qgn {ibn srfsnrqhn{ i{ qgn 1? }hrn kiojn(, Qgn qnkglhkij siribnqnr{ fd

qgn kfbbnrkhij srfa~kq ~{na dfr LB_ bimlnq{, Nikg {qrila fd qgn kiojn h{ hl{~jiqna }hqg q}f }ris{

fd sfjxhbhan dhjb '44 . ftnrjis(, Qgn kfssnr krf{{"{nkqhfl fd 9,7 bb? srntnlq{ il ~likknsqiojn

hlkrni{n fd qnbsnriq~rn idqnr i y~nlkg }ghjn qgn k~rrnlq ankix{, L~bnrhkij {hb~jiqhfl{ fd qgn y~nlkg

srfkn{{ qi`hlm qgn gniq djf} qgrf~mg qgn hl{~jiqhfl hlqf ikkf~lq ila qn{q{ fl srfqfqxsn kiojn{ {gf}

qgiq qgn kfla~kqfr h{ krxf{qiojn iq 9,8 @ dfr k~rrnlq{ onjf} iof~q ?>3 I, Onjf} iof~q >33 I

bnqi{qiojn {qiqn nwh{q{ }hqg i biwhb~b qnbsnriq~rn onjf} ;3 @, Qgn qnbsnriq~rn fd i y~nlkgna }hrn

}hjj lfq nwknna ;33 @ srfthana qgn y~nlkg anqnkqhfl ila nlnrmx nwqrikqhfl* }fr`{ srfsnrjx,

I l~bonr fd bihl y~iar~sfjn{ 'BYB{ ila BYX{( ila 9? onib {nsiriqhfl ahsfjn{ hl qgn hl{nrqhfl

ila ah{snr{hfl {~ssrn{{fr rnmhfl{ irn sf}nrna hlahtha~ijjx }hqg k~rrnlq{ fd ~s qf 4 Ì, Hl qgn ki{n fd

i y~nlkg hl fln fd qgn{n bimlnq{ fr qgn {~snrkfla~kqhlm kfbsflnlq{ kfllnkqna qf hq* y~nlkg gniqnr{

irn ikqhtiqna* jniahlm qf il nlnrmx nwqrikqhfl qhbn fd jn{{ qgil 3,; {, Qgn biwhb~b nwqrikqhfl qhbnfkk~r{ hl khrk~hq{ kflqihlhlm BYX bimlnq{, Qgh{ {gfrq nwqrikqhfl qhbn ijjf}{ kfla~kqfr{ }hqg i

rnjiqhtnjx {bijj kfssnr krf{{"{nkqhfl '|8 bb?( ila qg~{ qgn an{hml fd i djnwhojn ila kfbsikq kiojn*

}ghkg kil on rf~qna hl Jhln L }hqgf~q efhlq{ ftnr jnlmqg{ fd ~s qf 913 b,


31/47

Lfrbij Kfla~kqhlm Kiojn{

Lfrbij kfla~kqhlm kiojn{ irn ~{na qf kfllnkq qgn k~rrnlq jnia{ fr qgn lfrbij kfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ qf

qgn sf}nr kfltnrqnr{, Hl mnlnrij* qgn sf}nr kfltnrqnr{ irn jfkiqna hl ~lanrmrf~la irni{ kjf{n qf qgn

kfrrn{sflahlm bimlnq fr ADO hl franr qf `nns kf{qjx lfrbij kfla~kqhlm kfllnkqhfl{ i{ {gfrq i{

sf{{hojn, Gf}ntnr* hl qgn ki{n fd knrqihl }irb bimlnq{ lf {sikn h{ itihjiojn hl qgn ~lanrmrf~la irni{

ila qgn sf}nr kfltnrqnr h{ jfkiqna hl qgn {~rdikn o~hjahlm fd qgh{ H_,

Qgn gniq jf{{n{ fd ijj qgn lfrbij kfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ gitn i biefr hbsikq fl qgn hl{qijjna kffjhlm

sf}nr hl qgn q~llnj ila ~lanrmrf~la irni{ fd qgn JGK, Kiojn{ ila q~on{ kirrxhlm tnrx ghmg k~rrnlq{

dfr qgn JGK bihl khrk~hq{ ila {ntnrij fqgnr kfllnkqhfl{ irn qgnrndfrn iaahqhflijjx }iqnr kffjna qf

ankrni{n gniq jf{{n{ hlqf qgn ihr, I{ dfr qgn fqgnr JGK kfbsflnlq{* aiqi dfr qgn lfrbij kfla~kqhlm

kiojn{ gitn onnl kfjjnkqna hl i aiqioi{n* }ghkg h{ ~{na dfr hlqnmriqhfl {q~ahn{ ila hl{qijjiqhfl,

S_FQNKQHFL NY^HSBNLQ |

I{ bnlqhflna nj{n}gnrn* hl bf{q khrk~hq{ qgn {qfrna bimlnqhk nlnrmx h{ {~ddhkhnlq qf an{qrfx bimlnq{

ila o~{"oir{, Qgn srfqnkqhfl rnjhn{* i{ hl ijj srnthf~{ {~snrkfla~kqhlm ikknjnriqfr{* fl qgn di{q ilarnjhiojn anqnkqhfl fd rn{h{qhtn tfjqimn{* fl i oxsi{{ fd qgn k~rrnlq irf~la qgn y~nlkghlm sirq{ fd qgn

bimlnq kgihl ila fl di{q ila rnjhiojn nwqrikqhfl fd i{ b~kg nlnrmx i{ sf{{hojn, Qgn jirmn hla~kqhtn

tfjqimn{ ki~{na ox k~rrnlq kgilmn{ ila qgn njnkqrhkij lfh{n hl il ikknjnriqfr nlthrflbnlq* ijflm }hqg

qgn ghmg jntnj fd hflhuhlm riahiqhfl srn{nlq qgn oi{hk ahddhk~jqhn{ dfr anqnkqhfl,

Qgn nlnrmx oxsi{{ dfr qgn bihl JGK bimlnq{ h{ ikghntna ~{hlm kfja ahfan{ hl sirijjnj qf qgn bimlnq

kfhj{, Iq jf} qnbsnriq~rn{ qgn q~rl"fl tfjqimn h{ lfrbijjx ghmg nlf~mg qf srntnlq i oxsi{{ jni`imn

k~rrnlq, Gf}ntnr* hd qgn tfjqimn ikrf{{ qgn ahfan rnikgn{ i dn} tfjq{ qgn ahfan h{ q~rlna fl ila gniqna

~s, Iq njntiqna qnbsnriq~rn{ qgn q~rl"fl tfjqimn rishajx rnikgn{ qgn ~{~ij rffb qnbsnriq~rn tij~n fd

3,= T, Gnrn qgn bihl ahddhk~jqx h{ qf itfha i sirqhij ftnrgniqhlm fd qgn ahfan* }ghkg }f~ja rn{~jq hl il

~lny~ij k~rrnlq ah{qrho~qhfl ftnr qgn e~lkqhfl irni fd qgn ahfan 'k~rrnlq krf}ahlm(, Qgh{ hl q~rl rn{~jq{

hl qgnrbij r~l"i}ix ila i d~{hfl fd qgn sl e~lkqhfl, Hq h{ lnkn{{irx qf ah{kgirmn qgn {qfrna bimlnqhknlnrmx i{ y~hk`jx i{ sf{{hojn* bihljx qf srfqnkq qgn ahfan{, Qgn nlfrbf~{ ibf~lq fd nlnrmx qf on

qril{dnrrna hlqf gniq ila qgn jirmn hla~kqhtn tfjqimn{* }ghkg bix nlailmnr qgn njnkqrhkij hl{~jiqhfl*

rny~hrn {snkhij iqqnlqhfl, Ijj sirq{ fd qgn y~nlkg srfqnkqhfl {x{qnb irn rny~hrna qf on {idn ila rnjhiojn,


32/47


33/47

qfjnrilkn, [ntnrij kfbsjnqna sf}nr {~ssjx ~lhq{ gitn onnl {~obhqqna qf riahiqhfl qn{q{ ila kfldhrbna

qgn tijhahqx fd qgn an{hml }hqg rn{snkq qf qgn rny~hrna riahiqhfl qfjnrilkn fd ?33 Mx, Qgn ~{nd~j

jhdnqhbn fd qgn sf}nr {~ssjx ~lanr riahiqhfl h{ qgnrndfrn bihljx jhbhqna ox qgn q}f qgxrh{qfr{ ~{na dfr

qgn ah{kgirmn fd qgn kisikhqfr oil`,

Nlnrmx Nwqrikqhfl [x{qnb{

Qgn y~nlkg gniqnr{ {srnia qgn nlnrmx rnjni{na hl i y~nlkg ftnr i jirmnr tfj~bn* qgnrnox rna~khlm qgn

biwhb~b qnbsnriq~rn, Qgh{ h{ fdqnl {~ddhkhnlq qf srfqnkq i {hlmjn bimlnq, Gf}ntnr* qgn nlnrmx {qfrna

hl qgn fqgnr bimlnq{* }ghkg irn kfllnkqna hl {nrhn{* bhmgq on qff jirmn qf on io{frona, Hl qgh{ ki{n i{

b~kg k~rrnlq i{ sf{{hojn gi{ qf on rf~qna irf~la qgn y~nlkghlm bimlnq ox ~{hlm i ahfan o~q {~kg i

ahfan bix lfq on iojn qf io{fro qgn qfqij nlnrmx fd qgn khrk~hq, Ij{f* nlnrmx io{frona ox qgn ahfan gi{

qf on rnbftna iq krxfmnlhk qnbsnriq~rn{* }ghkg h{ bfrn nwsnl{htn ila qhbn kfl{~bhlm qgil iq rffb

qnbsnriq~rn, Fl qfs fd qgiq* a~bshlm qgn nlnrmx hl qgn ahfan{ qi`n{ i tnrx jflm qhbn, Qgnrndfrn ijj

biefr nlnrmx a~bshlm {x{qnb{ gitn il nwqnrlij {}hqkg* oxsi{{na ox i a~bs rn{h{qfr,

Qgn nlnrmx nwqrikqhfl hbsikq{ fl fqgnr {x{qnb{ hl qgn sf}nr khrk~hq, Tfjqimn }itn{ irn krniqna ox qgn

fsnlhlm fd qgn {}hqkgn{* {}nnshlm qgrf~mg qgn bimlnq kgihl{, Qgn ibsjhq~an{ fd qgn }itn{ }f~ja

nwknna qgn ribshlm tfjqimn ox dir ila hlahtha~ij aibshlm fd nikg bimlnq ikghntn{ {~ddhkhnlqiqqnl~iqhfl, Dfr qgn BO {qrhlm{ 933 rn{h{qfr{ kfllnkqna ikrf{{ qgn ahsfjn qnrbhlij{ {nrtn qgh{

s~rsf{n, Qgn nddnkq fl qgn srnkh{hfl fd qgn k~rrnlq a~n qf qgn jni`imn a~rhlm k~rrnlq kgilmn{ h{

lnmjhmhojn,

Kfja Ahfan{

Qgn bihl bimlnq{ irn oxsi{{na* i{ hl GN_I ila _GHK* ox ahfan{ fsnriqhlm iq krxfmnlhk

qnbsnriq~rn{, A~rhlm lfrbij {qilaox fsnriqhfl qgn ahfan{ gitn i jf} qnbsnriq~rn q~rl"fl tfjqimn fd i

dn} tfjq{* {~ddhkhnlqjx ghmg dfr qgn ilqhkhsiqna ribs riqn{, Flkn i y~nlkg gi{ krniqna {~ddhkhnlq

rn{h{qilkn hl i bimlnq ila qgn kfrrn{sflahlm tfjqimn nwknna{ qgn ahfan q~rl"fl tfjqimn* qgn ahfan{

{qirq qf kfla~kq, Qgnx }irb ~s ila qgn `lnn"tfjqimn arfs{ qf jf}nr tij~n{, Hq h{ hbsfrqilq qf ikghntni `lnn"tfjqimn ila rn{h{qilkn a~rhlm qgn oxsi{{ fsnriqhfl }ghkg h{ i{ jf} i{ sf{{hojn, Qgn jf}nr qgn

nddnkqhtn rn{h{qilkn qgn bfrn k~rrnlq }hjj on qril{dnrrna f~q fd qgn kfhj,


34/47

Ijj ahsfjn{ fr y~iar~sfjn{ fd i {nkqfr bix on y~nlkgna a~rhlm i ah{kgirmn a~n qf i bijd~lkqhfl, Qgn

lf ~lhdfrb y~nlkg ongithfr }hjj ki~{n qgn ji{q y~nlkghlm bimlnq ila hq{ ahfan qf {nn i rntnr{n

tfjqimn fd ?933T '913 T dfr y~iar~sfjn{(, [hlkn qgnrn h{ lf ahfan }hqg {~kg i ojfk`hlm tfjqimn* qgn

ahfan }hjj on an{qrfxna, Gf}ntnr* hq }hjj {qhjj srfqnkq qgn bimlnq, Kjnirjx* qgn biwhb~b rntnr{n

tfjqimn h{ il hbsfrqilq an{hml siribnqnr* ijflm }hqg qgn rn{h{qilkn qf riahiqhfl,

I {snkhij ahdd~{na ahfan }i{ antnjfsna }hqg i kfja q~rl"fl tfjqimn fd iof~q 4 T* }ghkg dijj{ qf 3,84T iq rffb qnbsnriq~rn 'H29> Ì(, Qgn kfja rntnr{n tfjqimn h{ qxshkijjx irf~la ?>3 T, Kfrrnkqfr

bimlnq{ irn srfqnkqna ox sirijjnj rn{h{qfr{, Qgn oxsi{{ k~rrnlq{ a~rhlm k~rrnlq kgilmn{ irn

lnmjhmhojx {bijj,

Kflqrfjjnr{

Iky~h{hqhfl ila bflhqfrhlm kflqrfjjnr{ nliojn qgn {~snrth{hfl fd ijj njnkqrflhk anthkn{ onjflmhlm qf

qgn y~nlkg srfqnkqhfl {x{qnb ila qril{dnr qgn aiqi thi i dhnja o~{ jhl` qf qgn ghmgnr"jntnj JGK kflqrfj

{x{qnb{, Qgn{n kflqrfjjnr{ nwh{q hl qgrnn ahddnrnlq tirhilq{* ahddnrhlm fljx hl qgn l~bonr fd ilijfm~n

ila ahmhqij H&F kgillnj{, Qgn gira}irn h{ oi{na fl i bhkrf"kfltnrqnr fd qgn IA~K7;9 qxsn* }ghkg

hlkfrsfriqn{ i 9? Ohq 7 kgillnj IAK }hqg il 73>? kfbsiqhojn bhkrfkflqrfjjnr kfrn* ila il I[HK fdqgn TX?=?>= qxsn hbsjnbnlqhlm qgn ]frjaDhs dhnja o~{ srfqfkfj, Ijj kflqrfjjnr{ irn ny~hssna }hqg

4?Òxqn Dji{g NNS_FB bnbfrx ila ;?Òxqn {qiqhk _IB, Ijj kflqrfjjnr ofira{ gitn onnl

{~kkn{{d~jjx qn{qna }hqg rn{snkq qf qgn riahiqhfl qfjnrilkn jntnj{ rny~hrna hl qgn JGK q~llnj fd ?33 Mx,

[~snrth{hfl fd qgn Y~nlkg Srfqnkqhfl [x{qnb

Qgn YS[ {~snrth{hfl {fdq}irn jixnr jhl`{ qgn miqn}ix{ 'AYMQ]( qf qgn JGK mnlnrij s~rsf{n

{fdq}irn bfa~jn{ 'JGK Ijirb{* JGK Jfmmhlm* JGK Sf{q Bfrqnb* Bikghln Srfqnkqhfl [x{qnb* nqk,(,

Qgn {fdq}irn h{ srn{nlqjx ~lanr antnjfsbnlq, [fbn `nx dniq~rn{ irn jh{qna onjf}5

Qgn ikkn{{ qf qgn aiqi h{ oi{na fl thn}{, Hq }hjj on sf{{hojn qf ikkn{{ qf qgn YS[ [~snrth{hfl drfb il fddhkn }hqg ]?333&]WS

kfbs~qnr{* drfb qgn kflqrfj rffb ila drfb qgn q~llnj irni,

Qgn hlqnrdikn qf qgn gira}irn kflqrfjjnr{ h{ afln ox kfbbila&rn{~jq aiqi,

Qgh{ {~snrth{hfl gilajn{ qgn qn{q bfan* }gnrn ijj qgn YS[ gira}irn kil on kgnk`na }hqg

rn{snkq qf qgnhr srfsnr d~lkqhfl,

Qgn YS[ [~snrth{hfl }hjj ij}ix{ on itihjiojn, Sf{{hojn ~smrian{ }hjj on sjillna dfr

{g~qaf}l snrhfa{,

Qgn YS[ [~snrth{hfl }hjj on o~hjq hl {qimn{, Qgn YS[ irkghqnkq~rn }hjj {~ssfrq qgh{,

KGISQN_ 4

]F_@HLM FD JGK

Gf} Afn{ JGK ]fr`{ |


35/47

Qgn JGK* qgn }frja{ jirmn{q ila bf{q sf}nrd~j sirqhkjn ikknjnriqfr h{ qgn jiqn{q iaahqhfl qf KN_L{

ikknjnriqfr kfbsjnw, Hq bihljx kfl{h{q{ fd i ?= `b rhlm fd {~snrkfla~kqhlm bimlnq{ }hqg i l~bonr fd

ikknjnriqhlm {qr~kq~rn{ qf off{q qgn nlnrmx fd qgn sirqhkjn{ ijflm qgn }ix,

Hl{han qgn ikknjnriqfr* q}f onib{ fd sirqhkjn{ qritnj iq kjf{n qf qgn {snna fd jhmgq }hqg tnrx ghmg

nlnrmhn{ ondfrn kfjjhahlm }hqg fln ilfqgnr, Qgn onib{ qritnj hl fssf{hqn ahrnkqhfl{ hl {nsiriqn onib

shsn{ q}f q~on{ `nsq iq ~jqrighmg tik~~b, Qgnx irn m~hana irf~la qgn ikknjnriqfr rhlm ox i {qrflm

bimlnqhk dhnja* ikghntna ~{hlm {~snrkfla~kqhlm njnkqrfbimlnq{, Qgn{n irn o~hjq drfb kfhj{ fd {snkhij

njnkqrhk kiojn qgiq fsnriqn{ hl i {~snrkfla~kqhlm {qiqn* nddhkhnlqjx kfla~kqhlm njnkqrhkhqx }hqgf~q

rn{h{qilkn fr jf{{ fd nlnrmx, Qgh{ rny~hrn{ kghjjhlm qgn bimlnq{ qf iof~q "?=9K i qnbsnriq~rn kfjanr

qgil f~qnr {sikn) Dfr qgh{ rni{fl* b~kg fd qgn ikknjnriqfr h{ kfllnkqna qf i ah{qrho~qhfl {x{qnb fd

jhy~ha gnjh~b* }ghkg kffj{ qgn bimlnq{* i{ }njj i{ qf fqgnr {~ssjx {nrthkn{,

Qgf~{ila{ fd bimlnq{ fd ahddnrnlq tirhnqhn{ ila {hun{ irn ~{na qf ahrnkq qgn onib{ irf~la qgn

ikknjnriqfr, Qgn{n hlkj~an 9?;? ahsfjn bimlnq{ fd 9> b jnlmqg }ghkg irn ~{na qf onla qgn onib{* ila

;8? y~iar~sfjn bimlnq{* nikg >= b jflm* qf dfk~{ qgn onib{, E~{q srhfr qf kfjjh{hfl* ilfqgnr qxsn fd

bimlnq h{ ~{na qf -{y~nnun- qgn sirqhkjn{ kjf{nr qfmnqgnr qf hlkrni{n qgn kgilkn{ fd kfjjh{hfl{, Qgn

sirqhkjn{ irn {f qhlx qgiq qgn qi{` fd bi`hlm qgnb kfjjhan h{ i`hl qf dhrhlm lnnajn{ drfb q}f sf{hqhfl{93 `b isirq }hqg {~kg srnkh{hfl qgiq qgnx bnnq gijd}ix)

]fr`hlm fd anqnkqfr{

Qgn efo fd i sirqhkjn anqnkqfr h{ qf rnkfra ila th{~ijhun qgn nwsjf{hfl{ fd sirqhkjn{ qgiq rn{~jq drfb qgn

kfjjh{hfl{ iq ikknjnriqfr{, Qgn hldfrbiqhfl foqihlna fl i sirqhkjn-{ {snna* bi{{* ila njnkqrhk kgirmn

gnjs sgx{hkh{q{ qf }fr` f~q qgn hanlqhqx fd qgn sirqhkjn,

Qgn }fr` sirqhkjn sgx{hkh{q{ af qf hanlqhdx i sirqhkjn qgiq gi{ si{{na qgrf~mg i anqnkqfr h{ {hbhjir qf

qgn }ix {fbnfln }f~ja {q~ax qgn qrik`{ fd dffqsrhlq{ jndq ox ilhbij{ hl b~a fr {lf}, Hl ilhbij

srhlq{* dikqfr{ {~kg i{ qgn {hun ila {gisn fd qgn bir`{* jnlmqg fd {qrhan* ftnrijj siqqnrl* ahrnkqhfl ilaansqg fd srhlq{* kil rntnij qgn qxsn fd ilhbij qgiq kibn si{q nirjhnr, Sirqhkjn{ jnitn qnjj"qijn {hml{ hl

anqnkqfr{ hl i {hbhjir billnr dfr sgx{hkh{q{ qf ankhsgnr,

Bfanrl sirqhkjn sgx{hk{ issiriq~{ kfl{h{q{ fd jixnr{ fd {~o"anqnkqfr{* nikg {snkhijhuhlm hl i sirqhk~jir

qxsn fd sirqhkjn fr srfsnrqx, Qgnrn irn ; bihl qxsn{ fd {~o"anqnkqfr5

Qrik`hlm anthkn anqnkq{ ila rntnij{ qgn siqg fd i sirqhkjn

Kijfrhbnqnr {qfs{* io{fro{ ila bni{~rn{ qgn nlnrmx fd i sirqhkjn

Sirqhkjn hanlqhdhkiqhfl anqnkqfr hanlqhdhn{ qgn qxsn fd sirqhkjn ~{hlm tirhf~{ qnkglhy~n{

Qf gnjs hanlqhdx qgn sirqhkjn{ srfa~kna hl qgn kfjjh{hfl{* qgn anqnkqfr ~{~ijjx hlkj~an{ i bimlnqhk dhnja,

I sirqhkjn lfrbijjx qritnj{ hl i {qrihmgq jhln* o~q hl qgn srn{nlkn fd i bimlnqhk dhnja* hq{ siqg h{ onlq

hlqf i k~rtn, Drfb qgn k~rtiq~rn fd qgn siqg* sgx{hkh{q{ kil kijk~jiqn qgn bfbnlq~b fd qgn sirqhkjn

}ghkg gnjs{ hl hanlqhdxhlm hq{ qxsn, Sirqhkjn{ }hqg tnrx ghmg bfbnlq~b qritnj hl ijbf{q {qrihmgq jhln{*

}gnrni{ qgf{n }hqg jf} bfbnlq~b bftn dfr}ira hl qhmgq {shrij{,

Qrik`hlm anthkn{

Qrik`hlm anthkn{ rntnij qgn siqg{ fd njnkqrhkijjx kgirmna sirqhkjn{ qgrf~mg qgn qrihj{ qgnx jnitn onghla,

Qgnrn irn {hbhjir ntnrx"aix nddnkq{5 ghmg"djxhlm ihrsjiln{ {nnb hlth{hojn* o~q hl knrqihl kflahqhfl{ xf~

kil {nn qgn qrihj{ qgnx bi`n, Hl i {hbhjir }ix* }gnl sirqhkjn{ si{{ qgrf~mg {~hqiojn {~o{qilkn{ qgn

hlqnrikqhfl fd qgn si{{hlm sirqhkjn }hqg qgn iqfb{ fd qgn {~o{qilkn hq{njd kil on rntnijna,
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Bf{q bfanrl qrik`hlm anthkn{ af lfq bi`n qgn qrik`{ fd sirqhkjn{ ahrnkqjx th{hojn, Hl{qnia* qgnx

srfa~kn qhlx njnkqrhkij {hmlij{ qgiq kil on rnkfrana i{ kfbs~qnr aiqi, I kfbs~qnr srfmrib qgnl

rnkfl{qr~kq{ qgn siqqnrl{ fd qrik`{ rnkfrana ox qgn anqnkqfr* ila ah{sjix{ qgnb fl i {krnnl,

Qgnx kil rnkfra qgn k~rtiq~rn fd i sirqhkjn-{ qrik` 'bian hl qgn srn{nlkn fd i bimlnqhk dhnja(* drfb

}ghkg qgn bfbnlq~b fd i sirqhkjn bix on kijk~jiqna, Qgh{ h{ ~{nd~j dfr hanlqhdxhlm qgn sirqhkjn,

B~fl kgibonr{ irn qrik`hlm anthkn{ ~{na qf anqnkq b~fl{, Qgn{n sirqhkjn{ hlqnrikq tnrx jhqqjn }hqg

biqqnr ila kil qritnj jflm ah{qilkn{ qgrf~mg bnqnr{ fd anl{n biqnrhij, Jh`n i mgf{q }ij`hlm qgrf~mg i

}ijj* b~fl{ kil si{{ qgrf~mg {~kkn{{htn jixnr{ fd i anqnkqfr, Qgn b~fl kgibonr{ ~{~ijjx bi`n ~s

qgn f~qnrbf{q jixnr,

Kijfrhbnqnr{

I kijfrhbnqnr bni{~rn{ qgn nlnrmx jf{q ox i sirqhkjn qgiq mfn{ qgrf~mg hq, Hq h{ ~{~ijjx an{hmlna qf

nlqhrnjx {qfs fr io{fro bf{q fd qgn sirqhkjn{ kfbhlm drfb i kfjjh{hfl* dfrkhlm qgnb qf ansf{hq ijj fd

qgnhr nlnrmx }hqghl qgn anqnkqfr,

Kijfrhbnqnr{ qxshkijjx kfl{h{q fd jixnr{ fd si{{htn fr io{frohlm ghmganl{hqx biqnrhij 'jnia dfr

hl{qilkn( hlqnrjnitna }hqg jixnr{ fd ikqhtn bnah~b {~kg i{ {fjha jnia"mji{{ fr jhy~ha irmfl,

Njnkqrfbimlnqhk kijfrhbnqnr{ bni{~rn qgn nlnrmx fd jhmgq sirqhkjn{ njnkqrfl{ ila sgfqfl{ i{ qgnx

hlqnrikq }hqg qgn njnkqrhkijjx kgirmna sirqhkjn{ hl{han biqqnr,

Giarflhk kijfrhbnqnr{ {ibsjn qgn nlnrmx fd giarfl{ 'sirqhkjn{ kflqihlhlm y~ir`{* {~kg i{ srfqfl{ ila

ln~qrfl{( i{ qgnx hlqnrikq }hqg iqfbhk l~kjnh,

Kijfrhbnqnr{ kil {qfs bf{q `lf}l sirqhkjn{ nwknsq b~fl{ ila ln~qrhlf{,

Sirqhkjn hanlqhdhkiqhfl anqnkqfr{

Q}f bnqgfa{ fd sirqhkjn hanlqhdhkiqhfl }fr` ox anqnkqhlm riahiqhfl nbhqqna ox kgirmna sirqhkjn{5

Kgnrnl`ft riahiqhfl5 qgh{ h{ jhmgq nbhqqna }gnl i kgirmna sirqhkjn qritnj{ di{qnr qgil qgn {snna

fd jhmgq qgrf~mg i mhtnl bnah~b, Qgn jhmgq h{ mhtnl fdd iq i {snkhdhk ilmjn ikkfrahlm qf qgn

tnjfkhqx fd qgn sirqhkjn, Kfbohlna }hqg i bni{~rnbnlq fd qgn bfbnlq~b fd qgn sirqhkjn qgn

tnjfkhqx kil on ~{na qf anqnrbhln qgn bi{{ ila gnlkn qf hanlqhdx qgn sirqhkjn,

Qril{hqhfl riahiqhfl5 qgh{ riahiqhfl h{ srfa~kna ox i di{q kgirmna sirqhkjn i{ hq krf{{n{ qgn

of~lairx onq}nnl q}f njnkqrhkij hl{~jiqfr{ }hqg ahddnrnlq rn{h{qilkn{ qf njnkqrhk k~rrnlq{, Qgn

sgnlfbnlfl h{ rnjiqna qf qgn nlnrmx fd i sirqhkjn ila ah{qhlm~h{gn{ ahddnrnlq sirqhkjn qxsn{,

]fr`hlm fd Ikknjnriqfr{

Ikknjnriqfr{ }nrn hltnlqna qf srfthan nlnrmnqhk sirqhkjn{ qf hltn{qhmiqn qgn {qr~kq~rn fd qgn iqfbhk

l~kjn~{, [hlkn qgnl* qgnx gitn onnl ~{na qf hltn{qhmiqn bilx i{snkq{ fd sirqhkjn sgx{hk{, Qgnhr efo h{

qf {snna ~s ila hlkrni{n qgn nlnrmx fd i onib fd sirqhkjn{ ox mnlnriqhlm njnkqrhk dhnja{ qgiq ikknjnriqn

qgn sirqhkjn{* ila bimlnqhk dhnja{ qgiq {qnnr ila dfk~{ qgnb,

Il ikknjnriqfr kfbn{ nhqgnr hl qgn dfrb fd i rhlm 'khrk~jir ikknjnriqfr(* }gnrn i onib fd sirqhkjn{

qritnj{ rnsniqnajx rf~la i jffs* fr hl i {qrihmgq jhln 'jhlnir ikknjnriqfr(* }gnrn qgn onib qritnj{ drfb

fln nla qf qgn fqgnr, I l~bonr fd ikknjnriqfr{ bix on efhlna qfmnqgnr hl {ny~nlkn qf rnikg{~kkn{{htnjx ghmgnr nlnrmhn{* i{ iq qgn ikknjnriqfr kfbsjnw iq KN_L,

Qgn bihl kfbsflnlq{ fd il ikknjnriqfr hlkj~an5
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37/47

_iahfdrny~nlkx '_D( kithqhn{ ila njnkqrhk dhnja{ qgn{n srfthan ikknjnriqhfl qf i onib fd

sirqhkjn{, _D kithqhn{ irn jfkiqna hlqnrbhqqnlqjx ijflm qgn onib shsn, Nikg qhbn i onib si{{n{

qgn njnkqrhk dhnja hl il _D kithqx* {fbn fd qgn nlnrmx drfb qgn riahf }itn h{ qril{dnrrna qf qgn

sirqhkjn{,

Tik~~b kgibonr qgh{ h{ i bnqij shsn 'ij{f `lf}l i{ qgn onib shsn( hl{han }ghkg i onib fd

sirqhkjn{ qritnj{, Hq h{ `nsq iq il ~jqrighmg tik~~b qf bhlhbhun qgn ibf~lq fd mi{ srn{nlq qf

itfha kfjjh{hfl{ onq}nnl mi{ bfjnk~jn{ ila qgn sirqhkjn{ hl qgn onib,

Bimlnq{ tirhf~{ qxsn{ fd bimlnq{ irn ~{na qf {nrtn ahddnrnlq d~lkqhfl{, Dfr nwibsjn* ahsfjn

bimlnq{ irn ~{~ijjx ~{na qf onla qgn siqg fd i onib fd sirqhkjn{ qgiq }f~ja fqgnr}h{n qritnj hl

i {qrihmgq jhln, Qgn bfrn nlnrmx i sirqhkjn gi{* qgn mrniqnr qgn bimlnqhk dhnja lnnana qf onla hq{

siqg, Y~iar~sfjn bimlnq{ irn ~{na qf dfk~{ i onib* miqgnrhlm ijj qgn sirqhkjn{ kjf{nr qfmnqgnr

'{hbhjir qf qgn }ix qgiq jnl{n{ irn ~{na qf dfk~{ i onib fd jhmgq(,

Kfjjh{hfl{ iq ikknjnriqfr{ kil fkk~r nhqgnr imihl{q i dhwna qirmnq* fr onq}nnl q}f onib{ fd sirqhkjn{,

Sirqhkjn anqnkqfr{ irn sjikna irf~la qgn kfjjh{hfl sfhlq qf rnkfra ila rntnij qgn sirqhkjn{ qgiq nbnrmn

drfb qgn kfjjh{hfl,

Aiqi ilijx{h{

_n{nirkg hl sirqhkjn sgx{hk{ kil qgrf} ~s i qfrrnlq fd nwsnrhbnlqij aiqi }hqghl i {gfrq {sikn fd qhbn,

Dfr nwibsjn* qgn aiqi rnkfrana ox nikg fd qgn ohm nwsnrhbnlq{ iq qgn Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr'JGK(

}hjj on nlf~mg qf dhjj irf~la 933 333 ATA{ ntnrx xnir) Qgn kgijjnlmn fd ilijxuhlm qgn{n rn{~jq{

qgfrf~mgjx h{ il hbbnl{n qi{` qgiq nwqnla{ onxfla qgn kisiohjhqx fd ilx {hlmjn {~snrkfbs~qnr, Qf

s~{g qgn nwh{qhlm qnkglfjfmx qf d~jdhjj qgn anbila{ fd {khnlkn* i ln} }ix fd gilajhlm aiqi h{ n{{nlqhij,

Qgn bf{q nddnkqhtn {fj~qhfl dfr bnnqhlm qgn aiqi ilijx{h{ kgijjnlmn jhn{ hl i mjfoij kfbs~qhlm

hldri{qr~kq~rn kijjna qgn Mrha, Qgh{ h{ i dfrb fd ah{qrho~qna kfbs~qhlm* }gnrn kfbs~qnr{ jfkiqna ijjftnr qgn }frja kil on ikkn{{na thi qgn Hlqnrlnq qf girln{{ qgnhr ftnrijj srfkn{{hlm sf}nr, Qgh{ bnqgfa

fd rn{f~rkn {girhlm hl nddnkq krniqn{ i {hlmjn g~mn ila sf}nrd~j kfbs~qnr orihl qf onlndhq ijj qgn

lnq}fr` kfjjiofriqfr{,

Qgn Mrha rnjhn{ fl qgn nwh{qhlm ~lanrjxhlm gira}irn fd qgn Hlqnrlnq 'kfbb~lhkiqhfl lnq}fr`{(* }hqg i

{snkhijjx antnjfsna {fdq}irn kijjna bhaajn}irn, Qgh{ frmilhun{ ila hlqnmriqn{ qgn mnfmrisghkijjx

ah{snr{na rn{f~rkn{ hlqf i kfgnrnlq nlqhqx ila nliojn{ ikkn{{ qf qgn rn{f~rkn, Qf gilajn qgn

kfbsjnwhqx fd qgn {khnlqhdhk qi{`{* qgn Mrha hlkj~an{ biefr kfbs~qnr knlqnr{ anahkiqna qf {~ssjxhlm hq{

rn{f~rkn{ }hqg ghmg"{snna kfllnkqhfl{, Bilx Mrha {x{qnb{ irn antnjfshlm ila ntfjthlm, Qgn{n bix

on srhtiqn fr s~ojhk* rnmhflij fr mjfoij* ila bix on b~jqh"s~rsf{n fr anahkiqna qf fln sirqhk~jir

srfenkq, Hq h{ i }fr` hl srfmrn{{* }hqg qgn ~lanrjxhlm qnkglfjfmx onhlm antnjfsna ox g~larna{ fdrn{nirkgnr{ ila {fdq}irn nlmhlnnr{ irf~la qgn }frja,

KN_L h{ jniahlm {fbn fd qgn bf{q ibohqhf~{ Mrha srfenkq{, Qgn ]frja}han JGK Kfbs~qhlm Mrha

ihb{ qf hlqnmriqn qgf~{ila{ fd kfbs~qnr{ }frja}han hlqf i mjfoij rn{f~rkn qf {qfrn ila ilijxun qgn

g~mn ibf~lq{ fd aiqi rnkfrana ox qgn JGK nwsnrhbnlq{, Qf o~hja ila fsnriqn i snrbilnlq N~rfsnil

Mrha hldri{qr~kq~rn qgiq kil {nrtn i orfia {snkqr~b fd issjhkiqhfl{* KN_L h{ ij{f jniahlm qgn sil"

N~rfsnil kfl{frqh~b qf Nliojhlm Mrha{ dfr N"{khnlkn, Hq{ Mrha hldri{qr~kq~rn }hjj nwqnla onxfla

sirqhkjn sgx{hk{ qf dhnja{ {~kg i{ ohfbnahkij ila mnfjfmhkij issjhkiqhfl{,

I arhthlm bfqhtiqhfl onghla qgn Mrha }i{ qgn lnna dfr kfjjiofriqhtn ila b~jqh"ah{khsjhlirx

issjhkiqhfl{ hl {khnlkn ila nlmhlnnrhlm, Hl qgn d~q~rn* {hbhjir qxsn{ fd issjhkiqhfl{ }hjj onkfbnd~laibnlqij hl bilx fqgnr dhnja{* {~kg i{ nlqnrqihlbnlq* kfbbnrkn* dhlilkn* hla~{qrx* ila

mftnrlbnlq,
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Sirqhkjn{ dfr ijj s~rsf{n{

Sgx{hkh{q{ iq KN_L nwsjfrn bilx ahddnrnlq i{snkq{ fd qgn bhkrf }frja* drfb anns hl{han qgn iqfbhk

l~kjn~{ qf qgn bx{qnrhn{ fd ilqhbiqqnr, Qgnx snrdfrb i }han rilmn fd nwsnrhbnlq{* }ghkg ~{n onib{ fd

nlnrmnqhk sirqhkjn{ srfa~kna hl qgn ikknjnriqfr kfbsjnw, Nikg nwsnrhbnlq hltfjtn{ {snkhijhuna

ny~hsbnlq qgn anqnkqfr{ qf rnkfra }giq gissnl{ }gnl qgn onib ghq{ nhqgnr i dhwna qirmnq fr

sirqhkjn{ hl i {hbhjir onib kfbhlm drfb qgn fssf{hqn ahrnkqhfl,

Iq qgn jf}n{q nlnrmhn{* qgn Srfqfl"[xlkgrfqrfl Off{qnr {~ssjhn{ onib qf H[FJAN* i ~lhy~n {f~rkn fd

riahfikqhtn h{fqfsn{ dfr nwsnrhbnlq{ }hqg issjhkiqhfl{ qgiq rilmn drfb i{qrfsgx{hk{ qf hla~{qrx ila

bnahkhln,

Qgn Srfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl 'S[( anjhtnr{ ghmgnr nlnrmx srfqfl{ qf q}f kflqri{qhlm nwsnrhbnlq{, AH_IK

h{ qn{qhlm hani{ iof~q qgn {qrflm d~laibnlqij dfrkn* }ghjn KJF^A h{ dhlahlm f~q gf} liq~rij ghmg"

nlnrmx sirqhkjn{ bhmgq hldj~nlkn qgn dfrbiqhfl fd kjf~a{, Qgn S[ ij{f srfthan{ qgn srfqfl{ qgiq krniqn

qgn ilqhsrfqfl{ dfr qgn Ilqhsrfqfl Anknjnriqfr'IA(* }gnrn sgx{hkh{q{ irn jnirlhlm bfrn iof~q

ilqhbiqqnr hl qgn IJSGI* I[IK^[I ila IQ_IS nwsnrhbnlq{, Qgn IKN nwsnrhbnlq ij{f ~{n{

ilqhsrfqfl{* hl qgh{ ki{n qf i{{n{{ qgnhr {~hqiohjhqx dfr kilknr qgnrisx,

Qgn lnwq jirmn{q ikknjnriqfr h{ qgn [~snr Srfqfl [xlkgrfqrfl '[S[(* }gnrn KFBSI[[ dfk~{n{ fl

hltn{qhmiqhlm giarfl{ " sirqhkjn{ bian fd y~ir`{* hlkj~ahlm qgn l~kjnfl{ 'srfqfl{ ila ln~qrfl{( fd

frahlirx biqqnr,

Qgn Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr'JGK(* KN_L{ bf{q sf}nrd~j ikknjnriqfr* gf{q{ {hw nwsnrhbnlq{

an{hmlna qf dhla f~q gf} qgn sirqhkjn{ fd biqqnr ongitn iq i ln} ghmg nlnrmx drflqhnr, Qgn nwsnrhbnlq{

irn jfkiqna iq sfhlq{ }gnrn qgn JGK{ q}f onib{* }ghkg qritnj hl fssf{hqn ahrnkqhfl{* kfjjhan gnia fl,

Qgnrn h{ ij{f fln nwsnrhbnlq qgiq ~{n{ lfln fd qgn onib{ drfb KN_L, KI[Q jff`{ iq qgn [~l dfr

gxsfqgn{huna sirqhkjn{ kijjna iwhfl{,

QGN IKKNJN_IQF_ KFBSJNW
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39/47

KGISQN_ =

QGN [IDQNX FD JGK


40/47

Qgn {idnqx fd qgn JGK

Qgn Jirmn Giarfl Kfjjhanr 'JGK( kil ikghntn il nlnrmx qgiq lf fqgnr sirqhkjn ikknjnriqfr{ gitn

rnikgna ondfrn* o~q Liq~rn rf~qhlnjx srfa~kn{ ghmgnr nlnrmhn{ hl kf{bhk"rix kfjjh{hfl{, Kflknrl{

iof~q qgn {idnqx fd }giqntnr bix on krniqna hl {~kg ghmg"nlnrmx sirqhkjn kfjjh{hfl{ gitn onnl

iaarn{{na dfr bilx xnir{, Hl qgn jhmgq fd ln} nwsnrhbnlqij aiqi ila qgnfrnqhkij ~lanr{qilahlm* qgn

JGK [idnqx I{{n{{bnlq Mrf~s 'J[IM( gi{ ~saiqna i rnthn} fd qgn ilijx{h{ bian hl ?33; ox qgn

JGK [idnqx [q~ax Mrf~s* i mrf~s fd hlansnlanlq {khnlqh{q{,

J[IM rniddhrb{ ila nwqnla{ qgn kflkj~{hfl{ fd qgn ?33; rnsfrq qgiq JGK kfjjh{hfl{ srn{nlq lf ailmnr

ila qgiq qgnrn irn lf rni{fl{ dfr kflknrl, ]giqntnr qgn JGK }hjj af* Liq~rn gi{ ijrniax afln bilx

qhbn{ ftnr a~rhlm qgn jhdnqhbn fd qgn Nirqg ila fqgnr i{qrflfbhkij ofahn{, Qgn J[IM rnsfrq gi{ onnl

rnthn}na ila nlafr{na ox KN_L{ [khnlqhdhk Sfjhkx Kfbbhqqnn* i mrf~s fd nwqnrlij {khnlqh{q{ qgiq

iath{n{ KN_L{ mftnrlhlm ofax* hq{ Kf~lkhj,

Qgn dfjjf}hlm {~bbirhun{ qgn bihl irm~bnlq{ mhtnl hl qgnJ[IM rnsfrq, Ilxfln hlqnrn{qna hl bfrn

anqihj{ h{ nlkf~rimna qf kfl{~jq hq ahrnkqjx* ila qgn qnkglhkij {khnlqhdhk sisnr{ qf }ghkg hq rndnr{,

Kf{bhk rix{

Qgn JGK* jh`n fqgnr sirqhkjn ikknjnriqfr{* rnkrniqn{ qgn liq~rij sgnlfbnli fd kf{bhk rix{ ~lanr

kflqrfjjna jiofriqfrx kflahqhfl{* nliojhlm qgnb qf on {q~ahna hl bfrn anqihj, Kf{bhk rix{ irn sirqhkjn{

srfa~kna hl f~qnr {sikn* {fbn fd }ghkg irn ikknjnriqna qf nlnrmhn{ dir nwknnahlm qgf{n fd

large hadron collider presentation report

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