laporan praktikum ice cream.docx

8/18/2019 LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM ICE CREAM.docx

1/17

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM

TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN PANGAN

TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN BUAH DAN SAYUR ICE CREAM

Oleh :

Nama : Siti Armilah NRP : 133020265

No. Meja : 5 (Lima)

Kelompo : !

"a#$$al Prati%m : 11 April 2016

A&i&te# : Pia Apri'a#e

LABORATORIUM TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN PANGAN

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNOLOGI PANGAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS PASUNDAN

BANDUNG

2016


2/17

TUJUAN DAN PRINSIP PERCOBAAN

Tujuan P!"#$aan

"%j%a# peroaa# pe#$olaha# e& rim a*alah %#t% *i+er&i,ia&i pro*%

olaha# pa#$a# (&%&%)- &alah &at% %#t% me#$aeta# &%&%- me#i#$ata# #ilai

eo#omi&- *a# %#t% me#$etah%i ara pem%ata# e& rim.

P!%n&%' P!"#$aan

Pri#&ip peroaa# pe#$olaha# e& rim a*alah er*a&ara# pro&e&

homo$e#i&a&i lema %#t% mempereil %%ra# $lo%la lema *a# pro&e&

peme%a# &ehi#$$a terja*i o+er r%# 'ait% tere#t%#'a %#it ri&tal e& *a#

pe#i#$ata# +ol%me e& rim.


3/17

Susu

Pencampuran I

Pendidihan

T=1000C t=15-40’

Pencampuran II

Pengukuran volume !a"

Tempering

#omogenisasi Ice Cream $aker"

Pengukuran %ver run !&"

Ice Cream

'ula( )hipping cream( skim( gelatin

Tepung mai*ena( kuning telur( essens

DIAGRAM ALIR PROSES PERCOBAAN

/%ah

amar 1. ia$ram Alir Pem%ata# e ream


4/17

PROSES PEMBUATAN ICE CREAM

amar 2. Pro&e& Pem%ata# e ream

HASIL PENGAMATAN


5/17

4a&il peroaa# te#olo$i pe#$olaha# ie ream *apat *ilihat pa*a tael

eri%t:

Ta$( 1) Ha&%( Pn*a+a,an P+$ua,an I" C!a+

K,!an*an Ha&%(

/a&i& 1000 $ram

/aha# tamaS%&% m%r#i 1-178

/aha# "amaha#

9hippi#$ ream -558

S%ro&a 15-508

K%#i#$ tel%r 7-8

elati# 18

;&&e#e 0-028

/erat Pro*% 1150 $ram

8 O+er r%# 35-28

Or$a#olepti:

1. 9ar#a2. Ra&a

3. Aroma

7. "e&t%r

5. Ke#ampaa#

K%#i#$

;& rim ma#$$a

Kha& e& rim ma#$$a

Lem%t

Me#ari

amar pro*%

(S%mer : Kelompo !- Meja 5- 2016)

PEMBAHASAN


6/17

/er*a&ara# ha&il pe#$amata# te#olo$i pe#$olaha# pa#$a# 'a#$ telah

*ila%a# *apat *ietah%i aha pro*% ie ream *e#$a# a&i& 1000 $ram

me#$ha&ila# erat pro*% &ee&ar 1150 $ram *a# 8 o+er r%# &ee&ar 35-28.

Pa*a pem%ata# ice cream *ila%a# pro&e& pe#amp%ra# *ima#a

pe#amp%ra# i#i ert%j%a# %#t% me#amp%ra# &%&% m%r#i *e#$a# whipping

cream &ehi#$$a *iha&ila# amp%ra# 'a#$ homo$e#. Kem%*ia# la%a#

pema#a&a# &elama 30 me#it. Pema#a&a# ert%j%a# %#t% me#$hila#$a#

miroor$a#i&me patho$e# 'a#$ *apat mer%&a &%&%. Pe#amp%ra# *ila%a#

*e#$a# me#amp%ra# $%la *a# %#i#$ tel%r *e#$a# amp%ra# . "%j%a##'a

%#t% me#amp%ra# &em%a aha# &ehi#$$a *iha&ila# a*o#a# ice cream. Lal%

tempering ert%j%a# %#t% me#%r%#a# &%h% a*o#a# &ehi#$$a mem%*aha#

pro&e& &ela#j%t#'a. Setelah &em%a aha# teramp%r rata- he#tia# pro&e&

pema#a&a# *a# %%r +ol%me#'a.


7/17

ha#'a er,%#$&i &ea$ai pemeri ra&a ma#i& pa*a ice cream- tapi j%$a

me#%r%#a# titi e% a*o#a#- &ehi#$$a a*o#a# ti*a terlal% epat meme% &aat

*ipro&e&. #i pe#ti#$ a$ar %*ara 'a#$ ma&% e*alam a*o#a# i&a leih a#'a

&ehi#$$a te&t%r me#ja*i leih lem%t. Ka*ar $%la *alam ice cream a*alah 158

(/%le et. al.- 1>).

Mai?e#a er,%#$&i &ea$ai memeri te&t%r hal%& *a# lem%t pa*a

pem%ata# ice cream. Essence pa*a pem%ata# e& rim *i$%#aa# %#t%

me#i#$ata# ita ra&a pro*% e& rim. /era$ai flavor 'a#$ *itamahaa# pa*a

pem%ata# ice cream- %m%m#'a era&al *ari %ah=%aha# ata% ta#ama#

horti%lt%ra &eperti strawberry- oelat- +a#ila- a#$$%r *a# lai#=lai# (Saleh- 2007).

K%#i#$ tel%r er,%#$&i &ea$ai &taili?er. Staili?er j%$a ia&a *i$%#aa#

*alam &etiap pem%ata# e& rim. Staili?er er,%#$&i %#t% me#&taila#

pe#$a*%a# *a# mole%l %*ara pa*a a*o#a#. Staili?er j%$a er,%#$&i &ea$ai

pe#amah ra&a- memperaii te&t%r- *a# pe#$hamat pe#$ri&tala#. ter*apat *%a

maam &taili?er 'a#$ ia&a#'a *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim- 'ait% : "el%r

(&ea$ai &taili?er alami) *a# &taili?er e& rim %ata# (Setia%- 2013).

;m%l&i a*alah amp%ra# a#tara *%a je#i& aira# 'a#$ &eara #ormal ti*a

*apat eramp%r- *ima#a &alah &at% ,a&e ter*i&per&i *alam ,a&e pe#*i&per&i.

K%#i#$ tel%r j%$a mer%paa# em%l&i mi#'a *alam air. K%#i#$ tel%r me#$a#*%#$

a$ia# 'a#$ er&i,at surface active 'ait% le&iti#- ole&terol *a# le&itoprotei#.

Le&iti# me#*%%#$ tere#t%#'a em%l&i mi#'a *alam air (o@)- &e*a#$a#

ole&terol e#*er%#$ %#t% meme#t% em%l&i air *alam mi#'a (@o)

(M%hta*i- 12).

#&%r poo peme#t% ie ream a*alah :

1. Lema &%&% : era&al *ari &%&% rim (&eat ream)- rim e%- rim

pla&ti- me#te$a ti*a me#$a#*%#$ $aram ata% mi#'a me#te$a.

2. /aha# pema#i& : %la- era$ai maam &ir%p- ma*%- *etro&a- lato&a-

,r%to&a *a# lai#=lai#.

3. Mil Soli*& No# Bat (MSNB) : Sim &%&% &e$ar- &eat ream- %ttermil-

&%&% &im %%- &%&% &im ma#i& o#*e#&a&i*a# he' pa*at.

7. /aha# pe#&tail (&taili?er).

5. /aha# pe#$em%l&i (em%l&i,ier).


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6. aram mi#eral : a ata% M$ o&i*a- &o*i%m itrate- *i&o*i%m pho&phate-

&o*i%m tetrap'ropho&phate *a# &o*i%m heametapho&phat (Saleh- 2007).

Bator 'a#$ mempe#$ar%hi pro*% e& rim a#tara lai#:

1. /aha#=aha# 'a#$ ter*apat pa*a e& rim

2. Pro&e& 'a#$ *ila%a# *alam pem%ata# e& rim

/aha#=aha# 'a#$ ter*apat *alam e& rim a#tara lai#:

a. Air

Air mer%paa# ompo#e# tere&ar *alam amp%ra# e& rim- er,%#$&i

&ea$ai pelar%t aha#=aha# lai# *alam amp%ra#. Kompo&i&i air *alam amp%ra#

aha# e& rim %m%m#'a eri&ar 55=678. . Lema S%&%

Lema ia&a *iataa# &ea$ai aha# a% e& rim- lema 'a#$ ter*apat

pa*a e& rim era&al *ari &%&% &e$ar 'a#$ *i&e%t rim. Lema &%&% er,%#$&i

%#t% me#i#$ata# #ilai $i?i e& rim- me#amah ita ra&a- me#$ha&ila#

arateri&ti te&t%r 'a#$ lem%t- mema#t% memeria# e#t% *a# epa*ata#-

&erta memeria# &i,at meleleh 'a#$ ai. Ka*ar lema *alam e& rim 'ait%

a#tara 108 &ampai 168.

. /aha# Keri#$ S%&% "a#pa Lema

/aha# eri#$ &%&% ta#pa lema er,%#$&i %#t% me#i#$ata# a#*%#$a#

pa*ata# *i *alam e& rim &ehi#$$a leih e#tal. /aha# eri#$ &%&% ta#pa lema

j%$a pe#ti#$ &ea$ai &%mer protei# &ehi#$$a *apat me#i#$ata# #ilai #%tri&i e&

rim.#&%r protei# *alam pem%ata# e& rim er,%#$&i %#t% me#&taila#

em%l&i lema &etelah pro&e& homo$e#i&a&i- me#amah ita ra&a- mema#t%

pem%iha#- me#i#$ata# *a# me#&taila# *a'a iat air 'a#$ erpe#$ar%h pa*a

ee#tala# *a# te&t%r e& rim 'a#$ lem%t.S%mer aha# eri#$ &%&% ta#pa

lema a#tara lai# &%&% &im- &%&% e#tal ma#i&- *a# %% he'. Ka*ar &im

*alam e& rim 'ait% a#tara 8 &ampai 128.

*. /aha# pema#i&

/aha# pema#i& 'a#$ %m%m *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim a*alah

$%la pa&ir (&%ro&a) *a# $%la it. /aha# pema#i& &elai# er,%#$&i memeria#

ra&a ma#i&- j%$a *apat me#i#$ata# ita ra&a- me#%r%#a# titi e% 'a#$ *apat

meme#t% ri&tal=ri&tal e& rim 'a#$ hal%& &ehi#$$a me#i#$ata# pe#erimaa#

*a# e&%aa# o#&%me#. Pe#amaha# aha# pema#i& &eitar 128 &ampai 168.

e. /aha# Pe#&tail (Staili?er)


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/aha# pe#&tail 'a#$ %m%m *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim a*alah

M (aro' meth'l el%lo&e)- $%m ara- &o*i%m al$i#at- ara$e#a# *a# a$ar.

/aha# pe#&tail erpera# %#t% me#i#$ata# ee#tala# M ter%tama pa*a &aat

&eel%m *ie%a# *a# memperpa#ja#$ ma&a &impa# e& rim are#a *apat

me#e$ah ri&tali&a&i e& &elama pe#'impa#a#. Ka*ar pe#&tail *alam e& rim

'ait% a#tara 08 &ampai 0-78.

,. /aha# Pe#$em%l&i

/aha# pe#$em%l&i %tama 'a#$ *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim

a*alah $aram hal%&. /aha# pe#$em%l&i ert%j%a# %#t% memperaii &tr%t%r

lema *a# *i&tri%&i %*ara *alam M- me#i#$ata# eompaa# aha#=aha#*alam M &ehi#$$a *iperoleh e& rim 'a#$ lem%t- *a# me#i#$ata# etaha#a#

e& rim terha*ap peleleha# aha#. amp%ra# aha# pe#$em%l&i *a# pe#&tail

aa# me#$ha&ila# e& rim *e#$a# te&t%r 'a#$ lem%t. Ka*ar pe#$em%l&i *alam

e& rim 'ait% a#tara 08 &ampai 0-258 (Ciro- 2017).

Ker%&aa# ,la+or pa*a ie ream *apat *iate$oria# &ea$ai eri%t :

1. /ila ter*apat ra&a 'a#$ ti*a *ii#$i#a# ata% ra&a ti*a alamiah mi&al#'a

me#$$%#aa# ra&a ata% aroma %ata# ti*a &ama *e#$a# ra&a ata% aroma 'a#$

a&li.

2. Me#$$%#aa# terlal% ti#$$i per&e#ta&e &ir%p ja$%#$ 'a#$ ma#a e#*er%#$

me#%t%pi ,la+or.

3. /ila ie ream tera&a a&am terja*i are#a me#$$%#aa# aha# 'a#$ a&am ata%

are#a tere#t%#'a a&am latat *alam a*o#a#.

7. Ra&a ie ream 'a#$ ti*a e#a- era&al *ari alat *a# &%&% *ari peter#aa# ata%

aha# pem%at ie ream 'a#$ &%*ah lama.

5. Ra&a a&i# 'a#$ *i&eaa# terlal% ti#$$i per&e#ta&e Mil Soli*& No# Bat

(MSNB) ata% me#$$%#aa# me#te$a 'a#$ me#$a#*%#$ $aram. Ka#*%#$a#

$aram e ream ti*a oleh meleihi 0-18 *ari a*o#a#. Ra&a a&i#

memperte$a& ra&a pa*a ie ream.

6. "erlal% ma#i& aiat eleiha# $%la. %la ti*a oleh meleihi158.

. /a% are#a pe#'impa#a# 'a#$ terlal% lama 'ait% a% ar*%&- a% %ah ata%

a% aa#$ 'a#$ apa pa*a e&rim.

>. Oi*i?e* ,la+or terja*i ila a*o#a# ie ream ata% aha##'a er&e#t%ha#

la#$&%#$ *e#$a# al%mi#i%m tero&i*a&i &eperti opper ata% *e#$a# &i#ar

matahari.


10/17

. /a% aiat pema#a&a# 'ait% a% $o&o#$- ila terlal% lama *ima&a ata%

%ra#$ pe#$a*%a# &elama pema#a&a# (Saleh- 2007).

Ker%&aa# Pe#ampila# *a# te&t%r (/o*' a#* tet%re *e,et): /o*'

erh%%#$a# *e#$a# etaha#a# %#t% me#air ila ie ream *io#&%m&i- hal i#i

ter$a#t%#$ *ari ompo&i&i a*o#a# *a# j%mlah %*ara &elama peme%a#. "et%re

*apat *ijela&a# a*alah ehal%&a# pa*a li*ah ila ie ream *io#&%m&i. /o*'

*e,et& *apat *ila&i,ia&ia# &e#a$ai eri%t:

1. ;#er (ea) ata% a*a e#a#$ hal%& (,l%,,').

2. Leme (&o$$')- tetapi i#i %a# mer%paa# er%&aa# 'a#$ &eri%& are#a

o#&%me# leih &%a o*' erat *e#$a# o+err%# re#*ah.

3. /er$etah ($%mm').

7. Rap%h@m%*ah ha#%r (r%ml')- hal i#i *i&eaa# a#*%#$a# $%la

re#*ah (Saleh- 2007).

"e&t%r a&ar pa*a e ream mer%paa# er%&aa# 'a#$ &a#$at &eri%&- hal

i#i *i&eaa# oleh:

1. Staili&a&i ti*a e#ar.

2. 4omo$e#i&a&i ti*a e#ar.

3. Peme%a# lamat *e#$a# memiara# ie ream me#%#$$% lama

&eel%m *ima&%a# e ,ree?er- ,l%t%a&i &%h% pa*a retail ai#et *a#

,ree?er *i r%mah (Saleh- 2007).

;& rim j%$a *apat *ila&i,ia&ia# &ea$ai eri%t:

a. Mo*er# e ream ( ;& Krim Mo*er# )

"e#olo$i pem%ata# e& rim terar% mem%#$i#a# pro*%&i e& rim

*ila%a# *e#$a# m%*ah. /aha# *a&ar tel%r &ea$ai pe#&tail i&a *i$a#tia#*e#$a# em%l&i,er %ata#. ;m%l&i,er %ata# i#i *i%at *ari aha# alami 'a#$

*ipro&e& h%&%& me#ja*i %%. "i#$at e&taila##'ap%# leih ai *ari pa*a

me#$$%#aa# tel%r. ;m%l&i,ier a*alah aha# tamaha# 'a#$ er,%#$&i

melem%ta# *a# ti*a me#aira#.

. e ream /a&e ( ;& Krim)


11/17

;&rim eraha# *a&ar &%&% *a# ,re&h ream- 'a#$ *itamah tel%r &ea$ai

aha# pe#&tail. Seel%m ma&% pro&e& pe#*i#$i#a#- amp%ra# aha# i#i j%$a

i&a *i&e%t *e#$a# *a&ar ream %&tar*.

. So,t e ream

;&rim 'a#$ lem%t i#i *i$%#aa# me#$$%#aa# me&i# h%&%& 'a#$

ere*a *e#$a# me&i# e& rim ia&a. e#$a# me&i# h%&%& i#i- %*ara 'a#$

tera#*%#$ *i *alam e& rim aa# *i$a#*aa# &ehi#$$a ha&il#'a leih lem%t *a#

+ol%me#'a me#ja*i leih e&ar. Selai# it%- a#*%#$a# lema#'a me#ja*i ti*a

terlal% ti#$$i.

*. Soret

Soret leih ri#$a# *a# &e$ar *ia#*i#$a# *e#$a# e& rim ia&a are#a

ter%at *ari j%& %ah 'a#$ *itamah pema#i&. A*o#a# &oret ti*a perl% *ima&a

a$ar e&e$ara# *a# ra&a %ah#'a tetap terja$a. Soret ti*a me#$a#*%#$ &%&%-

rim- *a# %#i#$ tel%r &ehi#$$a a#*%#$a# alori#'a re#*ah. Nam%# are#a ti*a

me#$a#*%#$ lema- a*o#a# &oret &eai#'a j%$a *itamah em%l&i,ier a$ar

te&t%r#'a leih ai.

e. Sheret

Sheret hampir &ama *e#$a# &oret- ha#'a a*o#a##'a *itamah *e#$a#

lema.

,. elato

elato ter%at *ari &%&%- $%la- tel%r *a# pera&a maa#a#. /i&a j%$a

*itamaha# *e#$a# %ah *a# olat. A*o#a# elato leih e#tal *aripa*a

a*o#a# e& rim 'a#$ era&al *ari a#*%#$a# %#i#$ tel%r ata% p%tih tel%r (Sap%tri-

2012).P pa*a pro&e& pem%ata# e& rim tait% ter*apat pa*a pro&e&

pe#amp%ra#- pro&e& homo$e#i&a&i *e#$a# me#$$%#aa# ie ream maer. Pa*a

pro&e& homo$e#i&a&i mer%paa# tahap ahir 'a#$ har%& *iperhatia# P #'a-

alat 'a#$ *i$%#aa# &eperti ie ream maer har%& *ier&iha# terleih *ah%l%

&eel%m *i$%#aa#- pe#$at%ra# o#trol terha*ap ie ream maer j%$a har%&

*iperhatia# &ehi#$$a ie ream 'a#$ *iha&ila# ama# %#t% *io#&%m&i.


12/17

KESIMPULAN

/er*a&ara# ha&il pe#$amata# te#olo$i pe#$olaha# pa#$a# 'a#$ telah

*ila%a# *apat *ietah%i aha pro*% ie ream *e#$a# a&i& 1000 $ram

me#$ha&ila# erat pro*% &ee&ar 1150 $ram *a# 8 o+er r%# &ee&ar 35-28.


13/17

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

/%le et al. (1>). I(+u Pan*an E-%&% ./2. Pe#erit #i+er&ita& #*o#e&ia :

!aarta.

M%hta*i- "ie#.R.- S%$i'o#o. (12). I(+u Pn*,auan Baan Pan*an. #&tit%t

Perta#ia# /o$or : /o$or

Saleh- ;.- 2007. T.n#(#*% Pn*#(aan Su&u -an Ha&%( I.u,an T!na.)Pro$ram St%*i Pro*%&i "er#a Ba%lta& Perta#ia# #i+er&ita& S%matera

tara.

Sap%tri- Bi,i ia#a. 2012. Jn%&/Jn%& E& K!%+.

http:@@,i,i*ia#a&ap%tri.lo$&pot.om@. ia&e& 15 April 2016

Setia%. 2013. Ma"a+/+a"a+ R&' E& K!%+.

http:@@&etia%.or*pre&&.om@. ia&e& 15 April 2016

http://fifidianasaputri.blogspot.com/http://fifidianasaputri.blogspot.com/http://fifidianasaputri.blogspot.com/


14/17

Ciro. 2017. E& K!%+. http&:@@*&a*&a*a&*a.aa*emia.e*@. a.i*@. ia&e& 15 April

2016

LAMPIRAN PERHITUNGAN

P!%,un*an P+$ua,an I" C!a+

9 &%&% m%r#i D ×Basis

D

71,14

100

x1000

D >-7 $ram

9 hippi#$ reamD×Basis

D

7,55

100 x1000

D 5-5 $ram

9 &%ro&a D ×Basis

D

15,5

100 x1000

D 155 $ram

9 %#i#$ tel%r D×Basis


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D

4,79

100 x1000

D 7- $ram

9 $elati# D ×Basis

D

1

100 x1000

D 10 $ram

9 e&&e#e D×Basis

D

0,02

100 x1000

D 0-2 $ram

8 O+er r%# DVa−Vb

Vb x 100

D1150

−850

850 x100

D 35-28


16/17

LAMPIRAN TABEL SNI

Ta$( Sa!a, Mu,u I" "!a+

N#) K!%,!%a Sa,uan P!&a!a,an

1. Kea*aa# :

1.1. Pe#ampaa#

1.2. /a%

1.3. Ra&a

=

=

=

Normal

Normal

Normal

2. Lema 8@ Mi#. 5-0

3. %la *ihit%#$ &ea$ai &%ro&a 8@ Mi#. >-0

7. Protei# 8@ Mi#. 2-

5. !%mlah Pa*ata# 8@ Mi#. 3-7

6. /aha# "amaha# Maa#a# :

6.1. Pear#a "amaha#

6.2. Pema#i& /%ata#

6.3. Pema#tap *a# Pe#$em%l&i

=

=

=

Ne$ati,

. emara# Lo$am :

.1. "imal (P)

.2. "ema$a (%)

m$@$

m$@$

Ma&. 1-0

Ma&. 20-0

>. emara# Ar&e# (A&) m$@$ Ma&. 0-5

. emara# Miroa :

.1. A#$a Lempe#$ "otal

.2. MPN Coliform

.3. Salmonella

.7. Listeria SPP

Kolo#i@$r

APM@$

Kolo#i@25 $r

Kolo#i@25 $r

Ma&. 2 105

E 3

Ne$ati,

Ne$ati,

(S%mer : SN 01=313=15)

LAMPIRAN SOAL DISKUSI

1. !ela&a# ,%#$&i *ari aha#=aha# eri%t i#i *alam pem%ata# e& rim :

!aa :

a. elati#- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#$e#tal ata% &tailitator *ari e& rim. Selai# it%

er,%#$&i j%$a *alam memperaii te&t%r.

. %la- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pemeri ra&a ma#i& pa*a e& rim.


17/17

. Whipping Cream- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pemeri lema a$ar te&t%r e& rim

hal%& *a# memeri e,e &i#er$i& terha*ap ,la+or.

*. "ep%#$ mai?e#a- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#$e#tal *a# pe#&tail &aat *ie%a#

*a# j%$a pro&e& thawing .e. Sim- er,%#$&i %#t% me#i#$ata# #ilai $i?i.

,. "el%r- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#$em%l&i- me#i#$ata# #ilai $i?i *a#

me#amah ita ra&a.

2. Pro&e& apa &ajaah 'a#$ terja*i pa*a pem%ata# e& rimF !ela&a# G

!aa :

a. Pe#amp%ra# - me#amp%ra# whipping cream- &im- tel%r *a# mai?e#a.

. Pe#*i*iha#- %#t% me#$hila#$a# miroa 'a#$ er&i,at pato$e#.

. 4omo$e#i&a&i- %#t% me#i#$ata# ee#tala# a*o#a# *a# &eali$%&

mem%at partiel a*o#a# me#ja*i &era$am mole%l#'a.

*. Pe#*i#$i#a#- %#t% me#$he#tia# pema#a&a# 'a#$ erla#j%t.

3. Apa 'a#$ *ima&%* *e#$a# overrunF !ela&a# G

!aa : Overrun a*alah pe#i#$ata# j%mlah +ol%me e& rim 'a#$ *i&eaa#

oleh ma&%#'a $elem%#$=$elem%#$ %*ara &elama pro&e& pe#$a*%a#.

7. /a$aima#a ara alter#ati, 'a#$ *apat memperaii pe#ampila# *a# %alita&

pro*% e& rim F

!aa : ara alter#ati, 'a#$ *apat *ila%a# *alam memperaii %alita& *a#

pe#ampila# pro*% e& rim a*alah *e#$a# ara :

a. Pe#amaha# %ah ata% a&e&ori& %ah=%aha#

. Pe#amaha# aa#$- a,er- *a# cone $ili#$

. Pe#amaha# pelapi& olat

d+ Kema&a# 'a#$ ai *a# me#ari

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