laparoscopic gastrectomies for cancer
TRANSCRIPT
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Early outcomes of laparoscopic gastric resection for
adenocarcinoma
Eduardo A. Guzman MD
Alessio Pigazzi MD PhD
Joshua D.I. Ellenhorn MD
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Laparoscopy for cancer
• A laparoscopic approach should not compromise the quality of the surgery
• Laparoscopic procedures have been succesfully adopted for colon cancer given equivalent oncologic outcomes
• Laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer is commonly performed in Asia and Europe
• Laparoscopic gastrectomy experience in North America is limited
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Extended lymphadenectomies
• Despite the results of randomized controlled trials, extended lymphadenectomies are still considered oncologically advantageous procedures.
• Judgement should be used to avoid consequential increases in morbidity and mortality
• Routine performance of a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy should be avoided
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Study aim
• Aim: To compare short term postoperative and oncologic outcomes between laparoscopic and open procedures for gastric adenocarcinoma
• Hypothesis: There is no difference in the rate of positive surgical margins or number of enlarged lymph nodes between laparoscopic and open procedures for gastric cancer
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Methods
• Retrospective review of City of Hope surgical
database 1999 - 2008
• 143 patients underwent a gastric resection
• 67 patients were identified in accordance with
the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria
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Methods
• Inclusion criteria– Gastric Adenocarcinoma– Abdominal procedures
– Curative interventions
• Exclusion criteria– Other cancers (GIST, tumors invading the stomach)– Palliative procedures– Esophagogastrectomies
– Thoracoabdominal approaches
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Laparoscopic candidates
• Patients with no evidence of enlarged lymph nodes on preoperative imaging (CT / EUS) were identified as appropriate candidates for the laparoscopic procedure
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Lymphadenectomy
• D0 - No
lymphadenectomy
• D1 – Perigastric nodes
• D2 - Nodes along the
celiac, splenic and hepatic
arteries.
• D3 - Removal of para-
aortic and retroperitoneal
nodes
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D2 lymphadenectomies
• A D2 lymphadenectomy was considered in all patients with gastric cancer
• Some patients underwent a D1 instead due to early stage tumors or comorbid conditions that precluded a more extensive operation
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Surgical technique• Pneumoperitoneum and placement of trocars • Omentectomy• Mobilization of the greater curvature of the stomach• Division of the right gastroepiploic vessels• Dissection of hepatoduodenal ligament next to the liver• Division of right gastric artery • Docking of robot• Dissection of all lymphatic tissue from hepatic, splenic
arteries and celiac plexus• Division of left gastric artery at its base• Gastric transection with wide margins• Laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy or esophagojejunostomy• Jejunostomy tube• Removal of specimen
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Robotics
• The Da’Vinci surgical robot was used to assist in the perfromance of a D2 lymphadenectomy in a subset of patients
• Robotics provided improved visualization, tremor control and precise surgical dissection
• A D2 lymphadenectomy can also be performed purely laparoscopically
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149 gastric resections1999 - 2008
67 patients
22 Laparoscopic 45 open
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Vs
D0 = 0
D1 =
D2 =
D0 = 1
D1 =
D2 =
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Patient characteristics
Laparoscopic(n=21)
Open (n=44) p-value
Age (mean) Xxx xxx xxx
Gender (% male) 67 64 0.842
BMI (median) 25 25 Put p value
No difference among groups in patient demographics
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TNM
Laparoscopic Open p-value
T status 0.2537
T1 43 % (27)
T2 (38) (55)
T3 (14) (18)
T4 (5) (0)
N status 0.004
N0 (81) (32)
N1 (19) (43
N2 (0) (11)
N3 (0) (14)
Given preoperative selection criteria, patients in the laparoscopic group were more likely more likely to be node negative
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Laparoscopic (n=21) Open (n=44) p-value
Stage 0.1156
0 0 (0) 1 (2)
I 13 (62) 15 (34)
II 7 33) 15 (34)
III 1 (5) 6 (14)
IV 0 (8) 7 (16)
There is no significant difference in the stage of disease between groups
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Operative factors
Laparoscopic(n=21)
No. of patients (%)
Open (n=44) No. of
patients (%)
p-value
Surgical type 0.1378
Total 1( 5) 11 (25)
Proximal 3 (14) 6 (14)
Distal 17 (81) 27 (61)
Multiorgan resection 1 (5) 4 (9) 0.9086
No difference in type of surgery
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Laparoscopic(n=21)(%)
Open (n=44) (%)
p-value*
Lymphadenectomy type 0.4379
D00 2
D133 20
D267 77
No difference in the percentage of patients who underwent an extended lymphadenectomy
In one patient a lymphadenectomy was completely avoided secondary to a T1 tumor and the presence of significant comorbid conditions
In 90x % of the laparoscopic patients, the lymphadenectomy was performed robotically
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Operative outcomes
Laparoscopic
(n=21)
Open(n=44) p-value*
Surgery time (minutes), median (range)
411 299 <0.0001
Estimated blood loss, median (range) 200 383 0.0050
Laparoscopic procedures took longer but were associated with a lower blood loss
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Oncologic outcomes
Laparoscopic(n=21)(%)
Open (n=44) (%) p-value*
Positive margins 0 2 0.4863
Number of lymph nodes, mean
26 26 0.98
Number of lymph nodes, mean D2 lymphadenectomy cases
26 26 0.98
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Oncologic outcomes
• A margin negative resection was able to be accomplished in all but one patient.
• No difference in the median number of lymph nodes retreived between lap and open
• For D2 lymphadenectomy procedures, there was no difference in the median number of nodes harvested.
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Postoperative outcomes
Laparoscopic
(n=21)
Open(n=44)
p-value*
Length of stay (days), median (range)
7 (3-50) 10 (3-60)
0.0034
% Weight loss at 1 month, median (range)
5.7 8.0 0.49
Median length of stay was significantly shorter in laparoscopic gastrectomies
At one month after surgery the percentage of weight lost was not significantly different between but there was a trend favoring the laparoscopic group
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Morbidity and Mortality
Laparoscopic
(n=21)
Open(n=44)
p-value*
Mortality, N (%) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0.4863
Complications, N (%) 8 (38) 20 (45) 0.4863
Arrhythmia 2 7
Delayed gastric emptying 1 4
Anastomotic leak 1 0
Duodenal stump leak 1 0
Other 5 23
No significant difference in morbidity and mortality among both groupsThere was one death in the open armOne leak occurred in the laparoscopic arm. Cardiac arrythmias were the most common postoperative complication
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Postoperative outcomes
• Median length of stay was shorter in the laparoscopic group
• No difference in the median % wt loss at one month
• No difference in the number of patients who suffered a postoperative complication
• One mortality in the open group
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Summary
• Laparoscopic gastrectomies were associated with
• Decreased blood loss• Decreased length of stay
– But• Increased operative time
• There is no difference in the oncologic outcomes of negative margin resection and number of lymph nodes retreived
• An appropiate D2 lymphadenectomy can be performed laparoscopically or robotically
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Summary
• Extended lymphadenectomy remains an important consideration in the surgical tx of gastric CA
• Laparoscopic gastric resections for cancer are being introduced in North America
• In our study– Oncologic outcomes were not compromised by the performance
of a laparoscopic procedure – Robotic extended lymphadenectomies were used– Lap procedures were associated with
• Increased op time• Decreased blood loss• Decreased length of Stay
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Conclusion
• Lap gastrectomy is an oncologically adequate alternative to open surgical resection
• Lap procedures can be associated with improved short term postoperative outcomes
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Future
• Increased use of laparoscopic gastric resections
• Incorporation of robotics in surgical oncology
• Multicenter randomized trials on laparoscopic gastrectomies
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