lao basic course - yojik 1/lao... · comparative of stative verbs ... stative verb with ກວ a...
TRANSCRIPT
Lao Basic Course
Volume 2
School of Language Studies
East Asian & Pacific Languages
Lao Section
September 2014
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posts abroad.
Table of Contents
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CYCLE 43
“He’s impolite, isn’t he? Yes, he is. Nobody wants to see his face.”.................................................... 199
ໃຜ, ໃຜ, ກ, ບໆ as negative inclusive indefinite nouns
CYCLE 44
“This house is bigger than that one, isn’t it? No, it, isn’t. It’s smaller.” .............................................. 201
Comparative of stative verbs
CYCLE 45
“Which of these three women is the prettiest? They are equally pretty.” ........................................... 205
Stative verb with ກວາໆໝ ໆas superlative degree (or limited number)
CYCLE 46
“How many dollar do you have left? (I have) two dollars left.” ........................................................... 209
ເຫ ຬ as a verb indicating a remainder of something
CYCLE 47
“Are we out of coffee? No, we still have some.” .................................................................................. 212
ໝ contrasted with ເຫ ຬ
CYCLE 48
“Do you still have questions? Yes, I (still) do.” ..................................................................................... 217
ຊງ … ຢ ໆfor continuing situations
CYCLE 49
“Are you still out of work? No, I got a job a long time ago.” ............................................................... 220
ແຌໆນແລວ used to indicate a situation that began in the past and continues into the present
CYCLE 50
“Your book has already been stolen, isn't that right? .......................................................................... 223
That’s right, it has (already been stolen).”
ຍກ in passive constructions with certain verbs
CYCLE 51
“What color are his shoes? They’re black.” .......................................................................................... 229
Names of colors
CYCLE 52
“How well do you sing? Not very well.” ............................................................................................... 234
ໂພ “too …” ບໆ … ປານໃ “not very …”, … ປານໃ? “How …?”
CYCLE 53
“Does he read fast? Pretty fast.” .......................................................................................................... 239
… ສມຄວນ “pretty” as a modifier
CYCLE 54
“Don’t eat too much.” ........................................................................................................................... 242
ຢາໆ in negative request forms
CYCLE 55
“Where have you been (to)? I’ve been to the doctor’s.” ..................................................................... 247
ໄປ … ມາ used to indicate recent completion of some activity
CYCLE 56
“Where did this plane come from? It came from Bangkok..” .............................................................. 249
ມາແຌ ໆused to show point of origin
CYCLE 57
“Why are you washing your hands? I’m washing my hand to eat.” .................................................... 252
Word order of verb phrases of purpose
CYCLE 58
“From where to where? From when to when?” ................................................................................... 258
ແຌ.ໆ..ຫາ and ຈາກ/ແຌ.ໆ..ເຍງ/ຫາ/ອຬ in extent of space or period of time constructions
CYCLE 59
“What’s the matter with you? I have (a headache).” .......................................................................... 266
… ເປນຫຊງ “what’s the matter with…?” and words referring to illness
CYCLE 60
“Why didn’t you come to school? Because I was sick.” ........................................................................ 271
ເປນຫຊງ...ຈໆງ and ເພາະວາໆ in asking and giving reasons for some activity
CYCLE 61
“How do you feel about him? I pity him.” ............................................................................................ 276
Verbs of emotion
CYCLE 62
“Do you think he will come? Yes, I think he’ll come.”........................................................................... 280
Verbs of thinking and saying with ວາໆ
CYCLE 63
“Is it dangerous? Yes, it’s very dangerous.” ......................................................................................... 285
Stative verbs with ຫລາຊ
CYCLE 64
“Do you believe he’ll pass the exam? Yes, I do.” .................................................................................. 292
ຉ ນບ? in questions
CYCLE 65
“You will read, and then what will you do? I’ll read, then I’ll go eat.” ................................................. 299
ແລວ as a sentence connective
CYCLE 66
“Did you write the letter yet? No, not yet. (or) Yes, I’ve already written.” ........................................ 303
ແລວ and ຊງ as aspect particles
CYCLE 67
“Have you finished recording? Yes, I have. (or) No, not yet.” ............................................................ 310
Verb phrase with ແລວ
CYCLE 68
“Who are you going to fix the car for? I’ll fix it for him.” ..................................................................... 317
ໃຫ as a benefactive verb
CYCLE 69
“What do you want me to do? I want you to stay with him.” ............................................................. 322
ຢາກ and ຢາກໃຫ
CYCLE 70
“What were you going to have him do for you? .................................................................................. 328
I was going to have him type letters for me.”
ໃຫ as benefactive and causative verb
CYCLE 71
“What’s the table made of? Wood.” .................................................................................................... 332
ເອວຊ with materials
CYCLE 72
“What did he write with? With a pen.” ................................................................................................ 338
ວຊ with instrumental
CYCLE 73
“What will you use for making a fire? Charcoal.” ................................................................................ 343
Instrumental use of ໃຉ
CYCLE 74
“What’s a clock for? To tell time.” ....................................................................................................... 348
ມໄວສາລບ to indicate use or purpose of
CYCLE 75
“Where’s he stationed now? Right now he’s in Pakse.” ...................................................................... 352
Time expressions
CYCLE 76
“He will be transferred very soon, is that true? That’s right.” ............................................................. 358
Time expressions with direct reference to present time
CYCLE 77
“How much longer will you be here? Two more weeks.” ..................................................................... 363
ຬກ and ຊງຬກ with time expressions
CYCLE 78
“What kind of food do you normally like to eat? Spicy food.” ............................................................. 370
Modals: ມກ
CYCLE 79
“Must he choose a guide? Yes, he must.” ............................................................................................ 374
Modals: ຌຬງ, ຄວນ, ຬາ, ຄ, ຄງ
CYCLE 80
“Have you ever been to Laos? Yes, I have. (or) No, I never have been.” ............................................ 382
ເຄຊ to indicate having experienced something
CYCLE 81
“Is there anybody that is going to help him? Yes, I am.” ..................................................................... 386
Indefinite pronoun ໃຜ after ມ
CYCLE 82
“What do we call liquid that we get from an orange? Orange juice.” ................................................. 391
CYCLE 83
“What do we call a person who is always drunk? A drunkard.” .......................................................... 394
CYCLE 84
“What do we call a person who fixes cars? An auto mechanic” .......................................................... 398
CYCLE 85
“What do we call a person who pilots a plane? A pilot.” ..................................................................... 403
______________________________________________________________________________
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
199
Cycle 43 M-1
To be his friend À ïÀ²•ºì¾¸
To be involved (concerned) ¹ ÷û¤¡ú¼¸
To live (in it) µúø
To take this road 꼸꾤À¦š To use this room çû¹ûº¤š
No one wants to be his ຍ ໃ ຓ𵾡À ñÀ²•ºì¾¸.
friend.
No one wants to be ຍ ໃ ຓ𵾡¹ û÷¤¡ú¼¸.
concerned.
No one wants to live ຍ ໃ ຓ𵾡µúø.
(in it).
No one wants to use this ຍ ໃ ຓ𵾡çû¹ûº¤š.
room.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
200
M-2
Impolite ®Ò¦÷²¾®
Stingy person £ô¢š«†
Not so important ®Ò¦ð¾£ñ¯¾Ã©
Small ûº¨
Dangerous ¡ñ©¾
He is very impolite. 쾸®Ò¦÷²¾®¹ì¾¨.
He is a very stingy person. 쾸À ï£ô¢š«†¹ì¾¨.
This matter is not so important. À윺¤š®Ò¦î¾£ï¯¾Ã©. This house is very small. À»óº¹ì駱ûº¨¹ì¾¨.
This road is very dangerous. 꾤À¦š¡ï©¾¹ì¾¨.
C-1
A. He is impolite, isn't he? A.?
B. Yes, he is very impolite. B.
No one wants to see his face.
C-2
A. Why doesn't anybody want to A.
see his face? ?
B. No one wants to see his face B.
because he is so impolite.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
201
Cycle 44 M-1
Prettier than ¤¾´¡¸ú¾
More spacious than ¡¸û¾¤¡¸ú¾
Less space than ÀÀ£®¡¸ú¾
Cheaper than «õ¡¡¸ú¾
More expensive than ÀÀ²¤¡¸ú¾
Higher than ¦ø¤¡¸ú¾
This house is prettier À»óº¹ì駱¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤.
than that one.
This house is more À»óº¹ì駱¡¸û¾¤¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤.
spacious than that one.
This house has less À»óº¹ì駱ÀÀ£®¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤.
space than that one.
This house is less cheaper À»óº¹ì駱«ó¡¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤.
than that one.
This house is more À»óº¹ì駱ÀÀ²¤¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤.
expensive than that one.
This house is higher than À»óº¹ì駱¦ö¤¡¸ú¾¹ìï¤.
that one.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
202
M-2
Run fast ÀÀìúĸ
Price ì¾£¾
As big as ù úêÒ
As new as ù´úÀê‣¾
This car runs as fast as ìô©£ïš ÀÀìúĸÀê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï.
that one.
This car has same price ìô©£ïš ì¾£¾Àê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï.
as that one.
This car is as big as ìô©£ïš ù úêÒ¡ñ¡ï®£ï.
that one.
This car is ìô©£ïš ù´úÀê‣¾¡ï¡ï®£ï.
as new as that one.
C-1
A. This house is bigger than that one A.
isn't it ? ?
B. No, this house is as (big) as that one. B.
C-2
A. This car runs as fast as that one, A. doesn't it? ?
B. No, this one runs faster than that one. B.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
203
NOTES
1) Two things may be equal or unequal as far as some quality (goodness, etc.) is concerned consequently, there are in language, constructions that may be labeled 'Comparison of Equality' and 'Comparison of Inequality'.
(a) The Comparison of Inequality construction in Lao is.
NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2
(This house pretty more that one) 'This house is prettier than that one.' (b) The Comparison of Equality construction is:
NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2
(This car old equal to that one.) 'This car is as old as that one'.
When the stative verb refers to 'size', may replace in construction like the one above:
'This car is as big as that one.'
The stative verb may be replaced by V + adverb in either of the constructions above:
'This car runs faster than that one.'
'This car runs as fast as that one.'
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
204
APPLICATION 1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) ?
(Is she taller than you?)
(b) _____ _____
(Your house is as pretty as his.)
(c)
(He walks faster than you do.)
(d)
(This story is more interesting than that one.)
(e) _____________
(He's as intelligent a person as you are.)
(f) _____________
(He drives faster than your friend.)
(g) ___________
(Nobody is as evil (bad as he is.)
(h) _____________
(This book is as cheap as that one.)
(i) ___________
(This mango is as big as that one.)
(j) __________
(This watch is more expensive than that one.)
(k) ____________________
(50,000,000 kip. That's very expensive.)
(l) ___________
(He is selling it cheaper today than yesterday.)
(m) ___________________
(It's much more delicious than that.)
____________________________
Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
(j) (k) (l) (m)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
205
Cycle 45 M-1
Performer ñ¡¦½Á©¤
The prettiest ¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹´øú
The loveliest ¹û¾»ñ¡¡¸ú¾¹´øú
The ugliest ¢š»û¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´öú
The best-mannered »¼®»ûº¨¡¸ú¾¹´øú
The most bashful ¢šº¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´öú
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄé
performers do you think is ¤¾´¡¸ú¾¹´úø?
the prettiest? ?
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄé
performers do you think is ¹û¾»ñ¡ ¡¸ú¾¹´øú?
loveliest? ?
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄເຈ
performers do you think is ¢š»û¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´úø?
the ugliest? ?
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄé
performers do you think is »¼®»ûº¨¡¸ú¾¹´úø?
the best mannered? ?
Which of these three æ¾´£ôš À¥í¾£ò©¸ú¾ñ¡¦½Á©¤ຏໄé
performers do you think is ¢šº¾¨¡¸ú¾¹´úö?
the most bashful? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
206
M-2
Equally pretty ¤¾´Àê‣¾¡ï
Equally skilful À¡„¤Àê‣¾¡ï
Equally nice ©ñÀê‣¾¡ï
To be educated Ä©û»ñ®¡¾¦ô¡¦¾
The same age ´ñº¾ õÀê‣¾¡ï
Have a lot of work ´ó¸¼¡¹ì¾¨
Have salary ´óÀ¤òÀ©õº
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ¤¾´Àê‣¾¡ï.
equally pretty.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš À¡„¤Àê‣¾¡ï.
equally skilful.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ©ñÀê‣¾¡ï.
equally nice.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš Ä©û»ñ®¡¾¦ô¡¦¾
equally educated. Àê‣¾¡ï.
These three performers are ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ´ñº¾ õÀê‣¾¡ï.
the same age.
These three performers have ½Á©¤¦¾´£ôš ´ñ¸¼¡¹ì¾¨Àê‣¾¡ï.
equal large amount of work.
These three performers have ñ¡¦½Á©¤¦¾´£öຌ š ´ñÀ¤ðÀ©óºÀê‣¾¡ï.
equal salaries.
C-1
A. Of these three performers who do A.
you think is the prettiest ? ?
B. I think these three performers are B.
equally pretty.
C-2
A. Of these three performers there's one A.
who is the prettiest, don't you think? , ?
B. No, I think they are equally pretty. B.
NOTES
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
207
1) The construction for Comparison of Inequality when more than two objects are being compared is:
NP (Number of Objects) + NP (Subjects) + Vs +
(of these 3 persons which performers pretty more group)
'Which of these three performers is the prettiest?'
'group' always occurs in this construction. The classifier is used before because it is
the classifier for Observe the following construction with a different classifier:
'Which of these three bananas is the most delicious?' 2. The construction of Comparison of Equality when three or more objects are being compared is:
NP (Subject) + Vs +
'These three women are equally tall.'
'equal, equally' may also occur after NP:
(These three women have age equal)
'These three women are the same age.'
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
208
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences:
(a)
(Which of the four children is the most loveable?)
(b) (Which of these three women do you think is the most bashful?)
(c)
(These six books are equally priced..)
(d)
(These five boys have equal amounts of money.)
(e)
(These two carpenters work equally skillfully.)
(f)
(Which of these three soldiers drives the fastest?
(g)
(Which of these three students is the most studious?)
(h)
(Which is the biggest of these three chickens?)
(i)
(Those three bottles have equal amounts of water in them.)
(j)
(Of those three artisans, which can change a tire the fastest?)
_______________________________
Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
209
Cycle 46 M-1
Book, (classifier) ›´, ¹ö¸
Money, kip À¤ò, ¡ó®
Rice, bag À¢í¾, «ö¤
Fish, (classifier) ¯¾, ª
Bullet, (classifier) ìø¡ õ, ìø¡
Hand grenade, (classifier) ì½À®ó©´õ, ìø¡
Beer, bottle À¹ìí¾À®ງ, ÀÀ¡û¸
Sign, slogan, û¾¨, £ð¾¢¸ñ
Sheet (classifier) ÀÀ°ú, ຏໃຌ
Now I have two books ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõº ›´µúø ຘບຄນທ.
left.
Now I have two million ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¤òµúø ¦º¤ìɾ¡ó®.
kips left.
Now I have two bags of ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¢í¾ດ úø ¦º¤«ö¤.
rice left.
Now I have two fish left. ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõº¯¾µúø ¦º¤Âª.
Now I have two bottles ©¼¸š ¢ûº¨ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¹ìí¾À®ງµúø ¦º¤ÀÀ¡û¸.
of beer left.
Now I have two slogan ©¼¸š¢ûº¨ ï¤À¹ìóº û¾¨£ð¾¢¸ñດໃ
signs left. ¦º¤ÀÀ°ú.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
210
M-2
Money, dollar À¤ò, ©ì¾
Sack, (classifier) «ö¤, (¹ú¸¨)
Banana, (classifier) ¹´¾¡¡É¸¨, (¹ú¸¨)
Article, story ®ö©£¸¾´, À윺¤
Member, person ¦½´¾§ò¡, £ö
People, family £ö, £º®£ö¸
Towel (classifier) °û¾À§ñ©¹û¾, (°õ)
Brush, brush teeth ¯¤, «øÀÀ¢û¸,
(classifier) ºñ
How many dollars do you À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀ¤òµ úø¥ñ¡Â©ì¾?
have left? ?
How many sacks do À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº«ö¤µúø ¥ñ¡¹ú¸¨?
you have left? ?
How many bananas do you À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº¹´¾¡¡û¸¨µúø
¥ñ¡¹ú¸¨?
have left? ?
How many articles (a c À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº®ö©£¸¾´µøú
¥ï¡À윺¤?
written) do you have ?
left?
How many members do À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº¦½´¾§ò¡µúø
¥ñ¡£ö?
you have left? ?
How many towels do you À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõº°û¾À§ñ©¹û¾µúø
¥ñ¡°õ?
have left? ?
How many tooth brushes À¥í¾ ñ¤À¹ìõºÀÀ¯¤«øÀÀ¢û¸µøú
¥ñ¡ºñ?
do you have left? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
211
C-1
A. Now they have two sacks of rice A.
left, isn't that right ? ?
B. Yes, that's right, now they have B.
two sacks (of rice) left.
C-2
A. How many bananas do you have A.
left ? ?
B. I have five bananas left. B.
C-3
A. Of what objects of cloth do A. ?
you have two left ?
B. I have two towels left. B.
?
NO APPLICATION
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
212
Cycle 47
M-1
Rice À¢í¾
Pepper ¹´¾¡À°ñ©
Fish sauce ຌ ໄາ¯¾
Salt À¡õº
Sugar Õª¾
Black pepper ²ò¡ແê
Bread À¢í¾¥†
Meat §š
Our rice is all gone. À¢í¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our (green, red) pepper ¹´¾¡À°ñ©À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
is all gone.
Our fish sauce is all gone. Õ¯¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our salt is all gone. À¡õºÀ»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our sugar is all gone. . Õª¾À»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our black pepper is all gone. . ²ò¡ÄêÀ»ö¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our bread is all gone. . À¢í¾¥†À»ô¾¹´ô©ÀÀìû¸.
Our meat is all gone. §šÀ»ô¾¹´ô©ÀÀìû¸.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
213
M-2
Rice À¢í¾
Butter ຌ ໄາ´ñÀ®ó
Lard ນ າ´ñ¹´ø
Salad dressing ນ າ´ñ¦½¹ìñ©
Onion °ñ¡-®‣¸
Garlic °ñ¡ê¼´
Cucumbers ¹´¾¡ÀÀª¤
Beans ¹´¾¡«‣¸
Our rice is almost gone. À¢í¾À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our butter is almost ນ າ´ñÀ®óÀ»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
Our lard is almost gone. ນ າ´ñ¹´øÀ»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Our salad dressing is ນ າ´ñ¦½¹ìñ©À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
almost gone.
Our onions are almost °ï¡®‣¸À»ô¾ເກໄຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
Our garlic is almost °ñ¡ê¼´À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
Our cucumbers are ¹´¾¡ÀÀª¤À»ö¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
almost gone
Our beans are almost ¹´¾¡«‣¸À»ô¾Ã¡ûຆ¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
gone.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
214
M-3
Fish sauce ນ າ¯¾
Salt À¡õº
Black pepper ²ò¡ແ
Onions °ï¡®‣¸
Bread À¢í¾¥†
Beef §š¤ô¸
Fruit ¹´¾¡Ä´û
We still have fish sauce. ນ າ¯¾À»ö¾ ñ¤µøÈ.
We still have salt. À¡õºÀ»ö¾ ñ¤ດໃ.
We still have black pepper. ²ò¡ÄêÀ»ö¾ ñ¤ດໃ.
We still have onions. °ï¡®‣¸À»ô¾ ï¤ດໃ.
We still have bread. À¢í¾¥†À»ô¾ ï¤ດໃ.
We still have beef. §š¤ô¸À»ô¾ 蘆öÈ.
We still have fruit. ¹´¾¡Ä´ûÀ»ö¾ ñ¤µøÈ.
C-1
A. Are we out of pepper? A. ?
B. Yes, we are out of it. B.
C-2
A. Are we nearly out of salad A.
dressing ? ?
B. Yes, we are almost out of it. B.
C-3
A. Are we out of pepper? A. ?
B. No, we still have some. B.
«¾´¹¾¢º¤ªú¾¤Å ê†ï¡»¼Áªúì½£ô´ñ Ë À®…¤©÷! À¢ö¾ ñ¤ຓດ øÈ ¹ìõ çû¹´ö©Áìû¸? ñ¤®Ò¹´ö©. ñ¤À¹ìõºµøÈ® ð¹ìõ ¹´ö©Áìû¸.
ເກໄຆ¹´ö©Áìû¸®ð ¹ìõ¸ú¾ ñ¤¹ì¾¨µøÈ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
215
NOTES
1) means 'to be used up'. It is used to indicate that the supply of something is exhausted:
' The fish sauce is all gone.'
When precedes it indicates that the supply is nearly used up.
The manner in which something was consumed can be indicated by putting a verb before
:'eaten up', etc.
2) is used to indicate that something remains from an amount that was originally set-aside for
some special purpose.
Observe the use of in sentences:
'I have two books left.'
(to me still remains book 2) (of the ones I brought back from Germany.)
The classifier phrase indicating the amount is not immediately next to its NP but follows
3) is used to indicate that a certain situation still continues to exist. It may be used
without but with some difference in meaning. Compare:
'We still have bananas.'
(There's no need to buy any more).
'We still have bananas (left over from
making a banana cake).'
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216
APPLICATION
1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) __________ _________?
(How many members do you have left?)
(b) ___________
(Our butter is almost gone.)
(c) _______________
(Our garlic is all gone.)
(d) _______________
(We still have salt.)
(e) ____________?
(Are we out of pepper?)
(f) ____________
(We still have beef.)
(g) ,________________
(We're out of it.)
(h) ______________
(I have two fish left.)
(i) __________ (They ate up the food.)
(j) ________ _________
(Now I have two kips left.)
(k) _________________!
(Time's up!)
(l) ___________ ________?
(How many bananas do you have left?)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
(k) (l)
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217
Cycle 48 M-1
Money À¤ò
Idea, thought £¸¾´£ò©
Will power, encouragement ¡ð¾ìñ¤Ã¥
Worry, concern £¸¾´À ñ¹ú¸¤
Punishment, penalty Âê©
Time À¸ì¾
Contract, agreement ¦ñ¨¾
Hope ¹¸ñ¤
They are already broke. ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©À¤òÀÀìû¸.
They are already out of ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©£¸¾´£ò©ÀÀìû¸.
idea.
They are already ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©¡ð¾ìñ¤Ã¥ÀÀìû¸.
discouraged. .
They are already free of ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©£¸¾´ À ñ¹ú¸¤ÀÀìû¸.
concern. .
Their time is up already. À¸ì¾¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
Their contract is ຘຌ¨¾¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©ÀÀìû¸.
already over.
They have no more hope. ¢ະÀ¥í¾¹´ö©¹¸ñ¤ÀÀìû¸.
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218
M-2
Patience £¸¾´ºö©êö
Question £ð¾«¾´
Problem ñ¹¾
Relations, one another £¸¾´¦ð¾²ñ, ¡ñ
Dislike ¡¼©§ñ¤
Love one another »ñ¡ÀÀ²¤¡ñ
They still have patience. À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´ó£¸¾´ºö©êöµøÈ.
They still have questions. À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´ó£ð¾«¾´ດໃ.
.
They still have problems. À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´óບ ñ¹¾µøÈ.
.
They still have relations À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤´ó£¸¾´¦ð¾²ñ¡ñµøÈ.
with one another.
They still dislike one À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤¡¼©§ñ¤¡ñµøÈ.
another.
They still love one À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ñ¤»ñ¡ÀÀ²¤¡ñດໃ.
another.
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219
C-1
A. Are you broke? A. ?
B. Yes, I'm broke. B.
C-2
A. Are they still of a mind (to...)? A. ?
B. Yes, they are. B.
C-3
A. Are you already free of concern? A. ?
B. No, I am still {concerned B.
{worried
NO APPLICATION
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220
Cycle 49 M-1
Live, dwell º¾ແ¦ດໃ
House À»õº
To be in the military À ñê½¹¾
To be out of work ¹ທໃ¾¤¤¾
To be tied up with work £¾¸¼¡
To be indebted (to) À ﹚
Go out ºº¡Ä¯
Carry out a mission or duty ¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾
To be locked up «õ¡¢ñ¤
To lose one's way ¹ìö¤ê¾¤
Is she still living in your 쾸 ñ¤º¾ແ¦µøúÀ»õºÀ¥í¾ µøú®ð?
house? ?
Is he still in the service? 쾸 ñ¤À ñê½¹¾ µøú®ð?
?
Is he still out of work? 쾸 ñ¤¹ທໃາ¤¤¾ µøú®ð?
?
Is he still tied up with 쾸 ñ¤£¾¸¼¡ µøú®ð?
his work? ?
Is he still indebted to 쾸 ï¤À ﹚À¥í¾ µøú®ð?
you? ?
Is he still going out on 쾸 ñ¤ºº¡Ä¯¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾ µøú®ð?
the mission? ?
Is he still locked up? 쾸 ñ¤«õ¡¢ñ¤ µøú®ð?
?
Is he still lost? 쾸 ñ¤¹ìö¤ê¾¤ µøú®ð?
?
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M-2
Leave the military service ºº¡ê½¹¾
To have work to do ´ó¸¼¡À»ñ©
To be free of work ¹ລ¾¤¸¼¡
Pay off one's debt çû¹š¹´ô©
To be released, to be let go «õ¡ úº¨
Go away, escape from ¹ó¥¾¡
Stop À§ö¾, ດຈ
He left the service a long 쾸ºº¡ê½¹¾ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.
time ago.
He got a job a long time 쾸´ó¸¼¡À»ñ© ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.
ago.
He has had spare time 쾸¹ລ¾¤¸¼¡ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.
for a long time.
He paid off his debts 쾸çû¹š¹´ô© ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.
a long time ago.
He was released a long 쾸«õ¡ úº¨ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.
time ago.
He left me a long time 쾸¹ó¥¾¡¢ûº¨ ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.
ago.
He stopped going out on the 쾸À§ö¾ºº¡Ä¯¯½ªò®ñ©¤¾
mission a long time ago ÀÀªú©öÀÀìû¸.
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C-1
A. Is he still living in you house? A.
? B. Yes, he is still living in my B.
house. C-2
A. Has he already left the service? A. ?
B. Yes, he left the service a long B.
time ago.
C-3
A. Is he still tied up with the work? A.?
B. No, he was free (of work) B.
a long time ago NO APPLICATION
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223
Cycle 50 M-1
Run; good, well ÀÀìú, ©ó
Have; condition, state ´ó, ¦½²¾®
Detain; to be detained ¡ñ¡, «õ¡¡ñ¡
Break down À²
Rubber, tire µ¾¤, ຉຌຖຈ
Fix, repair ÀÀ¯¤
Buy, buyer §œ, ຏໄ§œ
Still? ? µúø®ð?
Is his car still running ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤ÀÀìú©ó µúø®ð?
well? ?
Is his car still in good ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤´ó¦½²¾®©ó µøú®ð?
condition? ?
Is his car still broken ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤À² µúø®ð?
down? ?
Is his car still without ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤ຍ ໃ ຓຉຌຖຈ ດໃ®ð?
tires? ?
Is his car still being ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤ÀÀ¯¤ µøú®ð?
fixed? ?
Is he still unable to find ìö©ì¾¸ ñ¤®Ò´óຏໄ§œ µúø®ð?
a buyer for his car? ?
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M-2
Die ª¾¨
Old; much, many, very À¡‣¾; ¹ì¾¨
Repair, fix; complete ÀÀ¯¤; ÀÀìû¸
Run, able to run ÀÀìú, ÀÀìúÄ©û
Sell ¢¾¨
Steal, they ìñ¡, À¢ö¾
Fire, catch fire ij, ແຒĹ´û
Gain back, get back Ä©û£õ
His car is already broken down. ìö©ì¾¸ຽຑÀÀìû¸.
His car is already very old. ìô©ì¾¸À¡‣¾¹ì¾¨ÀÀìû¸.
His car has already been fixed. ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀ¯¤ÀÀìû¸Å.
His car is already . ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀìúÄ©ûÀÀìû¸.
running.
His car has already been ìö©ì¾¸¢¾¨ÀÀìû¸.
sold.
His car has already been ìö©ì¾¸«õ¡À¢ö¾ìñ¡ÀÀìû¸.
stolen.
His car was already ìö©ì¾¸«õ¡Ä³Ä¹´ûÀÀìû¸.
burned up.
He's already gotten his 쾸ĩûຖຈຖາທ£õÀÀìû¸.
car back.
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225
C-1
A. Is your car still running well? A. ?
B. Yes, my car is still running well. B. .
C-2
A. His car has already been stolen, A.
isn't that right? ?
B. That's right, his car has B.
already been stolen.
C-3
A. Is his car still running well? A. ?
B. No, his car is broken down. B.
" ñ¤®Òį" " ñ¤´óÀ¤ò" " ñ¤À¹ìõºË" "¦ò®Â´¤ ñ¤¹û¾¾êó", 캤²¾ñ¡»¼¢ະນ¨¾¨¡¾Ã§û £¿¸ú¾ " ñ¤" ºº¡Ã¹É¡¸û¾¤À® …¤©÷!
²ûº´¡ñš ¡ð ໃຄ§šÁ¥¤Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾À¢í¾Ã¥ Áªú콦½²¾®¡¾.
NOTES (for Cycles 48, 49, 50)
1) When is used with abstract Nouns like 'will, spirit', it refers to an absence or
lack of something. 'to be discouraged', 'to have no hope',
'to be no longer under punishment'.
2) is a nominalizer, i. e. when it is placed before VP, the VP is changed into NP;
+ VP = NP
'to be concerned' 'worry, concern' The nouns formed in this manner are all Abstract Nouns.
3) means 'to still have one's mind on (doing something) or 'not to have given
up the idea of (doing something)'.
'He hasn't given up the idea of being a farmer yet.'
4) after VP indicates 'mutuality' or 'reciprocity' in an action; it functions somewhat like a reflexive
pronoun (myself, himself, etc.) in English:
'They still dislike each other.'
5) When occurs before certain VP, it functions somewhat like be in the passive in English:
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226
'He is still locked up.'
'His car has already been stolen
usually occurs before verbs , such as 'to lock up', 'fire burn up',
”to praise”, etc. Most verbs such as etc. may occur with either 'active' or 'passive'
meaning, thus 'to sell' or 'to be sold', etc.
6) (lit. 'since a long time already') 'a long time ago' is used to indicate that situation has
been in effect for some time.
'He left the military service a long time ago'.
7) means 'to do any kind of work.' means 'to have work to do,
to have a job.' means 'to be free of work'. It has nothing to do with employment.
means 'to be tied up in, or very much involved in your job or work.’ 'means
'to be out of a job, unemployed'.
8) means 'debt'. Person means 'to be indebted to a person'.
means 'to pay off debts'.
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) _________
(He's out of patience.)
(b) _________
(The contract has already expired.)
(c) __________
(Two questions still remain.)
(d) _________?
(Are you concerned, worried?)
_____________________________
Answers: 1(a) (b) (c) (d)
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227
(e) _________
(China still has relations with Burma.)
(f) ?
(Haven’t you given up the idea of being a teacher yet?)
(g)
(They still dislike each other.)
(h) ?
(Do you have work to do?)
(i)
(Cars are sold cheap there)
(j) (I still have ten minutes left.)
(k)
(His shirt has already burned.)
(l) (How long was he locked up?)
(m) (Your friend was released a long time ago.)
(n) ?
(How many kip do you still owe him?)
(o)
(He's still living at my house.)
(p) (I don't owe you a single kip.)
(q)
(I paid off my debts a long time ago.)
(r)
His car already been fixed.)
(s) ?
(Do you still know how to take pictures?)
_____________________________
Answers: 1(e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k)
(l) (m) (n) (o)
(p) (q) (r) (s)
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228
(t) ?
(Has his house been built yet?)
(u)
(The door is still open.)
(v)
(They still love each other.)
(w) ?
(Where did he get lost?)
(x)
(He has been released already because he has already paid his debt to society.)
(y)
(I didn't say anything because I was already out of ideas.)
______________________
Answers: 1(t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y)
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229
Cycle 51 M-1
Red ¦ó ÀÀ©¤
White ¦ó ¢¾¸
Yellow ¦ó À¹ìõº¤
Sky ¦ó ³û¾
Black ¦ó ©ð¾
Green ¦ó ¢¼¸
Color ¦ó
My shirt is red. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦óÀÀ©¤.
My shirt is white. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó¢¾¸.
My shirt is yellow. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦óÀ¹ìõº¤.
My shirt is blue. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó³û¾.
My shirt is black. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó©ð¾.
My shirt is green. . À¦œº¢ûº¨¦ó¢¼¸.
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230
M-2
Sugar ¦óÕª¾
Grey ¦óÀêö¾
Light green ¦ó¢¼¸ºúº
Dark yellow ¦óÀ¹ìõº¤ÀÀ¡ú
Blackish red ¦ó©ð¾ÀÀ©¤
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦óÕª¾ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð?
it's brown, isn't it? , ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦óÀêö¾ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð?
it's grey, isn't it? , ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦ó¢¼¸ºúº ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð?
it's light green, isn't it? ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦óÀ¹ìõº¤ÀÀ¡ ú ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð?
it's dark yellow, isn't it? ?
What color is your shirt, À¦œºÀ¥í¾¦ó¹ ñ¤, ¦ó©ð¾ÀÀ©¤ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ´ú®ð?
it's blackish red, isn't it? ?
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231
M-3
Pants ¦û¤, ຘ ໄຄ
Neck tie ¡¾ຣ½¸ñ©
Shoes À¡ó®
Lao skirt ¦™
Socks «ö¤Àêí¾, ຊຄຉຌ
Brief- case ¡½À ö¾
What color are his pants? ? ¦û¤ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤?
What color is his necktie? ? ¡¾ຣ½¸ñ©ì¾¸ ¦ó¹ ñ¤?
What color are his shoes? ? À¡ó®ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤?
What color is her Lao skirt? ? ¦™ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤?
What color are his socks? ? «ö¤Àêí¾ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤?
What color is his briefcase? ? ¡½À ö¾ì¾¸¦ó¹ ñ¤?
C-1
A. What color is you tie? A. ?
B. My tie is red. B.
C-2
A. What color are your shoes? A.
They are brown, aren't they? ?
B. Yes, my shoes are brown. B.
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232
NOTES
1) 'color' normally precedes the word for colors, i. e., '(color) red',
'(color) green', etc.
2) Sentences with in the predicate are normally verb less.
S
NP NP
N Pron N V s
S 'My shirt is (color) red'
3) Verbs of color usually occur as modifiers of and are questioned with
'What (kind)?’
Q: ? 'What color's your shirt?'
A: '(It's) green.'
4) Color verbs may be modified by the addition of 'dark (in shade)' and 'light (in shade)', thus
means 'light green' and 'dark red.' Mixtures are sometimes
indicated by using two color verbs such as 'reddish black', or
'yellowish white'.
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233
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) (What color is this boat?)
(b) (That shirt is red.)
(c) (That large orange is green, isn't it?)
?
(d) ? (Does he have a blue glass?)
(e) (That chicken's brown.)
(f) (Her raincoat is light green.)
(g) (Your shoes are black.)
(h) __________? (What color is her Lao skirt?)
(i) (My briefcase is dark brown.)
(j) (Your tie is yellow.)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
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234
Cycle 52 M-1
Walk; fast, quick ; ú¾¤; ĸ
Slow, work §û¾, À»ñ©¸¼¡
Gentle; speak, say ; £úº¨; À í¾
Loud, speak ©ñ¤, À¸í¾
Long time, stay, there ©ö, µøú, ¹˜
Difficult, like ¨¾¡, ´ñ¡
Much, many; eat ; ¹ì¾¨; ¡ò
He walks too fast. 쾸 ú¾¤Ä¸Â²©.
He works too slow. . 쾸À»ñ©¸¼¡§û¾Â²©.
He speaks too softly. . 쾸À í¾£úº¨Â²©.
He speaks too loud. 쾸ຽທໄ¾©ñ¤Â²©.
He stayed there too long. . 쾸µøú¹˜©ö²©.
He likes to make things 쾸´ñ¡¨¾¡Â²©.
harder than they are.
He eats too much. 쾸¡ò¹ì¾¨Â²©.
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235
M-2
Walk fast ú¾¤Ä¸
Pretty, beautiful; dance ¤¾´; ³ûº
Learn, study; good »¼; À¡„¤
Sings songs; melodious »ûº¤À²¤; ´ú¸
Able to speak a language Ä©û²¾¦¾
Lift, weight ö¡, ຌ ໄາ¹ñ¡
How fast does she walk? ? 쾸 ú¾¤Ä¸¯¾Ã©?
How well does she dance? ? 쾸³ûº¤¾´¯¾Ã©?
How is he doing in his studies? ? 쾸»¼À¡„¤¯¾Ã©?
How well does she sing? 쾸»ûº¤À²¤´ú¸¯¾Ã©?
?
How well can he speak Lao? 쾸ĩû²¾¦¾ì¾¸©ó¯¾Ã©?
?
How much weight can 쾸 ö¡ນ າ¹ñ¡Ä©û¹ì¾¨¯¾Ã©?
he lift? ?
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236
M-3
Walk, fast ú¾¤, ĸ
High, ascend, it ¦ø¤, ຂໄຌ, ´ñ
Strong, powerful; car ; ÀÀ»¤; ìö©
Write; pretty, beautiful ; ¢¼; ¤¾´
Learn, fast »¼, ĸ
He doesn't walk that fast. 쾸 ú¾¤®Òĸ¯¾Ã©.
It doesn't go up that high. ´ñ¢›®Ò¦ø¤¯¾Ã©.
His car doesn't have much ìö©ì¾¸ÀÀìú®Ò ÀÀ»¤¯¾Ã©.
power.
His handwriting is not 쾸¢¼®Ò¤¾´¯¾Ã©.
that pretty.
He doesn't learn that fast. 쾸»¼®Òĸ¯¾Ã©.
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237
M-4
Drive, fast ¢ñ®ìö©, ĸ
Exercise ºº¡¡ð¾ìñ¤
Physical, often (»ú¾¤) ¡¾¨, À윺¨
Give, much Àºö¾Ã¹ûû, ¹ì¾¨
Take; all, completely Àºö¾Ä¯; ¹´ö©
Eat, all entirely ¡ò, ¹´ö©
He didn't drive that fast. 쾸®Ò¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸¯¾Ã©.
He doesn't do much 쾸®Òºº¡¡¿ìñ¤¡¾¨À윺¨Å
physical exercise. ¯¾Ã©.
He didn't give that much. 쾸®ÒÀºö¾Ã¹û¹ì¾¨¯¾Ã©.
He didn't take all the books. 쾸®ÒÀºö¾ ›´Ä¯¹´ö©.
He's not going to eat all of it. 쾸ຆ®Ò¡ò¹´ö©.
C-1
A. You speak too fast. Speak slowly, A.
please.
B. I'm sorry. I'll speak slowly. B.
C-2
A. How well does she dance? A. ?
B. She doesn't dance very well. B.
C-3
A. Is he going to drive fast? A. ?
B. No. He's not going to drive fast. B.
C-4
A. Is his handwriting pretty? A. ?
B. His handwriting is not very pretty. B.
¥ö¤¦ñ¤À¡©À®…¤ ¥÷©¯½¦ö¤ ¢º¤Áªúì½²¾¡ ¢º¤®ô©»¼š Áìû¸ êö®ê¸£¸¾´À¢í¾Ã¥ ¢º¤ñ¡»¼ À®…¤©÷!
¥ö¤¢ະນ¨¾¨¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©Ã²¾¡ C ºº¡ºó¡ Áìû¸Áªú¤À뜺¤¯½¡º®¢›! 캤º½êò®¾¨»ø®²¾®ªú¾¤Å À®…¤©÷!
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238
NOTES
1) 'to be in excess' normally occurs after stative verbs
'He walks too fast’. The negative form of is ... paan-daj 'Not very'.
The position of in the sentence is important: Compare paan-daj
'He doesn't walk very fast' or 'He isn't walking very fast' (because he doesn't want to) with
'He doesn't walk very fast' (because he is unable to walk
faster). 2) The form paan-daj is used after the stative verb in questions to find out the manner in which an activity
is being carried out: 'How well does she sing?'
APPLICATION 1) Write out reasonable answer to the following questions:
(a) ? _______________
(b) ? ______________
(c) ? ___________________
Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(d) _____________________________
(He closed the door too quickly.)
(e) ______________
(He's not driving very fast (because he doesn't want to).
(f)
(She doesn't sing very melodiously (because she has a very poor voice.)
(g) ______________________
(You read very fast.)
(h) _________________
(He speaks Lao too slowly.) ______________________
Answers: (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
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239
Cycle 53 M-1
Read fast ºú¾Ä¸
Speak clearly À¸í¾Á¥û¤
Explain thoroughly º½êò®¾¨ì½º¼©
Be a good student »¼©ó
Be a good learner »¼À¡„¤
Does he read fast? ? 쾸ºú¾Ä¸®ð?
Did he speak clearly? ? 쾸À¸í¾Á¥û¤®ð?
Did he explain it thoroughly? ? 쾸º½êò®¾¨ì½º¼©®ð?
Is he a good student? ? 쾸»¼©ó®ð?
Is he a good learner? ? 쾸»¼À¡„¤®î?
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240
M-2
Smart À¡„¤, ຘະນາຈ
Clear ÀÀ¥û¤
Serious »û¾¨ÀÀ»¤
To be drunk À´ö¾
Enjoyable ´ú¸
Pretty skilful. À¡„¤¦ô´£¸.
Pretty clear. ÀÀ¥û¤¦ö´£¸.
Pretty serious. . »û¾¨ÀÀ»¤¦ö´£¸.
Pretty drunk. À´ö¾¦ö´£¸.
Pretty enjoyable. ´ú¸¦ö´£¸.
C-1
A. Does he read fast? A. ?
B. Pretty fast. B.
C-2
A. How fast does he read? A. ?
B. Pretty fast. B.
C-3
A. Is he a pretty good student? A. ?
B. Pretty good (skilful). B.
NOTES
1) 'suitably, property' is used after stative verbs to indicate a degree which is neither too
much in one direction nor the other.
'He reads fairly fast.'
2) When 'to be difficult' occurs after an action verb, it indicates that the action is taken with
difficulty:
'It is difficult to explain.'
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241
APPLICATION 1) Answer the following questions with an indication that the action referred to is done fairly well:
(a) ?
(b) ?
(c) ?
(d) ?
Fill in the blanks using the English as a guide.
(e)
(He told the story in detail.)
(f) .
(He drank several bottles of beer. He's pretty drunk.)
(g) (He drives pretty fast.)
(h)
(Going to the movies is pretty good fun.)
(i) ?
(Is it difficult to close that window over there?)
(j) (His explanations are not very thorough.)
(k) (It's not very difficult to contact that person.)
(l)
(Changing a tire is fairly difficult.)
(m)
(She types fairly well.)
(n)
(He is rather seriously ill.) ______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f) (g)
(h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
242
Cycle 54 M-1
Eat ¡ò
Drive fast ¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸
Be noisy ³ö©
Be lazy ¢š£û¾
Complain, grumble ¥‰´
Don't eat too much! ! µú¾¡ò¹ì¾¨!
Don't drive too fast! ! µú¾¢ñ®ìö©Ä¸¹ì¾¨!
Don't be too noisy! ! µú¾³ö©¹ì¾¨!
Don't be too lazy! ! µú¾¢š£û¾¹ì¾¨!
Don't complain too much! ! µú¾¥‣ ¹ì¾¨!
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
243
M-2
Touch ÀÀª½ªûº¤
Block the way ªñ꾤
Make noise À»ñ©¦¼¤©ñ¤
Disturb ìö®¡¸
Step on, grass µ¼®, ¹ û¾
Smoke ¦ø®µ¾
Please don't touch! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾ÀÀª½ªûº¤!
Please don't block the way! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾ªñ꾤!
Please don't make noise! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾À»ñ©¦¼¤©ñ¤!
Please don't disturb (anyone)! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾ìö®¡¸!
Please don't step on the grass! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾µ¼®¹ û¾!
Please don't smoke! ! ¡½ë÷¾µú¾¦ø®µ¾!
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244
M-3
Enter À¢í¾
Smoke ¦ø®µ¾
Open À ó©
Pass, race §ú¸¤
Trespass ìú¸¤ìÕ
Dump trash «™´¢šÀ¹ œº
Pick flowers À©ñ©©º¡Ä´û
Do not enter. ¹û¾´À¢í¾
Do not smoke. ¹û¾´¦ø®µ¾.
Do not open. ¹û¾´À ó©.
Do not pass. ¹û¾´§ú¸¤.
Do not trespass. ¹û¾´ìú¸¤ìÕ.
No dumping. ¹û¾´«™´¢šÀ¹ œº.
Do not pick flowers. ¹û¾´À©ñ©©º¡Ä´û.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
245
C-1
A. I don't want him to eat too much. A.
would you please tell him for me.
B. Don't eat too much. B.
C-2
A. What did they tell us? A.?
B. They told us, please don't touch. B.
C-3
A. What does that sign say? A. ?
B. No, smoking. B.
¦¿ìñ®¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©À²™´Àªñ´Ã®ô©»¼š ¡ð´óÁªú¸ú¾ ùññ¡»¼®º¡¡ñ ®ÒùûÀ»ñ©¦…¤Ã©¦…¤…¤ ¹ìõ ùûÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾¯½ªò®ñ©ª¾´
£¿®º¡¢º¤¾¨£ëø. ¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©£¸Ã¹ûÀ ñį©û¸¨ £¸¾´Ä¸ າຓ½©¾.
NOTES
1) The request form in Lao is the Verb phase without NP (subject):
'Go eat!'
The request may be softened by putting (Lit. 'kindness') 'please' before NP,
'Please speak slower' or by putting after VP:
'Walk faster, please.'
2) The negative request form is: 'don't' + VP: 'Don't eat too much.' This request
form may also be softened by putting before it: 'Please don't block the way.'
3) In written Lao 'It is forbidden to' is normally used. One sometimes sees signs like this:
'No Smoking'. is rarely used in spoken Lao in this construction.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
246
APPLICATION Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) (Please don't smoke.)
(b) (A sign) (No Trespassing.)
(c) (Don't be too lazy.)
(d) _________ (Read loudly, please.)
(e) ____________ (Walk fast.)
(f) ______ (Don't answer that question.)
(g) (Sign) (No picture taking here.)
(h) __________ (Don't cook too much.)
(i) ___________ (Don’t dump it out there.)
(j (Please put it over there.)
(k) (Sign): ___________ (Don't enter.)
(l) (Don't eat too much hot spicy food.)
______________________
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
247
Cycle 55
M-1
Where æ?
What ¹¨ñ¤?
Where have you been (to)? ? À¥í¾Ä¯Ã¦´¾?
(You just come back) what did you do? ? À¥í¾Ä¯¹¨ñ¤´¾?
M-2
Pagoda, temple ñ©
To eat (meal) ¡òÀ¢í¾
See the doctor į¹¾¹ ð
To get a shot ¦ñ¡µ¾
Warehouse ¦¾¤À¡ñ®À£º¤
I've been to the temple. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¸ñ©´¾.
I've been to eat. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¡òÀ¢í¾´¾.
I've been to see the doctor. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¹¾¹ ð´¾.
I've come back from ¢ûº¨Ä¯¦ñ¡µ¾´¾.
getting a shot.
I've been to the warehouse. ¢ûº¨Ä¯¦¾¤À¡ñ®À£•º¤´¾.
C-1
A. Where have you been? A. ?
B. I've been to school. B. .
C-2
A. (You just come back) What did you do? A. ?
B. I've been to eat. B. .
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
248
NOTES
1) The construction ....is used to indicate that someone is returning from having been
to some place or having done something:
'I've just been to the temple'.
'I've been out to eat.'
The type of question may reflect the difference referred to above:
? 'Where have you been?'
? 'What have you been doing?'
(Lit. What do you come from doing?) APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences:
(a) _______ (I've been to eat.)
(b) ___________ ? (What have you been doing?)
(c) ___________ (I've been to get a shot.)
2) Answer the following questions according to the actual situation:
(d) ?
(e) ?
(f) ?
(g) ?
3) Translate the following sentences into English:
(h)
(i)
(j)
______________________
Answers: 1(a) 1(b) 1 (c) 2 Your answers depend on
what you have been doing. 3 (h) He just came back from unlocking that door (i)
My friend has just come back from fighting in Vietnam (j) He has been standing in line for half an hour.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
249
Cycle 56
M-1
You (pl.) ²¸¡À¥í¾
Book (classifier) ›´, ¹ö¸
Car (classifier) ìö©, £ñ
Airplane (classifier) À»õº®ò, ìð¾
Gun (classifier) õ, ¡½®º¡
Paper, sheet (classifier) À¥Éງ, ÀÀ°ú
Boat (classifier) À»õº, ìð¾
Where did you all come from? ? ²¸¡À¥í¾´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this book come from? ? ›´¹ô¸š´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this car come from? ? ìô©£ïš´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this airplane come from? ? À»óº®ðì´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this gun come from? ? ó¡½®º¡š´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this paper come from? ? Àຈ ງ°úš´¾ÀÀªúæ?
Where did this boat come from? ? À»óºì´¾ÀÀªúæ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
250
M-2
Market ຉະນ¾©
Bring Àºö¾´¾
School »¤»¼
Paksan ¯¾¡§ñ
Luang Prabang ¹ì¸¤²ë½®¾¤
Bring.... Àºö¾... ´¾
Office building »¤¡¾
Policeman ªð¾ນ¸©
We came from the market. ²¸¡¢ûº¨´¾ÀÀªúªະນາຈ.
He brought this book 쾸Àºö¾ ›´¹ô¸š´¾ÀÀªú
from school. »¤»¼.
This car came from Paksan. ìô©£ïš´¾ÀÀªú¯¾¡§ï.
This boat came from À»óºì´¾ÀÀªú¹ì¸¤
Luang Prabang. ²ë½®¾¤.
I brought this piece of ¢ûº¨Àºö¾ຽ ໄງ°úš´¾
paper from the office. ÀÀªú»¤¡¾.
The policeman brought ªð¾ນ¸©Àºö¾ õ¡½®º¡
this gun. š´¾.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
251
C-1
A. Where are you coming from? A.?
B. I come from my house. B.
C-2
A. Where did this airplane come from? A. ?
B. It came from Bangkok. B.
C-3
A. Where did this book come from? A. ?
B. I brought it from school. B.
ໃຄ¦ö´´÷©¦½«¾½¡¾-¢› Áìû¸Ã¹ûñ¡»¼-À ñ-ªö¸¦½Á©¤ ©¨¡¾¦öê½¾ ¹ìõ «¾´Àºö¾ 쾨콺¼©ªú¾¤Å
¥¾¡¡ñ -Áì½ -¡ñ, -À ñªí¸ú¾: £ö¦º¤£öµõìö´¡ñµøÈ-À©† ö, £ò¸ຖຈ©¨¦¾, ¹ìõ Ë ª¾´¦½«¾ê†º•Åºó¡.
¡úº¥½Ã¹ûñ¡»¼±ô¡¹ñ© ¡ðຈö¤Ã¹ûÁúÃ¥¸ú¾ êȾ-ĩɲ¾À¢ö-¾-À¥í¾±ô¡¹ñ©®ö©»¼¥öÄ©É©ó¦ö´£¸Áìû¸À¦ງ¡úº;
®Ò©„¤˜ º¾©¥½-À ñ-¡¾À¦ງÀ¸ì¾À ‣¾Å.
NOTES
+ Location is used refer to the point of origin of something (i. e. the starting point of a trip,
the place where something was made, etc.). It is similar in usage to . Neither nor
refer to the birthplace of a person.
Q: ? 'Where did the plane come from?'
A: 'It came from Bangkok.'
APPLICATION 1. How would you find out where certain thing originated, such as Japanese cars, German beer,
etc.? 2. How would you find out where a certain vehicle had just come from, such as an airplane, bus,
etc.? _________________________
Answers: to both 1. and 2. are: (NP) … ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
252
Cycle 57 M-1
Take Àºö¾...į/´¾
Chicken Ä¡ú
Sell ¢¾¨
Buy and take §œÄ¯
Read ºú¾
Shave ÀÀ«
Head ¹ö¸
Enter the priesthood ®¸©
Get dressed ÀÀªú¤Âª
Festival ®÷
Hire ¥û¾¤
Look at, look after À®…¤
Offspring ìø¡
Request »ûº¤¢ð
Help; assist §úº¨
Remove, take off ö©ºº¡
Wash ìû¾¤
Hand ´õ
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
253
He is taking the chickens to sell. ì¾ທຆòÀºö¾Ä¡úį¢¾¨.
He is buying the book to read. ì¾ທຆ§œ ›´Ä¯ºú¾.
He is having his head shaved 쾸ຆ«¹ö¸®¸©.
to enter the priesthood.
He is dressing up to go 쾸ຆÀÀªú¤ÂªÄ¯®÷.
to the festival.
He is hiring someone to 쾸ຆ¥û¾¤£ö´¾À®…¤ìö¡.
come and look after his
children.
He is requesting them ì¾ທຆò»ûº¤¢ðùû
to come and help. À¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾§úº¨.
He is removing his shoes 쾸ຆ ö©À¡ó®ºº¡Ä û.
and putting them away.
He is washing his hand 쾸ຆìû¾¤ õ¡òÀ¢í¾.
in order to eat.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
254
M-2
Buy §œ
Paint ຌ ໄາ¦ó
Bring Àºö¾...´¾
Shave one's head ÀÀ«¹ö¸
Build a fire ©ñ¤Ä³
Go up ¢›Ä¯
Come down ìö¤´¾
Park a car ¥º©ìö©
Follow ð¾Ä¯
What is he buying the 쾸ຆ §œຌ ໄາ¦ó´¾À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
paint for? ?
What is he having his 쾸ຆÀÀ«¹ö¸À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
head shaved for? ?
What is he starting a ? ì¾ທຆ©ñ¤Ä³À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
fire for?
What is he going up 쾸ຆ¢›Ä¯À»ï©¹¨ï¤?
there for? ?
What is he coming down ? 쾸ຆìö¤´¾À»ñ©¹ ñ¤?
here for?
What is he parking ? 쾸ຆ¥º©ìö©À»ñ©¹ ñ¤?
the car for?
What is he following 쾸ຆð¾À¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
them here for? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
255
C-1
A. Why is he getting dressed? A. ?
(get dressed to go the festival)
B. He is getting dressed to go to the festival. B.
C-2
A. What are you going to do? (Hire someone) A. ?
B. I'm going to hire someone. B.
A. What are you going hire someone for? A. ?
(to look after the children)
B. I'm hiring someone to come to look B.
after my children.
C-3
A. What are you doing? (Washing my hands) A.?
B. I'm washing my hand. B.
A. Are you washing your hands in A.
order to read ? ?
B. No, I'm washing my hands in order to eat. B.
Ã-®ô©š, êȾ-£ö¤À¹ñÁìû¸ ú¾ À»ö¾Ã§û£¿¡òëò¨¾¹ì¾¨£¿ªò©ªÒ¡ñ, À ñªí¸ú¾: "įìû¾¤ õ´¾¡òÀ¢í¾". ໃຄ«¾´
ï¡»¼©û¸¨£¿«¾´ê†À¢ô¾-À¥í¾¥½ªûº¤ªº®©û¸¨¯ະÂນ¨¡ê†Ã§û £¿¡òëò¨¾¹ì¾¨£¿ªò©¡ñ-ຌÀ®…¤ -©÷.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
256
NOTES
1) In English Verb Phrases of Purpose may be joined to other VP by to, as in: NP + VP + to - VP (Purpose) He brought chicken to sell. Compare this with Lao: NP + VP + VP (Purpose)
He brought chicken (to) sell.'
2) means 'to enter the Buddhist priesthood'. All young Lao men of the Buddhist religion
are supposed to spend some period of time during their lives living as monks in a monastery. One's head is shaved and all worldly possessions are given away before entry.
3) A is a temple fair. Each temple has at least one a year as an occasion for
reading certain Buddhist scriptures and also as a means of raising money to take care of temple needs. Many kinds of amusements (dances, songs, games, etc.) and many kinds of food are available.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
257
APPLICATION Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(He will borrow my book to read.)
(b)
(There's no water in his house. He'll take his car out to wash it.)
(c)
(He'll take pictures to send to his friend.)
(d) ______________
(He'll take off his new shoes to put them away.)
(e) ____________
(He'll bring you to translate the book for him.)
(f) ________
(He'll come down to check our work.)
(g)
(He'll stop his bus to pick up passengers.)
(h) (He would like to be a monk priest. He'll shave his head in order to enter the priesthood.)
(i)
(He told me to build a fire to cook with.)
(j)
(He'll go up to sleep on the second floor.)
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
(h) (i) (j)
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
258
Cycle 58 M-1
Nine À¡í¾
Five-thirty ¹û¾Â´¤À£…¤
Monday ñ¥ñ
Friday ñ¦÷¡
Morning À§í¾
Night time ໃາ£õ
Today ´œš
Tomorrow ´œº•
City À õº¤
Vientiane ¸¼¤¥ñ
Luang Prabang ¹ì¸¤²ë½®¾¤
House À»õº
From nine to five-thirty. ÀÀªú-À¡í¾Â´¤¹¾¹É¾Â´¤À£…¤.
From Monday through Friday. ÀÀªú¸ñ¥ñ¹¾ ñ¦÷¡.
From morning to dark. ÀÀªú-À§í¾¹¾£Ô.
From today to tomorrow. ÀÀªú´œš¹¾ œº•.
From the city of Vientiane ÀÀªúÀ õº¤¸¼¤¥ñ¹¾
to Luang Prabang. À õº¤¹ì¸¤²½®¾¤.
From my house to yours. ÀÀªúÀ»õº¢ûº¨¹¾À»õºÀ¥í¾.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
259
M-2
Where (question) æ
Day ´œ
Which (question) é
Time À¸ì¾
When (question) À¸ì¾Ã©
Clock, watch, o'clock ´¤
From ¥¾¡
Reach, get to À«ò¤
From where to where? ? ÀÀªú湾æ?
From what day to what day? ? ÀÀªú´œÃ©¹¾´œÃ©?
From when to when? ÀÀªúÀ¸ì¾Ã©¹¾À¸ì¾Ã©?
?
From what time to what ? ÀÀªú¥ñ¡Â´¤¹¾¥ñ¡Â´¤?
time?
From where to where? ? ¥¾¡Ã¦À«ò¤Ã¦?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
260
M-3
Drive ¢ñ®
Car ìö©
Ride ¢†
Airplane À»õº®ò
Inter-city bus ìö©Â©¨¦¾
Make a trip À©ó꾤
He is going to drive from Vientiane to Luang Prabang
ຖາທຆຂຍຖຈ ຉໃ-າກ
ທຄຌແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ
He is going to fly from Vientiane to Luang Prabang
ຖາທຂໃ ຽປບຍຌ ຉໃ-າກ-
ທຄຌແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ
He is going to take a city bus from Vientiane to Luang Prabang
ຖາທຆຂໃຖຈຈງຘາຌ
ຉໃ-າກ ທຄຌ
ແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ
He is going to take a trip from Vientiane to Luang Prabang
ຖາທຆຽຈຌາຄ
ຉໃ-າກ ທຄຌ
ແຎນທຄຑະຍາຄ
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
261
M-4
Reach, get to »º©
Build ¦û¾¤
Mend, repair, restore ¦ûº´ÀÀ§´
Pile up, head up ²ø
They will build the road from this village to that one
ຽຑໃ ຌະຘໄາຄຊະໜຌ າກ-ຉໃ
ຍໄາຌຌໄແຎ ຽຊຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍໄາຌຌ ໄຌ
They will repair the road from this village to that one
ຽຑໃ ຌະຘໄບຓຆຓຊະໜຌ າກ-ຉໃ
ຍໄາຌຌໄແຎ ຽຊຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍໄາຌຌ ໄຌ
They are going to raise the level of the road from this village to that one
ຽຑໃ ຌະຑຌຊະໜຌ າກ-ຉໃ
ຍໄາຌຌໄແຎ ຽຊຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍໄາຌຌ ໄຌ
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
262
M-5
Drive a car ¢ñ®ìö©
Age ? º¾ ÷
Live with µøúð¾
Wait for «û¾
Go home, return À õº®û¾
Try, attempt ²ະ¨¾¨¾´
Last, final ¦÷©êû¾¨
I will drive until I get to Luang Prabang.
ຂໄບງຆ¢ñ®ìö©ແຎຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ
ນທຄຑະຍາຄ
He lived with his parents until he reached the age of 21.
ຖາທດໃຌ າຑ ໃ ຓ ໃຖາທຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ
ບາງຖາທແຈໄຆາທຽບຈຎ
I’ll wait for him until it’s time to go home.
ຂໄບງຆຊ ໄາຖາທຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ
ຽທຖາÀ´õº®û¾
I’ll keep trying until the last day
ຂໄບງຆຑະງາງາຓແຎຌ ປບຈ-ຽຊຄ
ຓໄ¦÷©êû¾¨
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
263
C-1
A. He drove from where to where? A. ?
B. He drove from his house to his B.
office.
C-2
A. You will be here from what day A.
to what day ? ?
B. I will be here from Monday to A.
Sunday.
C-3
A. You are going to drive from A.
Vientiane to where ? ?
B. I'm going to drive from Vientiane B.
to Luang Phrabang.
A. Then what will you do? A. ?
B. I'm going to fly from B.
Luang Phrabang to Muangsing.
C-4
A. Until what time are you going to A.
wait for him? ?
B. I'll wait for him until twelve B.
o'clock.
¹ìñ¤¥¾¡¡¾±ô¡¹ñ©¥öìú¼©óÁìû¸ 캤«¾´ñ¡»¼À®…¤©÷! À¢ö¾À¥í¾¥½»¼²¾¦¾ì¾¸ į»º©À©õºÃ©? ¹ìõ ú¾
À¢ö¾À¥í¾ ¥½»¼²¾¦¾ì¾¸ ÁªúÀ©õºÃ©Ä¯¹¾À©õºÃ©? Áì½ œ…¤ À¢ö¾À¥í¾»¼ Áªú¥ñ¡Â´¤¹¾¥ñ¡Â´¤? ຈ ງ¯½
©ò© ຽຖໄບຄ¯½¡º®¢›ª•´ºó¡ À®…¤©÷! «û¾¹¾¡êȾ Áªú¤ຽຖໄບຄ ê†À ï¹û¾¦öÃ¥ ñ¡ð¥½§úº¨ñ¡»¼Ä©É¹ì¾¨
ꆦõ©. ຽຖໄບຄ ê†Áªú¤¢› ¡ð£¸²ະ¨¾¨¾´Ã¹û´ñÀ¹´¾½¦ö´¡ñ®¸¼¡¤¾ ºñÁêû¥ò¤ ¢º¤ñ¡»¼, À ñªí¸ú¾: ¦¿
ìñ®²¸¡ ê†À ïï¡¡¾êö©, êȾ¡ð𣸠Áªú¤ຽຖໄບຄ ꆡú¼¸¡ï® ¸¼¡®û¾¡¾À´õº¤; «û¾¹¾¡À¢ö¾À¥í¾À ñ ²ñຈ êະ
¾¡º ¡ðຈ ¤Áªú¤ຽຖໄບຄ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®¡¾ ø¡±ñ¤ Áì½ ìɼ¤¦ñ©, Áì½ ©É¾¡¾¦É¾¤¦¾ªÈ¾¤Å, ©„¤š À ïªí.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
264
NOTES
In Lao there are several ways to refer to an extent of space or period of time that is bounded in both ends.
1) is used if ‘static’ space or duration of time is referred to:
‘From Vientiane to Luang-phabang ‘from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
2) If emphasis is on motion between two points in space,
. is used.
{
'He will drive from Vientiane to Luang Prabang.'
Frequently the means of transportation is indicated in constructions of this type
( etc.).
3) If emphasis is on reaching a certain limit or goal. 'to reach', 'to or towards',
or 'to arrive at' may be used:
{
'They will build a road from this village to that village' The reference is usually to a known goal or limit.
{
4) is used to indicate that some activity will proceed only until
a certain limit is reached. It may not be known when that limit will be reached.
{
'I will wait for her until it's time to go home. (but no longer)'
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
265
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(They study from 9.00 a.m.to 4.00 p.m)
(b) ?
(In America most people work from what day to what day?)
(c) (It takes one hour to fly from Vientiane to Luang Phrabang.)
(d) ?
(You studied Lao from what lesson to what lesson?)
(e)
?
(Are you going to drive a car or go by boat from Vientiane to Pakse?)
(f)
?
(The Chinese are going to build a road from their city to what city?)
(g) p
(It is 60 kilometers from Vientiane to Phonhong.)
(h)
(Some Americans live with their parents up to age 21.)
(i)
(They will sit here playing until it's time to go home.(and no longer).'
(j)
(They won't stay in this town as long as 2 weeks.)
Answers: (a) (b)
(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
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Cycle 59
M-1
Stomach ache À¥ñ®êûº¤
A headache / ຽຍນທ / ¯¸©¹ö¸
To have fever À ñÄ¢û
To have a cold À ñ¹ ñ©
To have diarrhea «º¡êûº¤
To have a cough À ñĺ
To be dizzy ò¹ö¸
He has stomach ache. 쾸À¥ñ®êûº¤.
He has a headache. 쾸¯¸©¹ö¸.
He has a fever. 쾸À ñÄ¢û.
He has a cold. 쾸À ñ¹¸ñ©.
He has diarrhea. 쾸«º¡êûº¤.
He has a cough. 쾸À ñĺ.
He is dizzy. 쾸 ò¹ö¸.
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M-2
What's wrong? ? À ñ¹ ñ¤?
Sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨
Getting better Ä£¢›
Condition º¾¡¾
Very sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨¹ì¾¨
Recover ¹¾¨, À§ö¾
What's wrong with him? ? 쾸À ñ¹¨ñ¤?
Is he sick? ? 쾸®Ò¦½®¾¨®ð?
Is he getting better? 쾸ģ¢›ÀÀ©úÀÀìû¸®ð?
?
How is his condition? º¾¡¾¢º¤ì¾¸ À ñÀÀ¸Ã©?
?
Is he very sick? ? 쾸®Ò¦½®¾¨¹ì¾¨®ð?
Has he recovered? ? 쾸¹¾¨ÀÀìû¸®ð?
Has he recovered? ? 쾸À§ö¾ÀÀìû¸®ð?
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M-3
Not very serious. ®Ò»û¾¨Á»¤¯¾Ã©!
Very serious! »û¾¨Á»¤¹ì¾¨!
A little better! ©ó¢›Á©úÁìû¸!
Much better! ©ó¢›¹ì¾¨Áìû¸!
Worse than before! §÷©Â§´ìö¤¡¸ú¾-À¡‣¾
Still the same! ²ð¯¾-À¡‣¾
C-1
A. What's wrong with you? A. ?
B. I have a stomach ache. B.
C-2
A. Is he sick? A. ?
B. Yes, he is sick, he has a cough. B.
ùÉñ¡»¼ ¦ö´´÷©Àºö¾À®…¤©÷ ú¾ 쾸įµû¼´µ¾´À²•º£ö…¤ ꆡ¿ì鷺»ï¡¦¾ -ຉດໃ»¤¹ ð. ùÉñ¡»¼ ºó¡£ö
…¤¦ö´ ÷©¸ú¾ -À ñ£öÀ¥ñ® Áìû¸«¾´- ªº® ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®º¾¡¾-¢º¤-쾸.
NOTES
1) means 'to hurt'. It is used to refer to the feeling one has right after an injury; hence it is
usually temporary. means 'to ache'. It normally refers to a more lasting sensation than
.would refer to a bump on the head, where as, would refer to the
'headache' that might come from the bump. In some cases the above distinction doesn't
exist and is one kind of painful sensation and is another.
2) + name of disease may also be used to indicate what particular ailment one has,
such as 'He has a cold.' means 'to catch cold.'
3) 'to be dizzy' may be followed by 'head'. means 'to be dizzy (in the
head)'. means 'to pour out (as with liquids, etc.)' When occurs with
it means 'dysentery, diarrhea'.
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4) Either of the following may be used interchangeably to inquire about the health of a person:
? 'What's wrong with him?'
? 'Is he sick?'
? 'How is his condition?'
To inquire whether a person's sickness is subsiding:
? 'Is he getting better?'
? 'Has she recovered?'
5) 'up, go up' and 'down, go down' are both used after stative verbs to indicate a
situation that is in process of change indicates an 'upward' change
('getting better); whereas, indicates a 'downward' change
( 'becoming worse, worsening'.) ( lit. 'Than old') 'than before'
may occurs after or . (lit. equal in extent to old) 'still the same'
is used to refer to conditions that have not undergone change.
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APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences according to the English;
(a) (He has a stomach ache.)
(b) (I'm very sick.)
(c) (The situation hasn't changed.)
(d) (What's the matter with you?)
(e) (Does he have a cough?)
(f) (He has flu.)
(g) ?___________ (Has he recovered yet? Not yet.)
(h) ______________ (My head hurts worse than before.)
(i ) _____________________ (He doesn't have a stomach ache.)
(j) _____
(He couldn't come to work because he had a bad stomach ache.)
(k) ____________
(When we aren’t well, we should go to the doctor's)
(l) ________,
(The doctor said he was very sick. He may have to go to the hospital.)
(m) ______ _____________. (We shouldn't go stay with people who have colds because we might catch cold.)
(n)
__________.
(Yesterday he had a headache but he didn't rest. Today his condition has become much more serious.)
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f (g) ()(h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n)
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Cycle 60 M-1
Come to work ´¾¡¾
Question, ask «¾´
Answer ªº®
Take a rest ²ñ¡°úº
Eat ¡ò
Get to go Ä©ûį
Why doesn't he come À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®´¾¡¾?Ò
to work? ?
Why did he ask? À ñ¹¨ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤ແຈໄ«¾´? ?
Why doesn't he À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Òªº®?
answer? ?
Why doesn't he take a À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Òແຈໄ²ñ¡°úº?
rest? ?
Why did he eat (it) ? À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤ແຈໄ¡ò?
Why didn't he get to go? À ñ¹ ñ¤ì¾¸¥…¤®Ò Ä©ûį?
?
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M-2
Sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨
Understand À¢í¾Ã¥
Know »ûø
Have time ´óÀ¸ì¾
To be hungry ¹ò¸
Come late ´¾§û¾
Because he is sick. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®Ò¦½®¾¨.
Because he doesn't understand. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®ÒÀ¢í¾Ã¥.
Because he didn't know. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®Òແຈໄ»ûø.
Because he doesn't have time. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸®Ò´óÀ¸ì¾.
Because he is hungry. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸¹ó¸.
Because he comes late. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾¸´¾§û¾.
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M-3
Buy §œ
New ù ú
Have ´ó
Sell ¢¾¨
Old -À¡‣¾
Pick, get, take Àºö¾
Wife À´ງ
Get married ÀÀªú¤¤¾
Travel À©ó꾤
He bought an new car 쾸ແຈໄ§œìô©Ã¹ ú À²¾½ ú¾
because he has a lot of money. 쾸 óÀ¤ò¹ì¾¨.
He bought a new car because 쾸§œìô©Ã¹ úÀ²¾½ ú¾
he has sold his old car. 쾸ĩû¢¾¨ ìö©-À¡‣¾ì¾¸.
He bought a new car because 쾸ແຈໄຆໄìö©Ã¹´úÀ²¾½ ú¾
he is getting married. 쾸ຆÀÀªú¤¤¾.
He bought a new car because 쾸§œìô©Ã¹´úÀ²¾½ ú¾
he is going make a trip. 쾸ຆÀ©ó꾤.
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C-1
A. Why didn't he come to work? A. ?
B. Because he is sick. B.
C-2
A. Why did he buy a new car? A. ?
B. He bought a new car because he is B.
getting married.
C-3
A. What did he do? A. ?
B. He took a vacation. B.
A. Why did he take a vacation? A. ?
B. He took a vacation because he had B.
the time.
ໃຄª¤ ñ¹¾¦ö´´÷©¢› Áìû¸Ã¹Éñ¡»¼¦Ó Ì«¾´ -Áì½ Âªû¸¾êó¡ñ À®…¤©÷ ú¾: À ñ¹ ñ¤, ¹ìõ ©û¸¨À¹©Ã© À¹©¡¾
Á¸Ã©Á¸…¤ ¥…¤À¡ó©¢› ¹ì õ¥…¤-À ñÄ -Ã꿺¤ªú¾¤Å?
NOTES
1) The word order in the type of question is:
+ NP + + VP
+ + +
(why he then not eat) 'Why didn't he eat?’
2) is always in sentence initial position, 'Why, for what purpose' always
comes after the MV in the sentence.?
3) The usual response to + Sentence is + Sentence:
Q: ? 'Why didn't he come to work?'
A: . 'Because he was ill.'
never occurs in responses with
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275
In highly stylized spoken or written language the question may be answered as follows:
Q: ? 'Why didn't he come to work?'
A: 'He was ill; he, therefore,
didn't come to work.'
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) ?
(Why didn't he come to school today?)
(b)
(He didn't answer their question because he didn't know the answer.)
(c)
(He doesn't want a wife, so he hasn't got married.)
(d) ? (He didn't wait for them, because he didn't have much time, is that so?)
(e)
(If he had a lot of money, he'd buy a new car.)
(f) ?
(Why did ask for them?)
(g)
(That car doesn't run very well, so he's selling it cheap.)
(h)
(Their work is not yet finished, so they are not resting)
(i)
(He's already eaten, so he isn't hungry.)
(j) ?
(Why didn't you tell him? Didn't you want him to know?)
Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
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276
Cycle 61 M-1
Pity ºó©øªö
Love »ñ¡
Afraid µû¾
Empathize À¹ñÃ¥
Feel bashful º¾¨
Dislike, hate §ñ¤
Have consideration for À¡¤Ã¥
I pity him. ¢ûº¨ºò©øªö쾸.
I love her. ¢ûº¨»ñ¡ຌາຄ.
I am afraid of him. ¢ûº¨µû¾ì¾¸.
I empathize with him. ¢ûº¨À¹ñå쾸.
I feel bashful (in front of) him. ¢ûº¨º¾¨ì¾¸.
I hate him. ¢ûº¨§ñ¤ì¾¸.
I have consideration for him. ¢ûº¨À¡¤Ã¥ì¾¸.
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M-2
Young unmarried girl ຏໄ¦¾¸
Military officer ¾¨ê½¹¾
Servant £öçû
Prisoner ñ¡Âê©
Beggar £ö¢ðê¾
Merchant ²Ò£û¾
Doctor êú¾¹ ð
What kind of feelings do À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ¸Ã©
you have towards this ªÒ ຏໄຘາທຏໄ š?
young unmarried girl? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ¸Ã©
do you have towards this ຉ ໃ ¾¨ê½¹¾ຏໄ š?
military officer? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ÀÀ¸Ã©
do you have towards this ຉ ໃ £öçûຏໄš?
servant? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»ûø¦ô¡ ÀÀ¸Ã©
do you have towards this ຉ ໃ ²Ò£û¾ຏໄš?
merchant? ?
What kind of feelings À¥í¾´ó£¸¾´»øû¦ô¡ ÀÀ¸Ã©
do you have towards this ªÒ êú¾¹´ðຏໄš?
doctor? ?
C-1
A. Don't you empathize with him? A. ?
B. I empathize with him. B.
C-2
A. What kind of feelings do you have A.
towards this merchant ? ?
B. I have a feeling of empathy with B.
him.
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278
ໃຄùÉñ¡»¼ Àì‣¾-À뜺¤¢º¤®÷¡£öªú¾¤Å ê†À¢ô¾-À¥í¾»øû¥ñ¡©ó – Áì½Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾-À¥í¾®º¡-À«ò¤-£¸¾´»øû¦ô¡ ¢º¤À¢ö¾-À¥í¾Àº¤
ꆴñ ªÒÁªúì½®÷¡£öÀ¹ì‣¾. ©É¸¨À¹©°öµú¾¤Ã©¥‡-¤À ñµÈ¾¤-.
NOTES
1) Verbs of Emotion may be: (a) Transitive Verb:
'I love her.'
? 'Do you hate me?
(b) Stative Verbs:
(She is shy of you) 'Your presence causes her to be shy.'
(c) Or compounds with - 'heart, soul, spirit.'
. 'I empathize with him'. (I associate my self with
his feelings.)
'I have consideration for his feelings.'
may be used in the negative with the meaning
'Don't be afraid of imposing on me (by making a request, etc.)'
2) is a noun formative (like - ness in English).Noun Compounds with as the
head of the compound are Abstract Nouns, 'feeling', k'love',
'empathy', 'bashfulness', 'concern',
etc...
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences:
(a)
(We don't pity him because he is a lazy person.)
(b)
(They'll get married next month since they have been in love for 2 years.)
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279
(c)
(He doesn't have any feelings toward them.)
(d)
(His friends empathize with him but they can't help him any)
(e)
(He took my car and used it without considering me.)
(f)
(Some servants don't respect their bosses.)
(g)
(A boss that is good must love and empathize with his people.)
(h)
(He said he dislikes merchants that are not honest.)
(i)
(He's afraid I will make him shy.)
(j)
(He told her not to be shy because he is a doctor.)
2. Express how you feel about the following: (a) The President (b) the Lao people (c) dogs (d) your wife or sister (e) your children (f) dishonest people (g) your religion
(h) meeting strangers
Answers: 1(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i) (j) 2Your answers
will depend on how you feel about each of these.
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280
Cycle 62 M-1
Think £ò©
Know »ûø
Understand À¢í¾Ã¥
Hear Ä©û ò
Say, speak À í¾
Tell ®º¡
I think he didn't know. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I know she didn't know. ¢ûº¨»ûø ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I understood he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©ûÀ¢í¾Ã¥¸ú¾ 쾸ບ Ä©û»ûø.
I heard he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©û ò¸ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I said he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©ûÀ í¾¸ú¾ 쾸®ÒÄ©û»ûø.
I told he didn't know. ¢ûº¨Ä©û®º¡¸ú¾ 쾸ຍ ໃÄ©û»ûø.
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M-2
Believe À§•-º
Answer ªº®
To question «¾´
Feel »ûø¦ô¡
Suspect ¦ö¤ແ¦
Predict, guess 긾¨
How do you believe? ? À¥í¾À§•-º¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you answer? ? À¥í¾ແຈໄªº®¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you ask? ? À¥í¾ ແຈໄ«¾´¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you suspect? ? À¥í¾ແຈໄ ¦ö¤ແ¦¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
How did you predict? ? À¥í¾ແຈໄ 긾¨ ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©?
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282
M-3
Story, matter À윺¤
City À õº¤
Politics ¡¾À´õº¤
War ¦ö¤£¾´
Grow, raise; rice ø¡, À¢í¾
Feed, nourish; raise ìû¼¤, ¦ñ©
Politicians know about ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤»ûøÀìœ-º¤
politics. ¡¾À´õº¤.
The military know about war. . ê½¹¾»øûÀìœ -º¤¦ö¤£¾´.
Farmers know about growing §¾¸¾»øûÀìœ -º¤ ø¡À¢í¾.
rice.
Farmers know about raising §¾¸¡½¦ò¡º»øûÀìœ-º¤
animals. ¡¾ìû¼¤¦ñ©.
C-1
A. Do you think he will be interested? A.
?
B. I think he will be interested. B.
C-2
A. How did you understand it? A. ?
B. I think he will be interested. B.
C-3
A. What do you know? A. ?
B. I know about Laos. B.
®ô©š´ñ¥õ©¯½¦ô¤ µ¾¡Ã¹Éñ¡»¼»øû¥ñ¡Ã§û£¿¸ú¾: " ú¾". À»ô¾Ã§û£¿šÀ¸ì¾Ã©? ñ¡»¼-À¢í¾-Ã¥©ó-Áìɸ -¹ìõ- ñ¤?
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283
NOTES 1) Verbs of saying, thinking, etc. frequently have sentences as complement; when they
do,occurs obligatorily as a connective;
'I didn't think he knew.'
'He knew you were very ill.'
2) 'what, how, in what way is the usual question from with sentences like those
above;
Q. ? 'What did you answers?'
A. 'I said, take it over there and leave it.'
3) Although 'story, matter' is a noun, it functions somewhat like a preposition in English
when it occurs after 'to know (a fact)', thus (lit. know matter
Laos) 'to know about Laos'.
4) is a Noun formative. Noun compound with are 'action nominals', i. e. they refer
to action and correspond roughly to the - ing from of the verb as in Singing songs is fun.
' ': 'Growing rice' ; '''Raising animals' etc.
5) 'to think' is sometimes pronounced
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284
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(I thought you had some interest in Laos.)
(b)
(He doesn't know what he should do (what would be good to do).
(c)
(I heard that food will become more expensive this year.)
(d)
(The students asked me about raising animals in Laos.)
(e)
(I don't feel he is very interested in this matter.)
(f)
(They suspect he is an enemy soldier.)
(g) (He knows politics but he doesn’t know war.)
(h)
(The villagers suspect that he may not know much about raising animals.)
(i)
(I don't want to ask him because he doesn’t know anything about this.)
(j)
(He couldn't answer that he didn't have the time.)
Answers: 1(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i) (j)
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285
Cycle 63 M-1
Difficult, hard ¨¾¡
Convenient ¦½©¸¡
Confused ¹¨û÷¤
Complicated and difficult ¹¨û÷¤¨¾¡
Dangerous (as of environment) ¡ñ©¾
Free from ¯º©
Danger Äຑ
Free from danger, safe ¯º©Äຑ
Luck §¡
Good, well ©ó
Good luck §¡©ó
I think it's very difficult ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very convenient. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¦½©¸¡¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very complicated. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¹ û÷¤¨¾¡¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very dangerous. . ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¡ñ©¾¹ì¾¨.
I think it's very safe. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ¯º©Ä²¹ì¾¨.
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286
M-2
Difficult ¨¾¡
Convenient ¦½©¸¡
Clean ¦½º¾©
Dirty À œ-º
Expensive ÀÀ²¤
Cheap «õ¡
Is it difficult? ? ຓຌ¨¾¡®ð?
Is it convenient? ? ຓຌ¦½©¸¡®ð?
Is it clean? ? ຓຌ¦½º¾©®ð?
Is it dirty? ? ຓຌÀ œ-º®ð?
Is it expensive? ? ຓຌÀÀ²¤®ð?
Is it cheap? ? ຓຌ«õ¡®ð?
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287
M-3
Help, assist §úº¨
Stay (temporary) ²ñ¡
Ask ¢ð
Move û¾¨
Place ®úº
Other º•
Be at risk ¦ú¼¤
Need ªûº¤¡¾
Soldier ê½¹¾
Buy §œ
More, again ºó¡
Delicious ÀÀ§®
It's so difficult, he let ´ñ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤
them come help. ùûÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾´¾§úº¨.
It's so convenient, he ´ñ¦½©¸¡¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤
wants to come stay here. µ¾¡´¾²ï¡µöúš.
The situation is so difficult, ´ñ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤¢ð
he therefore asked to move û¾¨Ä¯®úºº•.
to another place.
The situation is so dangerous , ´ñ¡ñ©¾¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤®Ò¦ú¼¤.
he doesn't risk it.
The situation is so safe, he ´ñ¯º©Ä²¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤
doesn't need any soldiers. ®Òªûº¤¡¾ê½¹¾.
It is so delicious, he ´ñÀÀ§®¹ì¾¨ 쾸¥…¤§œºñ¡.
bought more.
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M-4
Task, work ¸¼¡
Receive »ñ®
Problem, trouble ñ¹¾
Life §ó¸ò©
On mountains Àêò¤²ø
Area À¢©
Liberate ö© úº¨
Is this job difficult? ? ¸¼¡š¨¾¡®î?
Does this hotel have »¤ÀÀ»´š ຓ£¸¾´¦½©¸¡
all the conveniences? ? ນາງ®ð?
Is this problem complex? ? ï¹¾š ¹¨û÷¤¨¾¡®ð?
Is life in the mountains §ó¸ò©µúøÀêò¤² ø¡ñ©¾®ð?
dangerous? ?
Is this liberated area safe? À¢© ô© úº¨š ¯º©Ä²®ð?
? Is this food delicious? ? º¾¹¾šÀÀ§®®î?
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289
M-5
This work is so complicated ¸¼¡š ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨, 쾸¥‡¤
and difficult, he had them ùÉÀ¢ö¾-À¥í¾´¾§úº¨.
come help.
This hotel affords so many ປຄປຓຌໄ ເນໄທາຓຘະຈທກ conveniences, he likes to ນາງ, 쾸¥‡¤µ¾¡´¾²ñ¡
stay here. µøÈ Ëš
The work here is so ¸¼¡š ¹ ÷ɤ¨¾¡¹ì¾¨, 쾸
complicated, he asked to ¥‡¤¢ð û¾¨Ä¯®úºº•.
move to another place.
This cake is so delicious, ¢ô´š Á§®¹ì¾¨, 쾸¥‡¤
he'll buy some more. ຆ§œºñ¡.
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290
C-1
A. Is it convenient? A. ?
B. I think it's very convenient. B.
C-2
A. Is this food delicious? A. ?
B. This food is so delicious he'll buy B.
some more.
C-3
A. This work is so difficult that he had them A. come and help, didn't he? ?
B. That's right, this work is so difficult that B. he had them come and help.
C-4
A. Why did he have them come to help? A. ?
B. He had them come to help because this B. work is very difficult.
NOTES
1) The Subject is not expressed in Lao when the reference is to a general situation, except in certain situations:
Q: ? 'Is (it) dangerous?'
A: '(It) isn't very dangerous. '
In more complex sentences 'it' must be used:
'It's so difficult he them come help.'
2) The So + Adjective + that + Sentence construction in English is expressed in Lao by:
Vs + + NP (subject) +
(It is difficult very he then....)
'It's so difficult that he....'
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291
The such + Adjective + NP + that + S construction is expressed in Lao:
NP + Vs + + NP (Subjective) +
work interesting very he then.... 'such interesting work that he...'
APPLICATION 1) Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) .
(e)
(f)
(g)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
_______________________________
Answers: 1(a) He thinks the work here is so hard that he would like have you help him. (b) I am
very appreciative that you have made it convenient. (c) He had such complicated work to do that he didn’t know what to do first. (d) They don’t want to sit near him because his clothes are dirty. (e) He thought he was very lucky because the enemy soldiers didn’t see him. (f) The work in my office is not very convenient. (g) The soldiers wouldn’t let us go because this path is not safe. (h) Traveling in this area is very dangerous. (i) Food is expensive because the country is in a very precarious (difficult and dangerous) situation. (j) When going and coming are convenient everything is cheap.
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Cycle 64 M-1
Believe, trust À§•-º
Summarize, conclude ¦½ì÷® (Àºö¾)
Hope ¹ ñ¤
Estimate, calculate, guess ¡½
To dream ±ñ
Foretell 꿾¨
To be sure, certain, confident ÀÀúÃ¥
You believe that he À¥í¾À§•-º¸ú¾ 쾸ຆ§½½
will win, is that so? ? §®ð?
You conclude that he will À¥í¾¦½ì÷®Àºö¾ ú¾ 쾸ຆ
win, is that so? ? §½½§®ð?
You hope that he will win, À¥í¾¹ ñ¤ ú¾ 쾸ຆ§½½
is that so? ? §®ð?
You calculate that he À¥í¾¡½ ú¾ 쾸ຆ§½½
will win, is that so? ? §®ð?
You dreamed that he won À¥í¾ແຈໄ±ñ¸ú¾ 쾸ແຈໄ§½½
is that so? ? §®ð?
You foretell that he will À¥í¾ê𾾨¸ú¾ 쾸
win, is that so? ? ຆ§½½§®ð?
You are sure that he À¥í¾ÀÀúÃ¥¸ú¾ì¾¸
will win, is that so? ?? ຆ§½½§®ð?
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M-2
Win ? §ະ½
Take an exam À¦ñ¤
Pass an exam À¦ñ¤Ä©û
Rank ຆ ໄຌ
Promoted ແຈໄຂໄຌຆ ໄຌ
Receive »ñ®
Complete ¦ð¾Àëñ©
Defeated ²ú¾¨ÀÀ²û
That's how I see it. I ú¾ຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸, ¢ûº¨À§•-º¸ú¾ 쾸ຆ§ະ½.
believe that he will win. ?
That's the way I see it. ¸ú¾ຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸, ¢ûº¨À§•-º¸ú¾ 쾸ຆÀ¦ñ¤Ä©û.
I believe that he will pass the exam.
That's how I see it. I ¸ú¾ຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸, ຂໄບງຽຆໃ ບທໃາ ຖາທຂແຈໄ
believe that he will be ຂໄຌຆ ໄຌ promoted.
That's how I see it. I ທໃາຆ ໄຌຖໄທ, ¢ûº¨À§•-º ú¾ 쾸ຆÄ©û»ñ®
believe that he will be £¸¾´¦ð¾Àëñ©.
successful
That's how I see it. I believe ທໃາຆ ໄຌຖໄທ, ¢ûº¨À§•º¸ú¾ 쾸
that he will be defeated. ແຈໄປຍທາຓຑໃາງຑໄ
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M-3
Write ¢¼
Cut ªñ©
Wrap, pack ນ ໃ
Leave, abandon ¯½Ä û
Stack something up Àºö¾µº¤¡ñ¢›
Hook À¡¾½
Each other ¡ñ
You write it like this, huh? k? ຽໄາຂຌ ໃຄຆໄຍ ?
You cut it like this, huh? ? ຽໄາ ຉຈ ໃຄຆໄຍ ?
You pack it like this, huh? ? ຽໄາ ນ ໃ ໃຄຆໄຍ ?
You leave it like this, huh? ? ຽໄາຎະແທໄ ໃຄຆໄຍ ?
You stack them up like ຽໄາÀºö¾µº¤¡ñ¢› ໃຄຆໄຍ ?
this, huh? ?
You hook them together ? ຽໄາຽບາຽກາະກຌ ໃຄຆໄຍ ?
like this, huh?
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M-4
Think £ò©
Believe À§•-º
Propose ¦½À¹ó/ຘະຽໜ
Appear ¯ະ¡ö©
See À¹ñ
Observe, notice ¦ñ¤À¡©À¹ñ
I think so. ¢ûº¨£ò©¸ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸.
He believes it's that way. 쾸-À§•º¸ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸.
That's what he proposed. ຘະຽໜທໃາ ໃຄຆ ໄຌຖໄທ
It appears to be so. ¯¾¡ö©¸ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸.
That's how I see it. ¢ûº¨À¹ñ ú¾ ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸.
That's what I have ¢ûº¨ ແຈໄ¦ñ¤À¡©À¹ñ¸ú¾
noticed. ໃຄຆ ໄຌÀÀìû¸.
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C-1
A. Do you believe he will pass the exam ? A. ? B. Yes, I believe he will pass the exam. B.
C-2
A. You predict that he will get A.
promoted, is that so ? ?
B. Yes, I predict that he will B.
certainly be promoted.
C-3
A. What have you concluded ? A. ?
B. I concluded that he will pass the exam. B.
C-4 A. You believed that he wasn't coming, huh? A.
?
B. Yes, That's what I believed. B.
C-5
A. You are going to write it like this, huh? A. ?
B. No. I'm going to write it like that. B.
ໃຄ¦½Á©¤Ã¹Éñ¡»¼À¹ñທາຓÁª¡ªú¾¤ ì½¹ ú¾¤£¿ ú¾: "ຈ ¤ຆ ໄຌ" " ຈ ¤ຆ ໄຌ" óµú¾¤Ã©?. £¿ ú¾: " ຆ ໄຌ®ð?" " ú¾
ຆ ໄຌÁìû¸" À»ö¾Ã§û£¿ຽນໃ າšµú¾¤Ã©?
NOTES
1) 'like that' occurs withafter Sentences:
??'You believe he will win, is that so ?
? is similar in usage to? except that ?is used
primarily to check the truth value of statements; whereas, ? is used to check an
opinion or a guess, and hence is more informal.The usual answers to ? questions
is which means 'That's how I see it' or 'That's what I had in mind'.
2) 'like that' and 'like this' are used in statements and questions
relating to how something is done.
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? 'You write it like this, huh?
means 'In that case'. It is heard often in conversation.
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APPLICATION
1) Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) ?
(e)
(f)
(g) ?
(h) ?
(i)
(j)
Answers: l ( a ) He doesn't study. I'm afraid he'll fail the exam.
( b ) I hope so.
( c ) He believe that where there is striving ( trying ) there will be success.
( d ) What did you dream last night?
( e ) Most Laos believe in dreams. ( f ) We cannot conclude that his work will fail. ( g ) If one side wins, the other side must lose. ( h ) He believes that victory and failure are pairs. ( i ) Last year he failed!!!He is certain he will pass this year.
( j ) Certainly, I believe he will be promoted.
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CYCLE-65
M-1
He will go to the market, 쾸 ຆįªì¾©, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
then he will go to the hospital. ຆį»¤¹ ð.
He will eat, then he will 쾸 ຆ¡òຽຂໄາ ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
go to work. ຆįÀ»ñ©¡¾.
He will read, then he will 쾸ຆºú¾¹ñ¤¦õ, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
go to bed. ຆįº.
He will rest, then he will 쾸 ຆ À§ö¾ຽຓ ໃບງ, ÀÀìû¸ì¾¸
take a shower. ຆº¾®Õ.
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M-2 Feed (animal) À¡õº
Pig ¹ ø
Cut ªñດ
Grass ¹¨û¾
Wash clothes §ñ¡ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤
Borrow µõ´
Money À¤ò
Change ú¼
Table cloth °û¾ øª½
He will feed the pigs, then 쾸ຆÀ¡õº¹ ø, ÀÀìû¸
what is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will cut the grass, then 쾸ຆªñ©¹¨û¾, ÀÀìû¸
what is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will wash clothes, then 쾸ຆ §ñ¡ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤, ÀÀìû¸
hat is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will borrow money, then 쾸ຆµõ´À¤ò, ÀÀìû¸
what is he going to do? ? 쾸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
He will change the table 쾸 ຆ ú¼°û¾ øª½, ÀÀìû¸
cloth, then what is he ? 쾸ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
going to do?
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C-1
A. What are you going to do? A.?
B. I will go to eat, then I B. will
come to rest
C-2
A. You will read, then what A.
will you do? ?
B. After reading will go feed B.
the pigs.
¦¿ìñ®£¿¸ú¾: "Áìû¸" ∑ꆚ ໃຄຑະ¨¾¨¾´¦ºÁªúª¾´¹´¾¨ê†ເຆໄ ∑ ®ô©±ò¡¹ï©šÀê‣¾šÀ¦ງ ¡úº! ¥÷©¯½¦ö¤
¡ðÁ úຽຑໃ ບ ùÉÀ¢öາຽໄາÀºö¾ຽໃ ບ ì½µú¾¤ À¢ö¾ç¥…¤¥½ປໄ¥ñ¡Ã§ûµú¾¤«õ¡ªûº¤ Áìû¸ ¡ð¥½À¡ó©ທາຓ ໝໄຌÃ¥.
NOTES
1) In the construction S + + S .'He's going to the market and then to the hospital.')
is a sentence connective and there is an indication that the activity referred to in
the first sentence preceded that of the second sentence.
2) in a question indicates that the questioner is expecting a multiple answer.
Q: ? What (things) is the going to do ?'
A: 'He'll read a book and then go eat."
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APPLICATION 1 Translate the following sentences into English:
(a) ?
(b) ?
(c) ?
(d) ?
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
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CYCLE - 66 M-1
Check ¡¸©
Look at ຽຍໃ ຄ
Wash (cloth only) §ñ¡À£Úº¤÷ú¤
Translate ÀÀ¯
Write ¢¼
Letter (epistle) ¥ö©¹´¾¨
Send ຘ ໃຄ
Study ¦ô¡¦¾
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¡¸©ຽຍໃ ຄ
checking it yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û§ñ¡À£ Úº¤÷ú¤.
washing clothes yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©ûÀÀ¯.
translating it yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¢¼¥ö©¹´¾¨.
writing the letter yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¦ø¤¥ö©¹´¾¨.
mailing the letter yet.
I haven't got around to ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒêñÄ©û¦ô¡¦¾ຽຍໃ ຄ
studying yet.
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M-2
Close ºñ©
Door ¯½ªø
Open Ģ
Wash, clean ìû¾¤
Hand ´õ
Wash (face or body) ຘໃທງ (¹û¾, £ó¤)
Rub «ø
Tooth ÀÀ¢û¸
Comb ¹¸ó
Hair (head only) °ö´
Warn Àªõº
Did you close the door yet? ຽໄາແຈໄ ºñ©¯½ªøÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?
?
Did you open the door yet? ຽໄາແຈໄÄ¢¯½ªøÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?
?
Did you wash your hands ຽໄາແຈໄìû¾¤´õÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did you wash your face ຽໄາແຈໄ¦¸¹û¾ÀÀìû¸ ¹ìõ ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did you brush your teeth ຽໄາແຈໄ«øÀÀ¢û¸ÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did your comb your hair ຽໄາແຈໄ¹ ó°ö´ÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?
yet? ?
Did you warn them yet? ຽໄາແຈໄÀªõºÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາÀÀìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤?
?
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M-3
Yes (already came.). ´¾ÀÀìû¸. Yes (already stopped.). À§ö¾ÀÀìû¸. Yes (already gone, finished). ¹ ö©ÀÀìû¸.
M-4
Not yet. ñ¤.
M-5
Chat, talk ìö´
With ¡ñ®
Meet, find ຑ ໄ
See À¹ñ
Result °ö
Join »ú¸´
Participate »ú¸´
Ceremony ²òêó
Hear a sermon ³ñ¤Àê©
Did you get a chance to ? ຽໄາêñÄ©ûìö´¡ñ®ì¾¸®ð?
eat with him?
Did you get a chance to ? ຽໄາêñÄ©ûຑຍ¡ñ®ì¾¸®ð?
meet her?
Were you able to see any ? ຽໄາêñÄ©ûÀ¹ñ°ö¹¨ñ¤®ð?
results (in the time available) ?
Did you get to the ceremony ? ຽໄາêñÄ©û»ú¸´²òêó®ð?
in time to participate?
Did you get a chance to ? ຽໄາêñÄ©û³ñ¤Àê©®ð?
hear the sermon?
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M- 6
Read ºú¾
Only, but ÀÀªú
Speak ຽທໄາ
With, along ð¾
Word £ð¾
Put out a fire ´º©Ä³
Burn Ĺ û
Shake hand ¥ñ®´õ
Return ¡ñ® į/ ´¾
I was able to read only ¢ûº¨êñÄ©ûºú¾ ›´ ÀÀªú¦º¤¹ö¸.
two books (in the time available).
I had a chance to speak ¢ûº¨êñÄ©ûຽທໄາð¾ 쾸ÀÀªú
only two or three words ¦º¤-¦¾´£ð¾.
with him.
I was able to put out the ¢ûº¨êñÄ©û´º©Ä³¡úº ñ
fire before the house ຆĹ ûÀ»õº.
burned down.
I had a chance to shake ¢ûº¨êñÄ©û¥ñ®´õ¡ñ®ຽຑໃ ຌ¡úº
hands with him before he ຽຑໃ ຌຆ¡ñ®Ä¯.
returned.
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C-1
A. Did you close the door yet ? A.?
B. Yes . B.
C-2
A. Did you write the letter yet ? A. ?
B. Not yet . B.
C-3
A. Did you wash your hands yet ? A. ?
B. Yes , I've already washed my B.
hands. C-4
A. Did you get to meet him ? A. ?
B. Yes , I got to meet him before he B.
returned .
C-5
A. He almost didn't get to talk to A.
them, isn't that so ? ?
B. That's right. He only got to saj B.
two or three words to them .
ໃຄùÉñ¡»¼«¾´¡ñ ຽຍໃ ຄ ú¾ ຏໄé¡½ê¿ ບຌéÁìû¸¹ìõ ñ¤. «û¾ªº®¸ú¾ "®Ò" ¹ìõ " ñ¤" ¡ð ໃຄ®º¡Ã¹ÉÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ
ùÉÀ¹©°ö¸ú¾ " ນ ñ¤?" ¹ìõ«û¾À¢ö¾çªº®¸ú¾: "...Áìû¸." ¡ð ໃຄ«¾´¸ú¾: "ªÒįÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ ¥½À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?"
NOTES
1) means 'to have been able to do something in the available time'. It may
occur in the negative with the meaning 'not to have got something done when it was supposed to have been done.'
'I was able to put out the fire before
the house burned down.'
'I haven't got your book read yet.'
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'I've only got two books read.'
2) andare'aspect words', i . e ., they indicate the state of an action,
whether it is completed() or whether it remains incomplete . is a
preverb and occurs before VP:
'I haven't got around to translating it yet.'
may occur alone in (a) responses to questions:
Q ? 'Have you combed your hair yet?'
A ' not yet.' Or (b) in parallel senteces like the question above.
3) When an affirmative sentence with and the negative from of the same sentence
with are joined with 'or', the negative sentence is reduced to and
follows the affirmative sentence;
Affirmative: 'You have brushed your teeth.'
Negative :.'You haven't brushed your teeth yet.'
When combined with?
'Have you brushed your teeth yet or not?'
APLLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(I haven't had a chance to write a letter to my friend yet.)
(b)
(He's written a letter, but he hasn't had a chance to mail it yet.)
(c) ?
(Have you had any news from them yet or not?)
(d)
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(He hasn't eaten breakfast, because he hasn't had a chance to wash his face yet.)
(e)
(He hasn't got a comb so he hasn't yet been able to comb his hair.)
(f)
(He has already translated the book for them, but they haven't yet got around to paying him.)
(g) ?
(Have you told him to close the door yet or not?)
(h)
(If the door isn't opened yet, that means he hasn't arrived yet.)
(i)
(I haven't yet been able to wash my clothes because I haven't had time yet.)
(j)
(He hasn't yet been able to come inspect their work.)
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CYCLE- 67
M-1 Fix ÀÀ¯¤
Repair ÀÀ¯¤
Give an interview ùû¦ð¾²¾©
Count ñ®
Money À¤ò
Investigate ¦ô®¦¸
Interrogate ¦º®¦¸
Record Sound ®ñêô¡¦¼¤ Dismantle ´û¾¤
Disassemble ´û¾¤
Gun õ
Has he finished giving the 쾸ແຈໄùû¦ð¾²¾©ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
interview? ?
Has he finished counting ? 쾸ແຈໄñ®À¤òÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
money?
Has he finished the ? 쾸ແຈໄ¦ô®¦¸ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
investigation?
Has he finished the ? 쾸ແຈໄ¦º®¦¸ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
interrogation?
Has he finished recording? 쾸ແຈໄ®ñêô¡¦¼¤ÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð? ?
Has he finished taking the 쾸ແຈໄຓ ໄາຄ õÀÀìû¸ໆ®ð?
gun apart? ?
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M-2
Yes, (he has) finished. ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
No, (he has) not finished yet. ®Ò, ñ¤®ÒÀÀìû¸.
Not yet, (he has) not finished yet. ñ¤, ñ¤®ÒÀÀìû¸.
M-3
Record sound ºñ©¦¼¤
Decorate Àºû
Clear (a forest) «¾¤
Forest ú¾
Plow Ä«
Rice paddy ¾
Sickle ¡ú¼¸
Rice ຽຂໄາ
Strike, slap, flail ³¾©
Harrow £¾©
He has finished recording. 쾸ແຈໄºñ©¦¼¤ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
He has finished decorating 쾸ແຈໄ ÀºûÀ»õºÀÀìû¸ໆ
the house.
He has finished clearing 쾸ແຈໄ «¾¤¯ú¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
the wood.
He has finished plowing 쾸ແຈໄ Ä«¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ.
the rice field.
He has finished harvesting 쾸ແຈໄ ¡ú¼¸ຽຂໄາÀÀìû¸ໆ
the rice.
He has finished threshing 쾸ແຈໄ ³¾©ຽຂໄາÀÀìû¸ໆ
the rice by hand.
He has finished harrowing 쾸ແຈໄ £¾©¾ÀÀìû¸ໆ
the rice field.
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M-4
Pound (in mortar) ªð¾
Cook by boiling ¹÷¤
Cooked, ripe ¦÷¡
Cook by steaming ໜໄຄ
He hasn't finished 쾸ແຈໄໃນຄຽຂໄາ ñ¤®Ò¦÷¡.
cooking the rice.
He hasn't finished 쾸ແຈໄໜໄຄຽຂໄາ ງຄ®Ò¦÷¡.
cooking the (sticky) rice.
M-5
Sharpen, sharp ÀÀ¹ì´
Crayon ¦ð
Comb ¹ ó
Get dressed ÷ú¤ຽໃ ບຄ
What is he going to do ÀÀ¹ì´¦ðÀÀìû¸ໆ 쾸
after he finished ? ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
sharpening the pencils?
Is he going to get dressed ¹¸ó°ö´ÀÀìû¸ໆ 쾸
after he finishes combing ? ຆ÷ú¤ຽໃ ບຄ®ð?
his hair?
C-1
A. ? A. Have you finished fixing your car?
B. B. Yes, I have.
C-2
A. A. Have you finished taking your gun
? apart?
B. B. No, I haven't finished yet.
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C-3
A. ?A. Have you finished the letter?
B. . B. No, I haven't finished the book?
C-4
A. ? A. Have you finished checking the book?
B. . B. Yes, I have finished checking the book.
C-5
A. ? A. Has he finished ?
B. B. No, he hasn't finished cooking the rice.
C-6
A. ?A. What is he gonig to do when he
finishes cooking ?
B. B. When he finishes cooking he will call
us to the table.
NOTES
1) as an Aspect particle indicating 'action completed at a particular time' and as a
secondary verb meanning 'to complete some activity' may occur in one sentence, thus
'He has already finished marking repairs on the car.'
in normal speech the second occurs in reduced from as
2) The response to..? questions may be:
Question: 'Have you finished fixing your car yet?'
?
Affirmative Response:
(a) 'Yes, I have.'
(b) 'Yes, I've finished making the repairs
to my car already.'
Negative:
(a) 'No, I haven't finished yet.'
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(b) 'No, I haven't finished yet,'
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3) VP +corresponds closely in meaning to English past participial
constructions 'having... ed', etc. When VP + precedes NP + VP, there is
an indication that the action referred to in the initial VP occurred before that in the second VP .Compare English and Lao: English: Having done his work, he went to bed.(or) Atfer he did...
Lao:
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(The road is not yet completed so they don't let cars pass through.)
(b)
(When the firing is over, the soldiers as a group take their guns apart and oil them simultaneously.)
(c)
(The farmer hasn't finished plowing so he hasn't started harrowing yet.)
(d)
(When the harvesting is done, the farmers as a group knock the heads off the rice stalks.)
(e)
(When everything is sold out, the female vendor counts her money [to see how much she took in]).
(f)
(If he hasn't finished doing this work, he will not go home.)
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316
(g) ?
(In order to farm one has to clear the forest, once the forest is cleared, one brings a plough in and ploughs the land).
(h)
(After the interrogation is compled, the police lets them go home.)
(i)
(The interrogation has been completed but the process is not over yet, there still are recordings that have to be made.)
(j)
(When the decoration of the house has been finished, she will invite friends over for a party.)
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CYCLE- 68 M-1
Work À»ñ©¸¼¡
Write the book ¢¼ ›´
Drive the car ¢ñ®ìö©
Build the house ÷¡À»õº
Cut the hair ªñ©°ö´
Watch the house ຽຐໄາÀ»õº
Type the letter ²ò´¹ñ¤¦õ
Who do you work for? ? ຽໄາÀ»ñ©¸¼¡Ã¹ûð?
Who do you write the book for?? ຽໄາ¢¼ ›´Ã¹ûð?
Who do you drive the car for? ? ຽໄາ¢ñ®ìö©Ã¹ûð?
Who do you build the house for?? ຽໄາ ÷¡À»õºÃ¹ûð?
Who did you cut the hair for? ? ຽໄາªññ©°ö´Ã¹ûð?
Who do you watch the house for? ? ຽໄາຽຐໄາÀ»õºÃ¹ûð?
Who do you type the letter for? ?ຽໄາ²ò´¹ñ¤¦õùûð?
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M-2
Go and get įÀºö¾
Send the letter ຘ ໃຄ¹ñ¤¦õ
Fix the car ÀÀ¯¤ìö©
Wash the car ìû¾¤ìö©
Cook £ö¸¡ò
Arrange the books ´û¼ ›´
I am going to get for him. ¢ûº¨ຆįÀºö¾Ã¹û쾸.
I will send the letter for him. ¢ûº¨ ຆຘ ໃຄ¹ñ¤¦õùû쾸.
I will fix the car for him. ¢ûº¨ຆÀÀ¯¤ìö©Ã¹û쾸.
I will wash the car for him. ¢ûº¨ຆìû¾¤ìö©Ã¹û쾸.
I will cook for him. ¢ûº¨ຆ£ö¸¡òùû쾸.
I will arrange the books for him. ¢ûº¨ຆ û¼ ›´Ã¹û쾸.
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319
M-3
Servant £öçû
Carpenter §ú¾¤Ä´û
Secretary À좾÷¡¾
Mechanic ¾¨§ú¾¤
Barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´
What is the servant ? £öçûຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Ã¹ûຽໄາ?
to do for you?
What is the carpenter ? §ú¾¤Ä û ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Ã¹ûຽໄາ?
going to do for you?
What is the secretary ຽຖຂາຌກາຌຆຽປຈນງຄເນໄຽໄາû? going to do for you? ?
What is the mechanic ? ¾¨§ú¾¤ຆÀ»ñ©¹ ñ¤ເນໄຽໄາû?
going to do for you?
What's the barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ຆ À»ñ©¹ ñ¤ເນໄຽໄາû? goingto do for you? ?
C-1
A. Who are you going to fix A. ? the
car for?
B. I will fix(the car) for him. B. C-2 A. Who will take it for you? A. ?
B. The servant will take it B. for me. C-3
A. What's the mechanic A.?
going to do for you?
B. He will fix the car for me. B.
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320
NOTES
1) in the construction VP + + NP indicates that the activity referred to in
VP is either done (a) for the benefit of, or (b) in place of the person (s) referred to in NP.
'He drives for me (in place of me).'
'He cuts my hair (for my benefit).'
has many other meanings but the most of them relate in some way to one or the other
of the two categories stated above . parallels English for in only a few instances.
2) indicates that some activity is carried out for the mutual benefit of the parties
participating in it.'They cook for each other.'
3) + NP may contrast with 'oneself' in use.
'I'll cook for him, because he can't cook
for himself.'
4) + VP is used to indicate that all the members of a group engage in
simultaneous and identical action.
'All the farmers flail rice stalks at the same
time.'
5) occurs in informal usage for 'they'.It is commonly used with
children.It may also be used for unidentified person.
is also used for 'they', but it is used only for persons of higher status.It also
means 'he, she'.
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321
APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) (He said he would like to come work for me.)
(b)
(My chauffeur will go drive for him two days.)
(c) (Students don't like to spend money on haircuts, so they cut each other's hair.)
(d)
(The secretary said she would finish typing the letter for me today.)
(e)
(I'll cook for her because she doesn't know how to cook herself.)
(f) (He doesn't know how to fix a car himself, so he will hire a mechanic to come fix it for him.)
(g)
(I don't know what the carpenter is going to do for me either.)
(h (I'll put these things in the car and go sell them for her.)
(i)
(The chiddren all pitch in and wash the car for me because they want me to take them to the zoo.)
(j)
(I'm not happy due to the fact that the barber cut my hair too short.)
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CYCLE-69
M-1
Work À»ñ©¡¾
Have a lot of money ´óÀ¤ò¹ì¾¨
Engage in sport ນໄຌ¡óì¾
Run ÀÀìú
See many cities À¹ñ¹ì¾¨À´õº¤
Listen to the song ³ñ¤À²¤
I want to work. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡À»ñ©¡¾.
I want to have a lot of money. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡´óÀ¤ò¹ì¾¨.
I want to engage in sports. ¢ûº¨µ¾ນໄຌ¡óì¾.
I want to run. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡ÀÀìú.
I want to see many cities. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡À¹ñ¹ì¾¨À õº¤.
I want to listen to the song. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡³ñ¤À²¤.
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M-2
Come to see (someone) ´¾¹¾
Stay with me µøúð¾¢ûº¨
Get married ÀÀªú¤¤¾
Concentrate on ຉ ໄຄ Ã¥
Stop smoking À§ö¾¦ø®µ¾
Begin working ຽຖໃ ຓÀ»ñ©¡¾
I want him to come to see me. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸´¾¹¾¢ûº¨.
I want him to stay with me. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸µøúð¾¢ûº¨.
I want him to get married. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸ÀÀªú¤¤¾.
I want him to concentrate ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸ຉ ໄຄÃ¥»¼.
on studying.
I want her to stop smoking. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸À§ö¾¦ø®µ¾.
I want him to begin working. ¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹û쾸ຽຖໃ ຓÀ»ñ©¡¾.
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M-3
Teacher ¾¨£ø
Government ìñ©«½®¾
Monk £ø®¾
Children À©ñ¡ûº¨
Your children ìø¡ຽໄາ
What does the teacher ¾¨£øµ¾¡ເນໄຽໄາÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
want you to do? ?
What does the government ìñ©«½®¾µ¾¡Ã¹ûຽໄາ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
want you do? ?
What does the monk want ຍາດາກເນໄຽໄາຽປຈນງຄ? you to do? ?
What do the children À©ñ¡ûº¨ µ¾¡ເນໄຽໄາຽປຈນງຄ?
want you to do? ?
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325
C-1 A. What do you want to do? A. ?
B. I want to hear the songs. B. C-2 A. What do you want me to do? A. ?
B. I want you to stay with him. B.
C-3.
A. What does the teacher A. ?
want you to do?
B. He want me to concentrate B. . on studying.
ໃຄຖະ¸ñ¤ µú¾ úº¨Ã¹Éñ¡»¼Ã§û£¿¸ú¾ "µ¾¡" µú¾¤°ò©ໆ²¾©ໆ. ¦ú¸´¾¡À¢ö¾ກ ñ¡ຽທໄາ ú¾: "¢ûº¨µ¾¡ì¾¸Ä¯ຉະ
ນາຈ." Áêꆥ½ຽທໄາ ú¾: "¢ûº¨µ¾¡Ã¹É 쾸įªì¾©."
NOTES
) VP means 'to want, would like (to do something)'.
'I would like to have lots of money.'
When the Suject of the sentence and the person performing the action are not the same
person, + VP is used.
'I want her to be a teacher.'
2) means 'simultaneously' or 'at the same time'.
'I don't think they will arrive simultaneously.'
3) ton 'oneself, itself, themselves' is used in place of or when the suject of
the sentence and the person (s) referred to later are the same person:
'All parents would like to have their children
concentrate on studying.'
(and ton refer to the same people.)
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APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide,
(a)
(She isn't 18 yet, but she would like to get a job.)
(b)
(He would like to engage in sports, but his health isn't good.)
(c) (If one person wants to walk and another wants to run, they may not arrive at the same time.)
(d)
(I would like to have him come see the growth and progress in the country.)
(e)
(Each individual parent would like to have his children concentrate on their studies.)
(f)
(I wish him well, so I would like to have him stop smoking.)
(g)
(Some parents want their daughters to get married so as to ease their concerns. [and to alleviate some of their responsibilities]) .
(h)
(I would like to have him continue staying with me due to he fact that he hasn't finished his studies yet.)
(i)
(The Governemt would like for the people to have a good standard of living.)
(j)
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(The monk told the novice to study hard to gain knowledge.)
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328
CYCLE- 70
M-1 Cook £ö¸¡ò
Shine shoes °ñ©À¡ó®
Wash dishes ìû¾¤«û¸¨§¾´
Type the letter ²ò´¹ñ¤¦õ
Watch the children À®…¤ìö¡
Watch the house À±í¾À»õº
I had/let her cook for Me
ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທ£ö¸¡òເນໄຂ ໄບງ
I had/let him shine my shoes for me.
ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທ°ñ©À¡ó®ເນໄຂ ໄບງ
I had/let her wash the dishes for me.
ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຖໄາຄຊໄທງຆາຓເນໄຂ ໄບງ
I had/let him type the letter for me.
ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຑຓໜຄຘເນໄຂ ໄບງ
I had/let her watch the children for me.
ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຽຍໃ ຄຽຈກຌໄບງເນໄຂ ໄບງ
I had/let him watch the house for me
ຂໄບງເນໄຖາທຽຐໄາຽປບຌເນໄຂ ໄບງ
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329
M-2 Drive a car ¢ñ®ìö©
Wash car ìû¾¤ìö©
Check ¡¸©
Draw ÀÀªû´
Pay ¥ú¾¨
Turn on the light Īûij
Turn off the light ´º©Ä³
Who will you let drive ຽໄາຆùûð¢ñ®ìö© ເນໄຽໄາ?
for you? ?
Who will you let wash the ຽໄາຆùûðìû¾¤ìö©ເນໄຽໄາ?
car for you? ?
Who will you let check it ຽໄາຆùû𡸩ເນໄຽໄາ?
for you? ?
Who will you let pay it ຽໄາຆùûð¥ú¾¨ເນໄຽໄາ?
for you? ?
Who will you let turn on ຽໄາຆùûðĪûijເນໄຽໄາ?
the light for you? ?
Who will you let turn off ຽໄາຆùû𴺩ijເນໄຽໄາ?
the light for you? ?
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330
C-1 A. What will he have you do A.
for him. ?
B. He will have me shine B. shoes for him. C-2 A. Who will they have look A. after their children for them? ?
B. Their neighbor. B.
C-3 A. What were you going to A.
have him do for you? ?
B. I was going to have him B.
type letters for me.
îô©š¡îÁ´úກາຌçû "ùÉ" ¦º¤ªÒ. ໃຄ²¾ñ¡»¼ຖໃ ຓ ¹ìõ긣õຽຍໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ ñ¹¨ï¤Á©úê†À¢ô¾ຽໄາ ñ¤®Òໃ ¹ìõ ñ¤
çûµú¾¤°ò©ໆ²¾©ໆ. «û¾¹¾¡ ñ¤ ó ¡ð ໃຄ²¾À¢ö¾ç§ûº´£õù úºó¡.
NOTES
1) frequently occurs twice in a sentence, once with the meaning ' on behafl of, for the
benefit of ' (benefactive meaning as in Cycle 68) and once with the meaning 'to have, let, cause (someone to do something)' (causative meaning as in Cycle 69):
'I had her cook for me.'
NP (benefactive) may be omited if it has the same referent as NP (Subject), as
in the example above and in this example :
'The teachers let him drive for them.'
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331
APPLICATION 1. Translate the following sentences into English and check your answers:
(a)
(b) ?
(c)
(d)
(e)
?
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
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CYCLE-71
M-1 Table ª½
Dictionary ñຈ¥ະ¾÷¡ö´
Cabinet ªøû
Light bulb ©º¡Ä³³û¾
Chain ¦¾¨Â¦û
Soap ¦½®ø
What is this table made of? ? ª½šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹ ï¤?
What is this dictionary made of? ທຈະ¾õ¡ô´¹ô¸šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹ ñ¤?
?
What is this cabinet made of? ? ªûöšÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹¨ï¤?
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333
M-2
Chain (jewelry) ¦¾¨¦ûº¨
Belt ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸
Window úº¤µû¼´
Tray ²¾«¾©
Scissors ´ó©ªñ©
Iron À¹ìñ¡
Wires ¦¾¨Ä³
Copper 꺤ÀÀ©¤
Plastic ¯ì¾©¦½ªò¡
Chemical ຽໃ ບຄÀ£ ó
This chain is made of gold. ¦¾¨¦ûº¨šÀ»ï©©û¸¨£î¾.
This belt is made of leather. ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸šÀ»ï©©û¸¨¹ï¤.
This window is made of úº¤µû¼´šÀ»ï©©û¸¨ÀÀ¡û¸.
glass.
These scissors are made ´ñ©ªï©šÀ»ï©©û¸¨À¹ìï¡.
of iron.
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334
M-3
Flag ê÷¤
Paper À¥Éຍ
Paper flag ê÷¤À¥Éງ
Rope À§õº¡
Nylon óຖຄ
Clothes ຽໃ ບຄ ú÷¤
Fur ¢ö¦ñ©
Bed ª¼¤
Wood Ä´û
A flag which is made of ê÷¤ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨À¥É¼ຽບໄຌ ú¾ ê÷¤À¥Éງ.
paper is called a paper flag.
A rope which is made of À§õº¡ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨óຖຄຽບໄຌ¸ú¾
nylon is called a nylon À§õº¡óຖຄ.
rope.
Clothes which are made ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨¢ö¦ñ©ຽບໄຌ¸ú¾
of fur are called fur clothing. ຽໃ ບຄ÷ú¤¢ö¦ñ©.
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335
M-4
Shoes À¡ó®
Rubber µ¾¤
Pot ໝ ໄ
Earth ©ò
Scarves °û¾ÀÀ²
Silk ແໝ
How do we call shoes À»ö¾ຽບໄຌÀ¡ó®ໃ ຽ»ñ©©û¸¨µ¾¤ ú¾
that are made of rubber? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call pots that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌໝ ໄ ໃ ຽ»ñ©©û¸¨©ò¸ú¾
are made of earth ware? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call scarves À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ °û¾ÀÀ²ໃ À»ñ©©û¸¨ແໝ¸ú¾
that are made of silk? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
C-1 A.What is this table made of? A.?
B. This table is made of metal (iron). B.
C-2
A. What do we call flag that A.
are made of paper? ?
B. We call them paper flags. B.
C-3
A.Silk rope is rope that is A.
made of wood, is that right? ?
C-4
A. What's a silk rope made of? A.?
B. Silk rope is rope made of silk. B.
ໃຄ«¾´ñ¡»¼ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ ºñéÀ»ñ©©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤? ຽປາຽບໄຌ´ñ¸ú¾ µú¾¤Ã©? 캤ùÉñ¡»¼ຽທໄາ ê¼®£÷½ ²¾®
¢º¤ªú¾¤ໆຽຍໃ ຄ©÷! ຽຆໃ ຌ: ª½Ä´û©ó¡ ú¾Âª½À¹ìñ¡®ð?
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336
NOTES
1) means ' to be made of '.The response to the question .......
'What is .... made of?' is some type of material, such as glass, paper, iron, etc..
Q: ? 'What is this cabinet made of?'
A 'This cabinet is made of wood.'
2) 'that, which, who ' functions as a Noun Phrase substitute and as a connective in
NP + + VP constructions: ' A flag (that is) made of paper'
3) .? (Lit.how do we call) 'What do we call ... ?' is used in
requesting the name of something
? 'What do we call shoes that are
made of rubber ?'
APPLICATION Complete the following senteces.
(a) _____________________
(Eye glasses are made of glass.)
(b) ___________________
(Tables are made of metal and wood.)
(c) ______________________
(Watches are made of silver.)
(d) ______________________________
(Cars are made of iron.)
(e) _______________________
(Car tires are made of rubber.)
(f) ____________
(Rope that is made of silk is called silk rope.)
(g) ______________
(Doors that are made of glass are called glass doors.
(h) ______________
(Baskets that are made of rattan are called rattan baskets.)
(i) __________
(Shoes that are made of leather are called leather shoes.)
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337
(j) _________
(Bags that are made of plastic are called plastic bags.)
2) Answer the following questions:
(a) ?
(What do we call a pot that is made of copper ?)
(b) ?
(What do we call rings that are made of gold ?)
(c) ?
(What do we call pens that are made of plastic ?)
(d) ?
(What do we call bags that are made of leather ?)
(e) ? (What do we call house that are made of bamboo ?)
(f) ?
(What do we call a chair that is made of rattan ?)
(g) ?
(What do we call a dish that is made of metal ?)
(h) ?
(What do we call socks that are made of cotton?)
(I) ?
(What do we call a blouse that is made of silk?)
(j) ?
(What do we call plates that are made of paper?)
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CYCLE-72 M-1 Write ¢¼
Cut ªñ©
Dig ¢÷©
Cross the river ¢û¾´ÀÀ úÕ
Travel À©ó꾤
What did he write with? ? 쾸ແຈໄ¢¼©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤?
What does he cut (it) with? ? 쾸ªñ©©û¸¨¹ ñ¤?
What did he cross the 쾸ແຈໄ¢û¾´ÀÀ úÕ©û¸¨¹¨ñ¤?
river with? ?
How did he travel? 쾸ແຈໄÀ©ó꾤©û¸¨¹ ñ¤?
?
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339
M-2 Cut ªñ©
Saw ຽຖໃ ບງ
Tie ´ñ©
Rattan ¹¸¾¨
Dig ¢÷©
Hoe ¥ö¡
Cross the river ¢û¾´ÀÀ úÕ
Airplanes ຽປບ®ò
Plow Ä«
Plow the rice field Ä«¾
Paddle the boat ²¾¨À»õº
Paddle Ä û²¾¨
They will cut with saws. À¢ö¾ຽໄາຆªñ© ©û¸¨ຽຖໃ ບງ.
They will dig with hoes. À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ຆ¢÷©©û¸¨¥ö¡.
They will travel with À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ຆÀ©ó꾤
airplanes. ©û¸¨ຽປບຌ®ò.
They plow the rice field À¢ö¾ຽໄາÄ«¾©û¸¨Ä«.
with plows.
They paddle the À¢ö¾ຽໄາ²¾¨À»õº©û¸¨Ä´û²¾¨.
boat with paddles.
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340
C-1
A. What will you write with? A.?
B. I will write with a pan. B.C-2 A.He will cut wood with a hoe, is that right? A.
? B. No, he will cut wood with a saw.
B.
ໃຄ¦ö´´÷© ñ¹¾Ã© ñ¹¾…¤¢› Áìû¸Ã¹Éñ¡»¼ຽທໄາ²¾¦¾ ®º¡ ðêñꆥ½Á¡ûÄ¢ ï¹¾ ໃ¦ö´´÷© ¢›Àຍໃ¤©÷! «û¾
¹¾¡ ú¾ ¡½ê¿ຘໃ¤Ã©ຘໃ¤…¤ ©û¸¨ òêóé¸òêó …¤ ®Ò¦¿ຽຖ©°ö À¢ö¾ຽໄາ£ò©¸ú¾ ¥½´ó꾤Á¡ûÄ¢Ä©É µú¾¤Ã©ºó¡Á©ú?
NOTES
1) VP NP (Instrument)is used to indicate what device or means is
used to perform some activity:
'They cut the wood with a saw.'
'They'll tie it up with rattan.'
APPLICATION 1. Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j) .
2. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
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341
(Some people eat with their hands.)
(b)
(I wrapped it with sheets of plastic.)
(c)
(He attached it with a paper clip.)
(d)
(He received the news by radio.)
(e)
(My old sister will return by train.)
(f)
(Chinese eat with chopsticks.)
(g) .
(They stir it with a spoon.)
(h)
(Wipe it off with a soft cloth.)
(i)
(Raise the car with a jack.)
(j)
(Pull it with a chain.)
(k)
(Tie it with a rope.)
(l)
(Clean it with a brush.)
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342
(m)
(Wash out your mouth with mouth wash.)
(n)
(Cook with gas.)
(o)
(Open it with a can opener.)
(p)
(His eyes were bound with a black cloth.)
(q)
(Paint it with yellow paint.)
(r)
(Dry the dishes with a cloth.)
(s)
(Polish it with a cloth.)
(t)
(Drive the nail with a hammer.)
(u)
(Track it by radar.)
(v)
(Run it on electrical current.)
(w)
(Work with patience.)
(x)
(Don't drive carelessly.)
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343
CYCLE-73
M-1 Make a fire ©ñ¤Ä³
Underlay »º¤
Place beneath »º¤
Sit ຌ ໃຄ
Drain ì½®¾¨
Water ຌ ໄາ
Survey, inspect ¦ð¾ì¸©
Look ຽຍໃ ຄ
Select Àìõº¡
Choose Àìõº¡
Fruit ¹´¾¡Ä û
Have one's meal ກຌຽຂໄາ
Wrap around ²ñ
Hand õ
What will you use ? ຽໄາຆçû¹¨ñ¤©ñ¤Ä³?
for making a fire?
What will you use to ? ຽໄາຆçû¹¨ñ¤ì½®¾¨ຌ ໄາ?
drain the water?
What will you use ? ຽໄາຆçû¹¨ñ¤¡òຽຂໄາ?
to eat with?
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M-2
Charcoal «ú¾
Binoculars ¡ûº¤¦úº¤
Children À©ñ¡ûº¨
Spoon ®ú¸¤
Fork ¦ûº´
Machine À£Úº¤¥ñ¡
Engine À£Úº¤¥ñ¡
Motor À£Úº¤¥ñ¡
Cloth °û¾
I'll use charcoal for making ¢ûº¨ຆçû«ú¾©ñ¤Ä³.
a fire.
I'll use a spoon and ¢ûº¨ຆçû®ú¸¤ກຍຘໄບຓ¡òຽຂໄາ
fork to eat with.
I'll use a machine for ¢ûº¨ຆເຆໄຽໃ ບຄ¥ñ¡ì½®¾¨Õ.
irrigating the water.
C-1 A.What will you use for building fire? A. ?
B. I'll use charcoal for a fire. B. C-2
A. What will you use paper for? A. ? B
I'll use paper to sit on. B.
ໃຄ«¾´ñ¡»¼¢º¤ ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷ ú¾ À¸ì¾À¢ö¾ຽໄາ¡½ê¿¸¼¡¤¾µú¾¤Ã©µú¾¤ …¤ «û¾ ú¾®Ò´ó¢º¤ çûÁ¸Ã©Á¸ …¤ À¢ö¾
ຽໄາ¥½Ãຆໄຘໃ ຄ©Áê? ຽຉບຌ¸ú¾ ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò´ó¦ûº´ ¹ìõ ®ú¸¤ À»ö¾¡ðªûº¤Ã§û´õ¡òຽຂໄາ ນ ຘໃ ຄº•ຌ Ã꿺¤š.
NOTES
'to use' + NP + VP may be used in a similar way to + NP, i.e. to indicate the
means or device used for accomplishing something.Compare the two sentences:
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(Lit. I use spoon fork to eat.)
I eat with a spoon and fork.'
kin 'I eat with a spoon and fork.'
may be used with persons as well as things, but should only be used by a person of
superior status to one of lower status.
'I have my child go shopping for me.'
(I use my child go buy things for.)
APPLICATION
1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(H)
(b)
(They used razors to shave their heads with.)
(c)
(He uses effort to work until he is successful.)
(d) ? .
(He is not clever since he has never used his head to advantage.)
(e)
(He uses money as a tool.)
(f)
(He didn't use a dictionary while translating the book.)
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(g)
(He uses a clean cloth to wrap his wounds with.)
(h) .
(I've never used dollars. I've only used kips.)
(i) (He doesn't use his car carefully so it's always out of repair.)
(j)
(He uses his servant for (to go) shopping.)
(k)
(He doesn't know how to use a camera so he didn't get any pictures.)
(l) ?
(He doesn't want to be a servant since he doesn't want to be used by others.)
(m)
(Use a map for laying plans.)
(n)
(Laotians used water buffaloes for plowing.)
(o) Parker.
(He uses a Parker pen.)
(p)
(He uses his eyesight to hypnotize.)
(q) ?
(This car can't be used since its motor is dead.)
(r) .
(Everybody likes to use things that are of good quality.)
(s)
(He doesn't know how to use it.)
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2) Translate the following sentences into English:
(a) ?
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) ?
(f)
(g)
(h) ?
(i)
(j)
.
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CYCLE- 74
M-1 Calendar ¯½ªòêò
Clock ´¤
Watch ´¤
Belt ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸
Gun õ
Army ¡º¤êñ®
Armed forces ¡º¤êñ®
Fire engine ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤
Ambulance ìö©Â»¤¹ ð
What's a calendar for? ¯½ªòêò óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
?
What is a watch for? ? ´¤ óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
What is a belt for? ? ¦¾¨ÀÀº¸ óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
What's an army for? ? ¡º¤êñ®´óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
What's a fire engine ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤ óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤?
for? ?
What's an ambulance ìö©Â»¤¹ ð´óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? for? ?
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M-2 Load on ®ñê÷¡
Transport ®ñê÷¡
Tell time ®º¡À¸ì¾
Fasten »ñ©
Date ¸ñêó
Defend ûº¤¡ñ
Put out fire ´º©Ä³
An ambulance is for ìö©Â»¤¹ ð óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®®ñê÷¡
transporting sick persons. £öÀ¥ñ®.
A clock is for telling time. ´¤ óÄ û¦ð¾ìñ®®º¡À¸ì¾.
A calendar is for giving ¯½ªòêò óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®®º¡¸ñêó.
the date.
An armed force is for ¡º¤êñ® óĸû¦ð¾ìñ® ûº¤¡ñ¯½Àê©.
defending the country.
A fire engine is for ìö©©ñ®À²ó¤ óĸû¦ð¾ìñ®´º©Ä³.
putting out fires.
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C-1
A. What's a gun for? A. ?
B. A gun's for shooting. B. C-2
A. What do we use an A. ambulance for? ?
B. We use an ambulance for B. transporting sick persons. C-3 A. Is it true that an army is A. for putting out fires? ?
B.No, an army is for B. defending a country.
ໃຄùûñ¡»¼ ຆໄÁ¥¤À«ò¤°ö¯ະÂນ¨© ¢º¤ຘໃ ຄ¢º¤Áªúì½µú¾¤ ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷! ºñé´óÄ û¦¿ìñ®¹¨ñ¤? ¹ìõ ´ó¯ະÂນ¨©
µú¾¤Ã©? Áªú¤Àìœ-º¤¯½¡º®¢›ºó¡ ©¨²ະ¨¾¨¾´ ùû´ï¡ú¼¸¢ûº¤¡ï®¸¼¡¤¾ê†Áêû¥ð¤ ¢º¤ñ¡»¼.
NOTES
' to be on hand for use as ' occurs in the construction:
NP + + VP
'A watch is for telling time.' The negative of this construction seldom occurs.It is
NP + + ....
....
' Shoes are not for .....'
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APPLICATION
1. Translate the following sentences into English.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) ?
(e) ?
(f) ?
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j) .
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CYCLE -75
M-1
In the past ÀÀªú¡úº
Previously ÀÀªú¡úº
In the past ຉໃກໄ
Previously ຉໃກໄ
Time ¨¾´
Period ¨¾´
When ຽຓ ໃບ
Before ¡úº
First ¡úº
Day œ
Night £õ Last night ´œ£óš
Finish ÀÀìû¸
Over ÀÀìû¸
Last ÀÀìû¸
Where were you previously? ? ÀÀªú¡úºຽໄາµúøæ?
Where were you previously? ? ຉໃກໄຽໄາດໃເຘ?
Where were you at the ¨¾´¢ûº¨®Ò¦½®¾¨ ຽໄາດໃເຘ?
time that I was sick? ?
Where were you two years ຽຓ ໃບ¦º¤¯ó¡úº ຽໄາດໃເຘ?
ago? ?
Where were you last night? ´œ£õຌໄ ຽໄາດໃເຘ?
?
Where were you last Monday? -´œ ñ¥ñÀÀìû¸ຌໄ ຽໄາດໃເຘ?
?
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M-2 Present ñ©¥÷®ñ
Nowadays ñ©¥÷®ñ
Stationed ¯½¥ð¾
Near ຓ ໃ
Close ຓ ໃ
Recently ຽຓ ໃບຓ ໃໂຌໄ Long time ©ö
Not long ago ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò©ôš
Pass ¡¾¨
Go past ¡¾¨
Last year ñ¡¾¨š
Now ©¼¸š
At the present ©¼¸š
Presently he is being sent ï©¥õ®ïš 쾸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄį¯½¥ð¾
to be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§.
Recently he was sent to ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò©ôš 쾸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄį¯½¥ð¾
be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§.
Not long ago he was sent ຽຓ ໃບ®Ò©ôš ຖາທຊກຘ ໃຄແຎ¯½¥ð¾
to be stationed at Pakse. µúø¯¾¡À§.
Last year he was sent to ñ¡¾¨š 쾸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄį¯½¥ð¾
be stationed at Pakse. µøú¯¾¡À§.
Now he is being sent to ©¼¸š 쾸«õ¡ຘ ໃຄį¯½¥ð¾
be stationed at Pakse. µøú¯¾¡À§.
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C-1 A.. Where is he stationed A. ? now?
B. Right now he is stationed B. at Pakse.
C-2 A. Where was he before? A. ?
B. Before he was in Laos. B. C-3
A. What was he doing there? A. ?
B. He was sent to be B. stationed there.
ໃຄùûñ¡»¼«¾´¡ñÀ«ò¤ຽຍໄບຄ¹ìñ¤¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽຍໃ ຄ©÷¸ú¾ À¸ì¾Ã© ຏໄéÀ»ñ©¹¨ñງ? ຢ æ? Áì½ ©ö ¯¾Ã©? ¹ìõ ú¾
´óÀ¹©¡¾ªú¾¤ໆÀ ñįÃ꿺¤Ã©ຌໃຄ? ªະຫ캩êñ¤¯½¦ö®¡¾ªú¾¤ໆ ¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽໄາ..
NOTES
1) The following list of time expressions is given for your convenience: (a) Days of the week in order:
(b) M
?
(c) 'today', 'yesterday', 'tomorrow',
'day after tomorrow', 'day before yesterday'.
(d)
tå_å kC_Cn
tå_å kI\i'previously', 'before', sC¦ CNpii kC_Cn' 2 years ago'.
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'the last week', 'recently'
'not long ago',
'last Tuesday',
'next Friday', 'last year'
diaw nI\i
pa|tcu|bannI\i'now', ',
pii na³a 'next year', na|j we|ela|a n\an 'at that time'.
(e) 'in June 1965',
'when I was living in ...', etc.
APPLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a) 1967
(In August 1967 I was living in Vientiane.)
(b)
(Last Thursday he went to visit his friend in the hospital.)
(c)
(I met his older sister when I was studying in Saigon.)
(d)
(H)
(e)
(Not long ago I went to Pakse by boat.)
(f) .
(Last year I still didn't how to take pictures.)
(g) ?
(Do you expect to build a house next month?)
(h)
(Last night he took them out on the town.)
(i) .
(Two weeks ago I didn't have any rice left.Now I have six bags.)
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(j)
(This contract was signed not long ago.)
(k) ?
(Was he still locked up last Tuesday?)
(l)
(Recently he paid off all his debts.)
(m) 1945.
(I left military service on September 19, 1945.)
(n)
(They were released last night at 10:30 p.m.)
(o)
(I was out of work last year.)
(p)
(At present he works at the American Embassy in Vientiane.)
(q)
(Her older brother died in July last year.)
(r) ?
(When I was a child, I like to study geography.)
(s)
(At that time I was still studying at the teacher training college.)
(t)
(The day before yesterday my mother came to visit us.)
(u)
(Every night I go to bed at 10:30 p.m.)
Answers: 1 (l) (m) (n)(o)(p)(q) (r)(s)(t) (u)(v)(w)(x) (y)
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(v) .
(I'll get to meet her in Chicago next December.)
(w)
(He was still asleep at 2:00 p.m.)
(x)
(Shops in Vientiane open at 9:00 a.m. every day.)
(y)
(I subscribe to a weekly newspaper.)
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CYCLE- 76 M-1
After ¹ìñ¤¥¾¡
Move û¾¨
Join ªÒ
Extend ªÒ
Next ªÒį
Later on (future) ªÒį
next, later on (past) ªÒ´¾
After that he will get to move ¹ì拉¾¡ì¾ທຆÄ©û û¾¨
out to the country side. ºº¡Ä¯µøú®û¾º¡.
After this he will get to move ¹ì拉¾¡šì¾¸ຆÄ©û û¾¨
out to the country side. ºº¡Ä¯µøú®û¾º¡.
Later on he got to move ªÒ´¾ì¾¸ຆÄ©û û¾¨ºº¡Ä¯
out to the country side. µøú®û¾º¡.
Then he will get to move ªÒįì¾ທ ຆÄ©û û¾¨ºº¡Ä¯
out to the country side. µøú®û¾º¡.
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M-2 From ÀÀªú
Since then ÀÀªú´¾
From now on ÀÀªúšÄ¯
Until ¥ö
Reach À«ò¤
Get to À«ò¤
Soon ເຌຓ ໃໂຌໄ
Future º½¾£ö©
Near áû
Fast ĸ
In the very near Ãĸໆš
From that time on, did he ÀÀªú´¾ 쾸ĩû û¾¨
get to move anywhere? ? įæ®ð?
From now on will he get ÀÀªúšÄ¯ 쾸ຆÄ©û û¾¨
to move anywhere? ? įæ®ð?
In the near future will he ú¾¾£ô©ºïáûš 쾸ຆ
get to move anywhere? Ä©û û¾¨Ä¯Ã¦®ð? ?
In the very near future Ãĸໆ šì¾¸ຆÄ©û û¾¨
will he get to move ? įæ®ð?
anywhere?
C-1 A. Later on did he get tomove anywhere? A. B. Yes, later on he got to B. move out to the country side.
C-2 A. He will be transferred very soon, is that right?
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A. ?
B. That's right, he will be B.
transferred very soon. A. Where will he be A. ? transferred to?
B. He will be transferred B. out and stationed in
the countryside.
¡¾±ò¡§ûº´ê†©ñµú¾¤ …¤ ¦¿ìï®®ô©»¼š ¡ð£õ ¡¾Áªú¤Àìœ -º¤¯½¡º® À²¾½ 󣿦ñ®¡ú¼¸¡ñ®À¸ì¾ ¹ì¾¨£¿. êú¾
¥½¦¾´¾©ຽຖໃ າÀìœ -º¤ ຉ ໄຄÁªúº½©ó©Ä¯¥öÀ«ò¤º½¾£ö©Ä©û µú¾¤®Ò´ó ñ¹¾Àìó¨.
NOTES
1) Certain types of time expressions can only be explained with reference to the 'present time'. On the diagram below 'present time' is represented by the line in the center of the page.
'past' 'present' 'future'
from now on' 'from now on'
'later on' 'then'
'after that' 'after this'
'soon'
'until now'
*
'in the near future'
*
'in the very near future'
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APPLICATION
1) Read the sentences below carefully and apply the time expression that fits the best. In some cases more than one answer is acceptable.
(a)
(b)
.
(c)
.
(d)
?
(e)
(f)
?
(g)
(h)
(i)
dieto be pregnant
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(j)
? ,
?
.
anxious, uneasy
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CYCLE-77
M-1
How much longer ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©
How many more years ºó¡¥ñ¡ ó
How much farther ºó¡Ä¡¯¾Ã©
How many more days ºó¡¥ñ¡´œ
How many more hours ºó¡¥ñ¡ຆ ໃທ´¤
How much longer will you ຽໄາຆµöúš ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©?
be here? ?
How many more years will ຽໄາຆÀ ñê½¹¾ ºó¡¥ñ¡ ó?
you be in the service? ?
How much farther will ຽໄາຆį ºó¡Ä¡¯¾Ã©?
you walk? ?
How many more days will you be ຽໄາຆºµøú»¤¹ ð ºó¡¥ñ¡´œ?
confined in the hospital? ?
How many more hours will ຽໄາຆÀ»ï©¸¼¡µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡ຆ ໃທ´¤?
you be working here? ?
How many more years ຽໄາຆº¾ແ¦µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡ ó?
will you live here? ?
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M-2
Two more weeks ºó¡¦º¤º¾êò©
About two or three days ºó¡¥ñ¡¦º¤-¦¾´´œ
About six or seven ºó¡¯½´¾¹ö¡ ນÀ¥ñ©À©õº
more months
Approximately ten ñ¡»¼ºó¡Ã쾸¦ò®£ö
more students
Between 15 to 20 books Ãì½¹¸ú¾¤¦ò®¹û¾¹¾
§¾¸¹ö¸
I will study Lao language ¢ûº¨ຆ»¼²¾¦¾ì¾¸ºó¡
for two more weeks. ¦º¤º¾êò©.
I will stay here for about ¢ûº¨ຆ²ï¡µöúš ºó¡¥ñ¡¦º¤-¦¾´ œ.
two or three more days.
I will be working here for ¢ûº¨ຆÀ»ï©¡¾µöúš ºó¡¯½´¾
about six or seven more ¹ö¡-À¥ñ©À©õº.
months.
I will have approximately ¢ûº¨ ຆ óñ¡»¼ ºó¡Ã쾸¦ò®
ten more students. £ö.
I will be able to buy ¢ûº¨ຆ§œ ›´Ä©ûºó¡ Ãì½¹ ú¾¤
between 15 to 20 more ¦ò®¹û¾¹¾§¾¸¹ö¸.
books.
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M-3 Leave the military ºº¡¥¾¡ê½¹¾
Receive salary Ä©û»ñ®À¤òÀ©õº
Arrive (here) ´¾»º©
Study »¼
Complete ¦ð¾Àìñ©
Join the military ຽຂໄາÀ ñê½¹¾
Leave ¥¾¡Ä¯
Go away ¥¾¡Ä¯
How much longer before ñ¤ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã© 쾸¥…¤ຆ ແຈໄ
he gets to leave the ºº¡¥¾¡ê½¹¾?
service? ?
How many more weeks ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡º¾êò© 쾸¥…¤ຆແຈໄ
before he gets his salary? ? »ñ®À¤òÀ©õº?
About how many more ñ¤ºó¡¯½´¾¥ñ¡ຆ ໃທ´¤
hours before he arrives? 쾸¥…¤ຆ ¾»º©? ?
Approximately how many ñ¤ºó¡Ã쾸¥ñ¡ ó 쾸¥…¤ຆ
more years before he finishes »¼¦ð¾Àìñ©?
his studies? ?
How many more month ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡À©õº 쾸¥…ຄຆຽຂໄາ
before he joins the À ñê½¹¾?
service? ?
How many more minutes ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡¾êó 쾸¥…¤ຆ¥¾¡
before he leaves you? ? ຽໄາį?
How many more days before ñ¤ºó¡¥ñ¡ຓໄ 쾸¥…¤ຆ ÀÀ¯¤
he finishes fixing cars? ? ìö©ÀÀìû¸?
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M-4 Four ຘໃ
Hour ຆ ໃທ´¤
Not a very long time ®Ò©ö¯¾Ã©
Not many hours ®Ò¹ì¾¨ຆ ໃທ´¤
Four or five days ຘໃ-¹û¾´œ
Less than a month ®ÒÀ«ò¤À©õº
Not more than three weeks ®ÒÀ¡ó¦¾´º¾êò©
Exactly half an hour ຽໃ ຄຆ ໃທ´¤²ð©ó
In about four more hours. ñ¤ºó¡¯½´¾ຘໃ ຆ ໃທ´¤.
In not much longer. ñ¤ºó¡®Ò©ö¯¾Ã©.
In not many more hours. ñ¤ºó¡®Ò¹ì¾¨ຆ ໃທ´¤.
In four or five days ñ¤ºó¡ຘໃ -¹û¾ œ.
In less than a month. ñ¤ºó¡®ÒÀ«ò¤À©õº.
In not more than three weeks. ñ¤ºó¡®ÒÀ¡ó¦¾´º¾êò©.
In exactly half an hour. ñ¤ºó¡ຽໃ ຄຆ ໃທ´¤²ð©ó.
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C-1 A. How much longer will you A.
studying the Lao language? ?
B. I'll be studying Lao for thirty B. more weeks.
C-2
A. About how many more year A. will you be in the service? ?
B. I'll be in the service for about B. two more years.
C-3
A. Approximately how many A.
more hours will you walk? ?
B. I'll walk for approximately B. two more hours. C-4 A. How many more weeks A. will you be with her? ? B. I'll be with her about two or B. three more weeks. C-5 A. How many more hours A.
before he arrives? ?
B. In not many more hours. B. C-6
A. How much longer before he A. gets his salary? ?
B. In not more than two weeks. B.
C-7
A. How many more month before A. he gets out of the service? ? B. In less than a month. B. C-8
A. How much longer before A. he arrives [there]? ?
B. In one and a half more hours. B.
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£¿¸ú¾" ñ¤"š ñ¡»¼¡ðÀ£ó¨Ä©û»¼´¾¡úºÁìû¸, óÁªú "ºó¡" Àê‣¾ê†À¢ô¾ຽໄາªûº¤¹ñ©Ã§û. ໃຄùû ñ¡»¼ «¾´
¡ñຽຍໃ ຄ¸ú¾ ñ¤ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©Ã° ຆÀ»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ¹ìõ ñ¤ºó¡©ö¯¾Ã©¥½´óÀ¹©¡¾ µú¾¤Ã©µú¾¤…¤À¡ó©¢›? Áì½
ªÒįÀ©?
NOTES
1) means 'to be more, additional'.When it is followed by Time Expressions, it
refers to a period of time beginning at the present and continuing.The focus is on the amount of time involved.
'I will be a soldier for six more years.'
2) + Time Expressions also refers to a period of time beginning at the present
time and continuing, but the focus is on an event which will take place after a certain period of time.
'In six more years I'll get out of the service.'
+ Time Expression at the beginning of the sentences; whereas, + Time
Expression comes at the end.
APPLICACTION
1. Fill in the blanks below using the English as a guide:
(a)
(How many more minutes will she stand there?
(b)
(I'll teach at this school for approximately 3 more years.)
(c)
(How much longer will she have to type?)
(d)
(In about 2 more days he will be out of bread.)
(e)
(How much longer will she be asleep?)
(f)
(It will not be more than three weeks before he recovers.)
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(g)
(I will not wait here many minutes more.)
(h)
(In less than six hours more I'll go home.)
(i)
(In about 10 minutes more he'll be out of work.)
(j)
(In 5 or 6 more days the book will be finished.)
(k) ?
(How many more weeks before he gets drafted into the army?)
(l) ?
(How much longer do you plan to stay here?)
(m)
(In less than half a day I will have the opportunity to meet him.)
(n)
(It will not be very many more years before I retire.)
(o) ?
(How many more weeks will you go to attend the conference abroad.)
(p)
(It will not be many more hours before I can go to bed.)
(q)
(How many more books will you buy?)
(r)
(How much more time do we have to study?) 2) Cover the Lao and see if you can translate the English back into Lao.
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370
CYCLE- 78
M-1 Normally ª¾´êð¾´½©¾
Mainly ¦ú¸´¾¡
Sometimes 쾤ຽໃ ບ
Some days 쾤 œ
Generally ©¨ໃທįÀÀìû¸
In particular ©¨¦½À²¾½
Sometimes ®¾¤À¸ì¾
What kind of food do they ª¾´êð¾´½©¾ ¢ະຽໄາ ñ¡¡ò
normally like to eat? ? º¾¹¾ÀÀ¸Ã©?
What kind of food do they ¦ú¸´¾¡ ¢ະຽໄາ´ñ¡¡ò º¾¹¾
mainly like eat? ? ÀÀ¸Ã©?
What kind of food do they ©¨ໃທįÀÀìû¸ ¢ະຽໄາ´ñ¡¡ò
ike to eat generally? ? º¾¹¾ÀÀ¸Ã©?
What kind of food do they ©¨¦½À²¾½ÀÀìû¸ ¢ະຽໄາ´ñ¡
like to eat in particular? ? ¡òº¾¹¾ÀÀ¸Ã©?
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M-2 Spicy food º¾¹¾À°ñ©
Salty food º¾¹¾À£ñ´
Sweets ¢º¤¹¸¾
Sour food º¾¹¾ຘ ໄຓ
Bland food º¾¹¾¥õ©
Native food º¾¹¾ຑໄຌÀ õº¤
Exotic food º¾¹¾ªú¾¤¯½Àê©
They normally like to eat ª¾´êð¾´½©¾ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ´ñ¡¡ò
spicy food. º¾¹¾À°ñ©.
They mainly like eat salty ¦ú¸´¾¡ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ´ñ¡¡ò º¾¹¾À£ñ´.
food.
Sometimes they like to 쾤ຽໃ ບ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ´ñ¡¡ò¢º¤¹¸¾.
have sweets.
Some days they like eat 쾤ຓໄ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ´ñ¡¡ò º¾¹¾ຘ ໄຓ
sour food.
Generally they like bland ©¨êö¸Ä¯ÀÀìû¸À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ñ¡ ¡ò
food. º¾¹¾¥õ©.
Particularly they like to ©¨¦½À²¾½ÀÀìû¸ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ñ¡
eat native food. ¡òº¾¹¾ຑໄຌÀ õº¤.
Sometimes they like to ®¾¤À¸ì¾ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ ñ¡¡ò
eat exotic food. º¾¹¾ªú¾¤¯½Àê©.
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C-1
A. Normally what kind of A. food do you like to eat? ?
B. Normally I like spicy food B. C-2
A. What kind of food will you have? A. ?
B. I will have Japanese food. B.
A. The Japanese food is bland isn't it? A. ?
B. That's right, normally the Japanese B. like to eat bland food.
¢¼Àìœ -º¤¯½¡º®¢›ºó¡ ©¨®ñ쨾¨À«ò¤ò¦ñ¨ ¢º¤®õ¡£ôꆦô´ õ©¢›ຏໄ…¤ ú¾ 쾤ຽໃ ບ쾸 ñ¡À»ñ© ¹ ñ¤? Áì½
®¾¤À¸ì¾º•ºó¡À©? ຈ ໃຄ¤šªÒໆį. ©¼¸šï¡»¼¢º¤êú¾¡î£¸¥½ຽທໄາ²¾¦¾ 쾸ĩû ¹ì¾¨Àªó®Áìû¸. ¦½,
êú¾¥ö¤§¸À¢ö¾ຽໄາຖຓÀìœ -º¤ªú¾¤ໆ ê†À¡ñ©ຂໄ¯½¥¿¸ñ ©¨ ùûÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ 󺡾©Ä©ûຽທໄາ¹ì¾¨ê†¦õ©. ê駱¡î
À²າະùûÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາÀ¡ó©£¸¾´À£ó¨§ò ᾦ½Á©¤ຈຘະ½¢º¤ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ À ñ²¾¦¾ì¾¸. ªÒįÀ¢ö¾ ຽໄາ¡ð¥½
£úº¨ໆ 󣸾´À§•-ໝໄຌເªöÀº¤ ¹ì¾¨ງໃ ຄໂ¢›.
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373
APPLICATION
1. Fill in the blanks using the English as a guide:
(a)
(Normally I don't get up until 10 o'clock.)
(b)
(Sometimes she stays up late watching TV.)
(c)
(My wife dislikes dogs in particular.)
(d)
(Some days in Winter it rains all day.)
(e)
(Most farmers use water buffaloes for plowing rice fields.)
(f)
(I usually eat lunch by myself.)
(g)
(Normally I work on Saturday.)
(h) ?
(They mainly eat fish and sea food.)
(i)
(Normally he speaks English.)
(j)
(Sometimes I have to wait 2 hours for her to come home.)
(k)
(She generally comes 20 to 30 minutes late.)
(l)
(I like dessert in particular.)
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CYCLE- 79
M-1 Must ¥½ªûº¤
Ought to £¸¥½
Might º¾©¥½
Be likely £õຆ
It will be necessary ¥ð¾À ñªûº¤
Probably £ö¤¥½
If he is going, he must «û¾¸ú¾ì¾ທຆį 쾸¥½ªûº¤
choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, he ought «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ຆį 쾸£¸¥½
to choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, he might «û¾¸ú¾ì¾ທຆį 쾸º¾©¥½
choose a guide. Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, he will be «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆį 쾸£õຆ Àìõº¡
likely to choose a guide. Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤.
If he is going, it will «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆį 쾸¥ð¾À ñ
be necessary for him to ªûº¤Àìõº¡Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤. choose a guide.
If he is going, he will «û¾¸ú¾ì¾¸ ຆį 쾸£ö¤¥½
probably choose a guide. Àìõº¡ Àºö¾¾¨ê¾¤.
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M-2
Be fired «õ¡Äìúºº¡
Appoint ÀÀªú¤ຉ ໄຄ
Chief ¹ö¸¹û¾ Boss ¾¨
Chosen to be the chairman «õ¡Àìõº¡¢›À ñ¯½ê¾
Decide to let you stay ªñ©¦òåùûÀຽໄາµøú
Consent to letting you take leave À¹ñ©óùûຽໄາì¾²ñ¡
Issue an order to arrest him ºº¡£ð¾ຘ ໃຄùû¥ñ®ì¾¸
Agree to free them ªö¡ìö¤Ã¥Ã¹û¯úº¨À¢ö¾ຽໄາ
Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆį쾸º¾©¥½
be fired. «õ¡Äìúºº¡.
Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆį쾸º¾©¥½
be appointed to be a chief. «õ¡ÀÀªú¤ຉ ໄຄÀ ñ¹ö¸¹û¾.
Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆį쾸º¾©¥½
be chosen to be the «õ¡Àìõº¡¢›À ñ¯½ê¾.
chairman.
Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆį쾸º¾©¥½
decide to let you stay. ªñ©¦òåùûຽໄາµúø.
Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆį쾸º¾©¥½
consent to letting youtake leave. À¹ñ©óùûຽໄາì¾²ñ¡.
Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆį쾸º¾©¥½
issue an order to arrest him. ºº¡£ð¾ຘ ໃຄùû¥ñ®ì¾¸.
Before he goes, he might ¡úºì¾¸ ຆį쾸º¾©¥½
agree to free them. ªö¡ìö¤Ã¥Ã¹û¯úº¨À¢ö¾ຽໄາ
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C-1 A. What is he going to do before he goes? A. ?
B. He will choose a guide. B.
C-2 A. Might he do something A.
before he goes? (is it probable) ?
B. Before he goes, he might B. decide to free them. C-3 A. Before he goes, will it be A. necessary for him to let
you take leave? ? B. Yes, before he goes, it is B. necessary for him to let me take leave.
鷺ñ¡®ÒÀê‣¾Ã©®ô©»¼ ›´¹ô¸š¡î¥½¥ô®Áìû¸. ¦½ຈ ງໝ ນ²¾ñ¡»¼ ມ´£õÀìÛ¨ໆ. Áì½ «û¾À¹ñ ú¾ À¢ö¾
Àຈ າ ñ¤ºúºນªºÃ© ¡ðຈ ງ²¾À¢ö¾À¥í¾±ô¡§ûº´ºó¡. Àມ ອ´ó¡¾¦öê½¾¡ñ êú¾¡ðº¾©¥½¥¿À ñªûº¤Ã§û £¿
ù úÀ ñ®¾¤£¿. Áªú¡¾Ã¹û£¿Ã¹ úÁ¡úñ¡»¼¹ì¾¨À¡óį º¾©¥½À»ñ©Ã¹ûñ¡»¼À¡ó©£¸¾´ທ «º¨¡ðÄ©û.
NOTES
1) Words which occur in the position between NO (Subject) and MV are called 'preverbs'.
One of the most important groups of preverbs are the 'modals':
. Each of these words is used
in a wide range of situations, and there is some overlap in their usage in Lao. It is, therefore, difficult to indicate their meaning briefly.The following description is meant as a general guide only.The only good way to learn how to use them is to observe the situations in which Lao speakers use each them and to imitate their usage.
(a) () 'm, have to'. The situation requires it.
'We have to pay our electric bill.'
(b) 'should, ought to'. Social or normal obligation or expectation.
'You shouldn't eat too much.
(c) 'may, might'. 'Likelihood, expectation, possibility.'
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'He may be very ill.'
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(d) 'may, might'. Similar to
'It may be so.'
(e) 'it is likely'. Probability.
'It is likely that he doesn't know.'
APPLICATION
1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
?
(She probably won't sell out her goods, since there aren't very many people going to the
market today.)
(b) ?
(They don't have a car and there are no cars on this road.They must necessarily walk.)
(c) ?
(He may come since he will have finished his work today.)
(d)
(Maintaining good health is the thing we must do.)
(e)
b
(It's two hours past the time now.He must not be coming at all.)
(f)
(He has to pay the rent on his house at the beginning of each month.)
(g)
(He will have to go pick up his wife before going to eat.)
(h)
(If you apologize to him, he may forgive you.)
(i)
He's been going for 4 hours already.He must have arrived by now.)
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379
(j) my
(If (we) know it's not good, we shouldn't do it.)
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380
(k) ?
(He may not eat since the food is very hot (peppery).)
(l)
(Children should listen to the advice of their parents.)
(m)
During the times when he is out of work, he must seek money by any means or other.)
(n)
?
(He may die since the doctor doesn't have any medicine to cure him.)
(o)
?
(He will have to go buy food at the market because he doesn't have any food.)
(p)
(When he has money, he should save it for time of need.)
(q)
Now he is very poor.He has to beg for food.)
(r)
(There's not much gas in the car, we may not get there.)
(s)
?
(I think he may not be able to go at all because he has a lot of work.)
(t)
(They are very much in love.I think they should be very happy after they get married.)
(u)
Answers: 1
(k)?(l)(m)(n)?(o)(p) (q)(r)(s) (t)?(u) (v)(w)?are practically interchangeable and
?
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381
(I heard she has been wanting to go to the movies for a long time, if you ask her, she may
go.)
(v)
?
(He will have to go look for them because he needs them.)
(w)
(Parents should train their children so that when they grow up they'll be good people.)
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382
CYCLE- 80 M-1 Laos À õº¤ì¾¸
See À¹ñ
Animal ¦ñ©
Strange ¯½¹ì¾©
Taste §ó´
Meat ຆໄຌ
Flesh ຆໄຌ
Water buffalo £¸¾¨
Newspaper ¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Criticize ªòª¼
Compliment ûº¤
Drafted «õ¡À¡
Have you ever been to Laos? ຽໄາ À£ó¨Ä©ûįÀ õº¤ì¾¸®ð?
?
Have you ever seen a ? ຽໄາÀ£ó¨À¹ñ¦ñ©¯½¹ì¾©®ð?
strange animal?
Have you ever tasted ຽໄາÀ£ó¨§ó´ຆໄຌ£¸¾¨®ð?
water buffalo meat? ?
Have you ever read the ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©ûºú¾¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Xat Lao Newspaper? ? §¾©ì¾¸®ð?
Have you ever beencriticized? ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡ªòª¼®ð? ?
Have you ever been ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡À¢ö¾ຽໄາ
complimented by them? ? ûº¤¨ð®ð?
Have you ever been drafted? ຽໄາÀ£ó¨Ä©û«õ¡À¡À ñ ? ê½¹¾®ð?
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M-2
Yes. (I have .. . .) À£ó¨.
No. (I have never . ) ®Ò, ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨.
M-3 Have been to Laos Ä©ûįÀ õº¤ì¾¸
Experiment êö©ìº¤
Yes, I have been to Laos À£ó¨, ¢ûº¨À£ó¨Ä©ûįÀ õº¤ì¾¸
many times already. ¹ì¾¨ຽໃ ບÀÀìû¸.
Yes, I have experimented À£ó¨, ¢ûº¨À£ó¨ແຈໄ êö©ìº¤
many times already. ¹ì¾¨ຽໃ ບÀÀìû¸.
M-4 Use this kind çûÀÀ¸š
Smoke ¦ø®
Opium µ¾ຐໃ ຌ
Think £ò©
Get married ÀÀªú¤¤¾
No, I have never used this ®Ò, ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨Ä©ûçû
kind at all. ÀÀ¸š¥ï¡ຽໃ ບ
No, I have never smoked ®Ò, ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨Ä©û¦ø®
opium at all. µ¾ຐໃ ຌ¥ñ¡ຽໃ ບ
No, I have never thought ®Ò, ¢ûº¨ ñ¤®ÒÀ£ó¨£ò©¥½
of getting married at all. ÀÀªú¤¤¾¥ñ¡ຽໃ ບ
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C-1 A. Have you ever been criticized? A. ?
B. Yes. B. C-2 A. Has he ever been to Laos? A. ? B. No. B. C-3 A. Have you ever read the Sat A. Lao Newspaper? ? B. Yes, I have read the Sat B. Lao
Newspaper two or three times
already. C-4 A. Have you ever been A. arrested by the police? ?
B No, I have never been B.
arrested by the police.
îô©š¡î´ñÁªúùû«¾´ï¡»¼Àບ ງ ¡ú¼¸¡ñ®¡¾Ã§û£¿¸ú¾ " À£ó¨ ". À¢ö¾Àຈ າÀ£ó¨ ¹ìõ ®ÒÀ£ó¨À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤Á©ú?
NOTES
1) + VP is used to indicate that someone has experienced something.
'I have been to Laos.'
? 'Have you ever had a cold?'
2) + VP corresponds roughly to the passive in English. It occurs only with a very
limited numbers of verbs, most of which have unpleasant connotations.
?? 'Were you criticized?'
If an Agent is indicated, it occurs after before VP:
(He was by a policeman arrested)
'He was arrested by the policeman.' 3) The two constructions above frequently occur together:
? 'Have you ever been locked up?'
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APPLICATION 1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide:
(a)
(I have never seen that man before in my life.)
(b) ?
(Were you ever arrested by the police?)
(c)
(My younger sister was bitten 3 times by a dog.)
(d)
(Her oldest son was killed in the war.)
(e)
(They have never lived in Luang Prabang.)
(f) .
(Last year she had the flu 2 times.)
(g)
(He has never been out of a job.)
(h) ? .
(Have you ever been to war? Not yet.)
(i) ?
(Were you drafted? Yes, I was.)
(j) ? .
(Have you read today's newspaper? Yes, 2 or 3 times.)
(k)
(He has never been completely out of debt.)
(l)
(I have never learned how to repair cars.)
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386
CYCLE- 81 M-1 Go with me įð¾¢ûº¨
Have ´ó
Money À¤ò
Respect ñ®«õ
Religion ¦¾¦¾
Buddhism ¦¾¦¾²÷©
Believe in Buddhism ñ®«õ¦¾¦¾²÷©
Exchange for ÀÀì¡ (Àºö¾)
Follow ªò©ª¾´
Keep up ªò©ª¾´
News ¢ú¾¸
Represent ª¾¤¹û¾
Representative ຜ ª¾¤¹û¾
Volunteer º¾¦¾¦´ñ¡
Is there anybody going with me? ´óðຆįð¾¢ûº¨®ð?
?
Is there anybody who has money?? ´óð´óÀ¤ò®ð?
Is there anyone that believes in ´óðñ®«õ¦¾ດ¦ະຫ¾²÷©®ð?
Buddhism? ?
Is there anybody who wants to ´ó𵾡ÀÀì¡Àºö¾
exchange (other money) ? À¤ò©쾮ð?
for dollars?
Is there anybody who wants ´ñ𵾡ªð©ª¾´¢ú¾¸š®î?
to keep up with the news? ?
Is there anybody who wants ´ó𵾡À ñຜ ª¾¤¹û¾
to be our representative? ? ²¸¡À»ö¾®ð?
Is there anybody who ó𵾡º¾¦¾¦ະຫ´ñ¡®ð?
wants volunteer? ?
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387
M-2 Help §úº¨À¹ìõº
Assist §úº¨À¹ìõº
Guarantee ¯½¡ñ
Safety £¸¾´¯º©Ä²
Report 쾨¤¾
Lay out a plan ¸¾¤ÀÀ°¡¾
Supervise £¸®£÷´
Give them advice ùû£ð¾ÀÀ½ð¾
Yes, we will go help them. ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆį§úº¨À¹ìõºÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ
Yes, we will guarantee ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆ ½¡ñ£¸¾´¯º©Ä²
their safety. ¢º¤À¢ö¾ຽໄາ
Yes, we will make reports ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ຆÀ»ñ©ì¾¨¤¾Ã¹ûຽຑໃ ຌ.
to him.
Yes, we will lay out the ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ຆÀ ñຜ ¸¾¤ÀÀ°¡¾.
plan.
Yes, we will supervise ´ó, ²¸¡À»ö¾ ຆ£¸®£÷´À¢ö¾ຽໄາ
them.
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388
M-3
There is no one to go help ®Ò´óð ຆį§úº¨À¹ìõº úÀ¢ö¾ຽໄາ
them.
There is no one to ®Ò´óð ຆ ½¡ñ£¸¾´¯º©Ä²
guarantee their safety. ¢º¤ À¢ö¾ຽໄາ
There is no one to make ®Ò´óðÀ»ñ©ì¾¨¤¾Ã¹ຽຑໃ ຌ.
reports to them.
There is no one to give ®Ò´óðùû£ð¾ÀÀ½ð¾ÀÀ¡ú À¢ö¾ຽໄາ
advice to them.
C-1 A. Is there anybody that is going to help A.?
him?
B. Yes, I will go help him. B.C-2 A. Is there anybody who wants to A.
? keep up with this news?
B. Yes, she wants to keep up B.
with this news.
A. Is there anybody who A.? who
wants to volunteer?
B. No, nobody does. B.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
389
NOTES
1) The verb may have Sentence Complements when it occurs without NP (Subject).
S
(NP) VP (Q)
V S
NP VP
VP NP
mI|i pha¦ j mI|i NÌ|n (bCC) 'There is someone (who) has money.'
The indefinite pronoun 'someone, anyone' (as contrasted with question word 'who') can not occur as NP (Subject) except in included sentences.
APPLICATION
1. Translate the following sentences into English:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
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390
?
(h) ?
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391
CYCLE - 82 M-1 Oil ນ າ´ñ
Get from Ä©û´¾¥¾¡
Pig ¹´ø
Water ນ າ
Come outof ºº¡´¾¥¾¡
Eyes ª¾
Envoy êø©
Military ê½¹¾
Crab ¡½¯ø
Live º¾ແ¦
Sea ê½Àì
Fish ¯¾
Fresh water ນ າ¥õ©
How do we call liquid that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ ໄາໃºº¡´¾¥¾¡
comes out of the eyes? ? ª¾ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call an envoy À»ö¾ຽບໄຌêø©ໃ À ñê½¹¾
who is in the military service? ? ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
continued...
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392
M-1 Continued
What do we call crabs À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ¡½¯ໃ øº¾ແ¦µøúÃ
that live in the sea? ? ê½Àì ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
What do we call fish that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຎາໃº¾ແ¦µøúÃ
ive in fresh water? ? Õ¥õ© ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
M-2 Lard ຌ ໄາ´ñ¹ ø
Orange juice ຌ ໄາ¹´¾¡¡û¼¤
Honey ຌ ໄາຽຏໄຄ
Tears ຌ ໄາª¾
Military attache êø©ê½¹¾
Sea crabs ¡½¯øê½Àì
Fresh water fish ¯¾ຌ ໄາ¥õ©
We call the liquid that À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຌ ໄາໃºº¡´¾
comes out of the eyes, ¥¾¡ª¾¸ú¾ ຌ ໄາª¾.
tears.
We call an envoy who is À»ö¾ຽບໄຌêø©ໃ À ñê½¹¾
in the military service, ú¾ êø©ê½¹¾.
a military attache.
continued...
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393
M-2 Continued
We call fish that live in À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ¯¾ໃ º¾ແ¦ດໃ fresh-water, fresh-water ຌ ໄາ¥õ©¸ú¾ ¯¾ຌ ໄາ¥õ©.
fish.
C-1
A. What is fresh-water fish? A. ?
B. Fresh-water fish are fish B.
that live in fresh-water.
îô©»¼®ô©š ∑ ®ö©ªÒໆį ñ¡»¼¡ð óÁªú¥½±ô¡¹ñ©¡ú¼ທ¡ñ® §º¡ຽຂໄາÃ¥ ¹´¾¨¢º¤£¿¹ìõທໃາ ¯½¡º®
£¿ªú¾¤ໆ ∑²¾¦¾ ï¤ ñºñ¡¹ì¾¨¸ðêñ¡ ú¾š Ë ໃຄ£ò©Àºö¾´¾¦ºÀ¢ö¾çªÚ´Àຍໃ¤©÷!
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CYCLE- 83
M-1
Shy º¾¨
Lazy ¢š£û¾
Afraid µû¾
Lie ªö¸½
Steal ìñ¡
Cheat ¡¤
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öທ º¾¨µøúຽຖໄບງໆ
who is always shy? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຌໃ¢š£û¾µöúຽຖໄບງໆ
who is always lazy? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃµû¾µøúຽຖໄບງໆ
who is always afraid? ? ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ຉທະµøúຽຖໄບງໆ
who's given to lying? ? ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃìñ¡µøúຽຖໄບງໆ
who's given to stealing? ? ¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
395
M-2
Forgetful ìõ´
Grumble ແ®ú
Stingy ¢š«†
Brag £÷¨
Drunk À ö¾
Cry Ĺû
We call a person who's À»ö¾ຽບໄຌຌໃ ຖຓ µøúຽຖໄບງໂ
given to forgetting, a ¸ú¾ £ô¢šìó´. forgetful person.
We call a person who's À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ¢š«†µöúຽຖໄບງໆ
given to stinginess, a ú¾ £ô¢š«†.
stingy person.
We call a person who is À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ À´ö¾ຽຖໄບງໆ
always drunk, a drunkard. ú¾ £ô¢šÀ´ô¾.
We call a person who's À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ເນໄດໃຽຖໄບງໆ
given to crying, a cry baby. ú¾ £ô¢šÄ¹û.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
396
M-3 Jailbird £ô¢š£÷¡
Cardshark £ô¢šÄ²û
Opium addict £ô¢šµ¾
Sickly person £ô¢š²½¨¾©
Leper £ô¢šêö©
Alcoholic £ö¢šຽນໄາ
What's a jailbird? ? £ô¢š£õ¡ ÀÀ ú£öÀÀ¸Ã©?
What's a opium addict?? £ô¢šµ¾ ÀÀ ú£öÀÀ¸Ã©?
What's a sickly person? £ö¢š²½¨¾© ÀÀ ú£ö
? ÀÀ¸Ã©?
What's an alcoholic? ? £ô¢šຽນໄາ ÀÀ ú£öÀÀ¸Ã©?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
397
M-4
In and out of jail, (to be) ªò©£÷¡µøú¦ະຽໝ
Play cards ນໄຌIJû
Gambling ¡¾²½ñ
Addicted to opium ªò©µ¾ຐໃ ຌ
Drink to excess ຈໃຓຽນ ໄາ¹ì¾¨À¡óį
Always sick ®Ò¦½®¾¨µøú¦ະຽໝ
A jailbird is a person £ô¢š£õ¡ ÀÀ ú£öໃªò©£÷¡µøú¦ະຽໝ.
who is in and out of jail.
A cardsharp is a person £ô¢šÄ² ûÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌIJû
who plays cards for money À ñ¡¾²½ñ.
An opium addict is a person £ô¢šµ¾ÀÀ ú£ôທ ªò©µ¾ຐໃ ຌ.
who is addicted to opium.
An alcoholic is a person £öຂໄຽນໄາÀÀ ú£öໃດ ມຽນໄາ
who drinks to excess. ນ¾¨À¡óį.
C-1 A. What do we call a person A. who is always shy? ? B. We
call a person who is B. always shy, a
shy person. C-2
A. What's a jailbird? A. ?
B. A jailbird is the person B.
who is in and out of jail.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
398
CYCLE - 84 M-1 Work with wood À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®Ä´û
Fix cars ÀÀ¯¤ìö©
Work with electricity À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®Ä³³û¾
Build houses ÷¡À»õº
Make things out of gold ªó£ð¾
Make things out of iron ªóÀ¹ìñ¡
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÀÀ¯¤ìö©¸ú¾
who fixes cars? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ £öໃ À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®
who works with electricity? ij³û¾¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÷¡À»õº¸ú¾
who builds houses? ? µú¾¤Ã©?
How do we call a person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ªó£ð¾ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
makes things out of gold??
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
399
M-2
A wood worker §ú¾¤Ä û
Car mechanic §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤ìö©
An electrician §ú¾¤Ä³³û¾
House-builder §ú¾¤¯÷¡À»õº
A watch repair man §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤Â´¤
A blacksmith §ú¾¤ªóÀ¹ìñ¡
A goldsmith §ú¾¤ªó£ð¾
We call a person who fixes À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£ö ໃ ÀÀ¯¤ìö© ú¾
cars, a car mechanic. §ú¾¤ÀÀ¯¤ìö©.
We call a person who works À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ À»ñ©¸¼¡¡ú¼¸¡ñ®
with electricity, electrician. ij³û¾¸ú¾ §ú¾¤Ä³³û¾.
We call a person who builds À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÷¡À»õº ú¾
houses, a house builder. §ú¾¤¯÷¡À»õº.
We call a person who makes À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃªó£ð¾¸ú¾ §ú¾¤ªó£ð¾.
things out of gold,
a goldsmith.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
400
M-3
Barber §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´
Builder §ú¾¤ກ ໃ¦û¾¤
Photographer §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®
Tailor §ú¾¤ªñ©Àໃº¤ú÷¤
Painter §ú¾¤ê¾¦ó
Painter §ú¾¤ÀÀªû´
What does a barber do? §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
?
What does a builder do? §ú¾¤ກ ໃ¦û¾¤ÀÀ ú ຏໄ ໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ?
What does a photographer §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®ÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤?
?
What does a tailor do? §ú¾¤ªñ©À£Úº¤ú÷¤ÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©
? ¹¨ñ¤?
What does a painter do? §ú¾¤ê¾¦óÀÀ ú ຏໄໃ À»ñ©¹¨ñ¤? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
401
M-4
Know how to cut hair ªñ©°ö´À ñ
Know how to build ກ ໃ¦û¾¤À ñ
Know how to tailor ªñ©À£Úº¤ú÷¤À ñ
Know how to take pictures «ú¾¨»ø®À ñ
Know how to paint 꾦óÀ ñ
Know how to paint (pictures) ÀÀªû´»ø®À ñ
A barber is a person who §ú¾¤ªñ©°ö´ÀÀ ú £öໃ ªñ©°ö´À ñ.
knows how to cut hair.
A builder is a person who §ú¾¤ກ ໃ ¦û¾¤ÀÀ ú£öໃ ກ ໃ¦û¾¤À ñ.
knows how to build.
A tailor is a person who §ú¾¤ªñ©À£Úº¤ú÷¤ÀÀ ú£öໃ ªñ©
Knows how to make ຽໃ ບຄú÷¤À ñ.
clothing. .
A photographer is a person §ú¾¤«ú¾¨»ø®ÀÀ ú£öໃ «ú¾¨»ø®À ñ.
who knows how to take
pictures.
A painter is a person who §ú¾¤ê¾¦óÀÀ ú£öໃ꾦óÀ ñ.
knows how to paint. .
A painter is a person who §ú¾¤ÀÀªû´ÀÀ ú£öໃ ÀÀªû´»ø®À ñ.
knows how to paint
pictures.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
402
C-1
A. What do we call a person A. who works with wood? ?
B. We call a person who works B.
with wood, a woodworker.
C-2
A. What does a barber do? A. ?
B. A barber is a person who B. knows how to cut hair. .
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
403
CYCLE - 85 M-1
Go to school į»¤»¼
Study (at a high level) ¦ô¡¦¾
Travel êúº¤êú¼¸
Rob other people ÷û£öº•
Investigate ¦õ®¦¸
Fight in a war ປຍÀ¦ò¡
Compose songs ÀÀªú¤À²¤
What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ į»¤»¼ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
who goes to school? ?
What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ¦ô¡¦¾¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
who studies at a high level? ?
What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃêúº¤êú¼¸ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
who is travelling? ?
What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ÷û£öº•¸ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
who robs other people? ?
What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ¦õ®¦¸ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
who investigates? ?
What do we call a person À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ປຍÀ¦ò¡ ú¾µú¾¤Ã©?
who fights in a war? ?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
404
M-2
Pilot a plane ¢ñ®À»õº®ò
Pilot ñ¡®ò
Writer ñ¡¢¼
Dance well Àຉ ໄìî¾À¡„¤
Dancer ñ¡Àຉ ໄìð¾
Like to go out and face danger ñ¡ºº¡°½¥öIJ
Good in singing »ûº¤À²¤À¡„¤
Singer ñ¡»ûº¤
Boxer ñ¡´¸¨
We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£ö ໃ ¢ñ®À»õº®ò¸ú¾ ñ¡®ò.
pilots a plane, a pilot.
We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ¢¼ ›´ ú¾ ñ¡¢¼.
writes books, an author.
We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ´ñ¡ºº¡°½¥öIJ ú¾
likes to go out and faces ñ¡°½¥öIJ.
danger, a daredevil.
We call the person who is À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ »ûº¤À²¤À¡„¤ ú¾
good in singing, a singer. ñ¡»ûº¤.
We call the person who À»ö¾ຽບໄຌ£öໃ ªñ´¸¨À¡„¤¸ú¾ ñ¡´¸¨.
boxes well, a boxer.
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
405
M-3
Musician ñ¡©öຉຕ
Scientist ñ¡¸ò꨾¦¾©
Diplomat ñ¡¡¾êø©
Politician ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤
Athlete ñ¡¡óì¾
Journalist ñ¡¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Prisoner ñ¡Âê©
What's a musician? ? ñ¡©öªóëÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a scientist? ?ñ¡¸ò꨾¦¾©ÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a diplomat? ? ñ¡¡¾êø©ÀÀ´ú ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a politician? ? ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤ÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤?
What's an athlete? ? ñ¡¡óì¾ÀÀ´ú ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a journalist? ? ñ¡¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´ÀÀ ú ¹¨ñ¤?
What's a prisoner? ? ñ¡Âê©ÀÀ ú ¹ ñ¤?
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
406
M-4 Play music well ນໄຌ©ôªëñÀ¡„¤
Study and carry out research ¦ô¡¦¾ ໄ£¸û¾ê¾¤©û¾
in the field of science. ò꨾¦¾©
Official in the embassy ຽໄາ¹û¾ໃ꾤¡¾
µúø潫¾êø©
Work in politics ນໄຌ¡¾À õº¤
Play sport ນໄຌ¡óì¾
Write for anewspaper ¢¼¢ú¾¸ìö¤¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´
Imprisoned ªò©£÷¡
A musician is a person ñ¡©öªëóÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌ
who plays music well. ©öຉຕຽ¡„¤.
A diplomat is a person ñ¡¡¾êø©ÀÀ ú£öໃ
who is an official in the À ñຽໄາ¹û¾ໃ꾤¡¾
embassy. µøú潫¾êø©.
A politician is a person ñ¡¡¾À´õº¤ÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌ
who works in politics. ¡¾À õº¤.
A athlete is a person ñ¡¡óì¾ÀÀ ú£öໃ ນໄຌ¡óì¾.
who plays sports.
continued...
09/23/2014 7:28 AM
407
M-4 Continued
A journalist is a person who ñ¡¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´ÀÀ ú £öໃ¢¼
writes for a newspaper. ¢ú¾¸ìö¤¹ñ¤¦õ²ò´.
A prisoner is a person ñ¡Âê©ÀÀ ú £öໃªò©£÷¡.
who is imprisoned.
C-1
A. What do we call a person A.
who goes to school? ?
B. We call a person who B. goes to school, a student.
C-2
A. What do we call a person A.
who pilots a plane? ?
B. We call a person who B.
pilots a plane, a pilot. C-3
A. What's a musician? A. ?
B. A musician is a person B. who plays music well.