language of anatomy. what is this fin called? language of anatomy why is the back of your hand...
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Language of Anatomy
Language of Anatomy
What is this fin called?
Language of Anatomy
Why is the back of your hand called the dorsal surface?
Language of Anatomy
To understand anatomy, common terms must be used.
Anatomical Position
This defines all anatomical reference points.It is defined as a person:
STANDING STRAIGHT
Anatomical Position
This defines all anatomical reference points.It is defined as a person:
STANDING STRAIGHT FACING FOREWARD
Anatomical Position
This defines all anatomical reference points.It is defined as a person:
STANDING STRAIGHT FACING FOREWARD PALMS OUT OR FACING FORWARD
Anatomical Position
Anatomical Position
This defines a persons:Front and back also known as
Ventral and dorsalAnterior and posterior
Anatomical Position
This defines a persons: Left versus Right
Anatomical Position
This defines a persons: Top and Bottom also known as
superior (cranial) and inferior cephalad and caudad
Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline
Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline
Lateral- away from the midline
Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline
Lateral- away from the midline
Intermediate-between
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Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)
Directional Terms
Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body
Directional Terms
Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body
Distal- further from the trunk of the body
Directional Terms
Superficial-Towards the surface
Directional Terms
Superficial-Towards the surface
Deep- towards the center of the body
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Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)
Body Planes &Sections
Most anatomical studies, especially those involved with radiographic studies, MRI’s and CAT scans, use specific planes to study an area of the body.
Body Planes &Sections
Sagittal plane-is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves.
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Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Median(midsagittal)plane
Vertebral columnRectum Intestines
(c) Median section (midsagittal)
Body Planes &Sections
Frontal planes-are vertical cuts that divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.
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Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Frontalplane
Left and right lungs
Liver HeartStomach
SpleenArm
(a) Frontal section (through torso)
Body Planes &Sections
Transverse Planes- cut the body into inferior and superior sections
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Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Transverseplane
Liver
Spleen
PancreasAorta
Spinal cordSubcutaneous fat layer Body wall
(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)
Body Planes &Sections
Oblique Planes- are diagonal cuts between the horizontal and vertical planes.
Body Cavities
The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the:
Dorsal body cavity
Body Cavities
The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the:
Dorsal body cavity andVentral body cavity
Body Cavities
The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions:
• The cranial cavity which encases the brain
Body Cavities
The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions:
• The cranial cavity which encases the brain• The vertebral or spinal cavity which encloses the spinal
column
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Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Vertebral cavity(contains spinalcord) Abdominal cavity
(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Thoracic cavity(contains heart and lungs)
(a) Lateral view
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
Body Cavities
The ventral body cavity is more anterior and is the largest cavity, it contains the internal organs known as the VISCERA.
Body Cavities
The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions:• The thoracic cavity
Body Cavities
The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions:• The thoracic cavity and the• Abdominopelvic cavity
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Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Vertebral cavity(contains spinalcord) Abdominal cavity
(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Thoracic cavity(contains heart and lungs)
(a) Lateral view
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
Membranes of theBody Cavities
The walls of the ventral body cavities and outer surfaces of the organs are covered by a thin, double layered membrane called the Serosa.
Membranes of theBody Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:
Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls
Membranes of theBody Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:
Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls Visceral serosa covers the organs
Membranes of theBody Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:
Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls Visceral serosa covers the organs
Membranes of theBody Cavities
Together they form a potential space which has a small amount of lubricating fluid called Serous fluid.
Language of Anatomy
Language of Anatomy
Language of Anatomy
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma.Leads to the organs adhering to each other, restricting movement.
VERY PAINFUL
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the serous membrane around the heart.
Anatomical Regions and Quadrants
The Abdominopelvic Region is large and has many organ systems. It is divided up into smaller quadrants for study.
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Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)
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Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Rightlumbarregion
Leftlumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Lefthypochondriac
region
Hypogastric(pubic)region
Right iliac(inguinal)
region
Left iliac(inguinal)
region
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon oflarge intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Cecum
Diaphragm
Stomach
Descending colonof large intestine
Transverse colonof large intestine
Initial part ofsigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs