language and society portfolio

LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY WORKSHOP

English Pedagogy School

Language and Society WorkshopPuerto Montt Faculty

PORTFOLIO

Teacher’s Name: Vanessa AstropStudent’s Name: Ma. Angélica González Recabarren

Deadline: December 5th 2011

Ma. Angélica González RecabarrenPágina 1


SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

Some of the following information have been taken from some history websites where some of the contents used in classes are well explained and summarized. Some others were taken from this student’s personal opinions.

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

The beginnings of Western civilization can be traced back to the ancient Near East, where people in Mesopotamia and Egypt developed organized societies and created the ideas and institutions that we associate with civilization. The later Greeks and Romans, who played such a crucial role in the development of Western civilization, were themselves nourished and influenced by these older societies in the Near East. Around 3000 B.C., people in Mesopotamia and Egypt began to develop cities and wrestle with the problems of organized states. They developed writing to keep records and created literature. They constructed monumental architecture to please their gods, symbolize their power, and preserve their culture for all time. They developed new political, military, social, and religious structures to deal with the basic problems of human existence and organization. These first literate civilizations left detailed records that allow us to view how they grappled with three of the fundamental problems that humans have pondered: the nature of human relationships, the nature of the universe, and the role of divine forces in that cosmos. Although later peoples in Western Civilization would provide different answers from those of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, it was they who first posed the questions, gave answers, and wrote them down. Human memory begins with these two civilizations. By 1500 B.C., much of the creative impulse of the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations was beginning to wane. The entry of new peoples known as Indo-Europeans who moved into Asia Minor and Anatolia (modern Turkey) led to the creation of a Hittite kingdom that entered into conflict with the Egyptians. The invasion of the Sea Peoples around 1200 B.C., however, destroyed the Hittites, severely weakened the Egyptians, and created a power vacuum that allowed a patchwork of petty kingdoms and city-states to emerge, especially in the area of Syria and Palestine. These small states did not last, however. Ever since the first city-states had arisen in the Near East around 3000 B.C., there had been an ongoing movement toward the creation of larger territorial states with more sophisticated systems of control. This process reached a high point in the first millennium B.C. with the appearance of empires that embraced the entire Near East. Between 1000 and 500 B.C., the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians all created empires that encompassed either large areas or all of the ancient Near East. The Assyrian Empire was the first to unite almost all of the ancient Near East. Even larger, however, was the empire of the Great Kings of Persia. Although it owed much to the administrative organization created by the Assyrians, the Persian Empire had its own peculiar strengths. Persian rule was tolerant as well as efficient. Conquered peoples were allowed to keep their own religions, customs, and methods of doing business. The many years of peace that the



Persian Empire brought to the Near East facilitated trade and the general well-being of its peoples. It is no wonder that many Near Eastern peoples expressed their gratitude for being subjects of the Great Kings of Persia. The classical age in Greece (c. 500-338 B.C.) began with a mighty confrontation between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. After their victory over the Persians, the Greeks began to divide into two large alliances, one headed by Sparta and the other by Athens. Athens created a naval empire and flourished during the age of Pericles, but fear of Athens led to the Great Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens and their allies. For all of their brilliant accomplishments, the Greeks were unable to rise above the divisions and rivalries that caused them to fight each other and undermine their own civilization. The accomplishments of the Greeks formed the fountainhead of Western culture. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle established the foundations of Western philosophy. Herodotus and Thucydides created the discipline of history. Our literary forms are largely derived from Greek poetry and drama. Greek notions of harmony, proportion, and beauty have remained the touchstones for all subsequent Western art. A rational method of inquiry, so important to modern science, was conceived in ancient Greece. Many of our political terms are Greek in origin, and so too are our concepts of the rights and duties of citizenship, especially as they were conceived in Athens, the first great democracy the world had seen. Especially during their classical period, the Greeks raised and debated the fundamental questions about the purpose of human existence, the structure of human society, and the nature of the universe that have concerned Western thinkers ever since. While the Greek city-states were continuing to fight each other, to their north a new and powerful kingdom-Macedonia-emerged in its own right. Under King Philip II, the Macedonians defeated a Greek allied army in 338 B.C. and then consolidated their control over the Greek peninsula. Although the independent Greek city-states lost their freedom when they were conquered by the Macedonians, Greek culture did not die. Under the leadership of Alexander the Great, son of Philip II, both Macedonians and Greeks invaded and conquered the Persian Empire. In the conquered lands, Greeks and non-Greeks established a series of kingdoms (known as the Hellenistic kingdoms) and inaugurated the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period was, in its own way, a vibrant one. New cities arose and flourished. New philosophical ideas captured the minds of many. Significant achievements occurred in art, literature, and science. Greek culture spread throughout the Near East and made an impact wherever it was carried. In some areas of the Hellenistic world, queens played an active role in political life, and many upper-class women found new avenues for expressing themselves. But serious problems remained. Hellenistic kings continued to engage in inconclusive wars. The gulf between rich and poor was indeed great. Much of the formal culture was the special preserve of the Greek conquerors whose attitude of superiority kept them largely separated from the native masses of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Although the Hellenistic world achieved a degree of political stability, by the late third century B.C., signs of decline were beginning



to multi- ply. Some of the more farsighted perhaps realized the danger presented to the Hellenistic world by the growing power of Rome. Sometime in the eighth century B.C., a group of Latin-speaking people built a small community called Rome on the Tiber River in Italy. Between 509 and 264 B.C., this city expanded and united almost all of Italy under its control. Even more dramatically, between 264 and 133 B.C., Rome expanded to the west and east and became master of the Mediterranean Sea. After 133 B.C., however, Rome's republican institutions proved inadequate for the task of ruling an empire. In the breakdown that ensued, ambitious individuals saw opportunities for power unparalleled in Roman history and succumbed to the temptations. After a series of bloody civil wars, peace was finally achieved when Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian's real task was at hand: to create a new system of government that seemed to preserve the Republic while establishing the basis for a new system that would rule the empire in an orderly fashion. The Roman Empire was the largest empire in antiquity. Using their practical skills, the Romans made achievements in language, law, engineering, and government that were bequeathed to the future. The Romance languages of today (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian) are based on Latin. Western practices of impartial justice and trial by jury owe much to Roman law. As great builders, the Romans left monuments to their skills throughout Europe, some of which, such as aqueducts and roads, are still in use today. Aspects of Roman administrative practices survived in the Western world for centuries. The Romans also preserved the intellectual heritage of the ancient world. During its last two hundred years, a slow transformation of the Roman world took place with the spread of Christianity. The rise of Christianity marked an important break with the dominant values of the Roman world. Christianity began as a small Jewish sect, but under the guidance of Paul of Tarsus it became a world religion that appealed to both Jews and non-Jews. Despite persecution by Roman authorities, Christianity grew and became widely accepted by the fourth century. At the end of that century, it was made the official state religion of the Roman Empire. The period that saw the disintegration of the western part of the Roman Empire also witnessed the emergence of a new European civilization in the Early Middle Ages. The early medieval civilization that arose out of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire was formed by the coalescence of three major elements: the Germanic peoples who moved into the western part of the empire and established new kingdoms; the continuing attraction of the Greco-Roman cultural legacy; and the Christian church. At the end of the eighth century, a new kingdom - the Carolingian Empire - came to control much of western and central Europe, especially during the reign of Charlemagne. The pope's coronation of Charlemagne, descendant of a Germanic tribe that had converted to Christianity, as Roman emperor in 800 symbolized the fusion of the three chief components of the new European civilization: the German tribes, the classical tradition, and Christianity. In the long run, the creation of a western empire fostered the idea of a distinct



European identity and marked the shift of power from the south to the north. Italy and the Mediterranean had been the center of the Roman Empire. The lands north of the Alps now became the political center of Europe, and increasingly, Europe emerged as the focus and center of Western civilization. Building upon a fusion of Germanic, classical, and Christian elements, the medieval European world first became visible in the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne. His empire was well governed, but was ultimately held together by personal loyalty to a strong king. The economy of the eighth and ninth centuries was based almost entirely on farming, however, and this proved inadequate to maintain a large monarchical system. As a result, a new political and military order - known as feudalism - subsequently evolved to become an integral part of the political world of the Middle Ages. The feudal order was characterized by a decentralization of political power, in which lords exercised legal, administrative, and military power. The practice of feudalism transferred public power into many private hands and seemed to provide the security sorely lacking in a time of weak central government. European civilization began on a shaky and uncertain foundation, however. In the ninth century, Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims posed threats that could easily have stifled the new society, but the new European civilization managed to meet these challenges. The Vikings and Magyars were assimilated, and recovery slowly began to set in. By 1000, European civilization was ready to embark upon a period of dazzling vitality and expansion.

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH

INFLUENCE OF GREEK AND LATIN ON ENGLISH

For hundreds of years after the fall of the Roman Empire, Latin and Greek were used throughout Europe as the languages of education and knowledge.European scholars wrote their works in them and educated men corresponded mostly in Latin, with some Greek, with other educated men of their own or different nationalities.As late as the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, Francis Bacon wrote his scientific works in Latin. This despite the fact that he was one of the most accurate and precise writers of English the English race has ever produced.In fact, the writing of works in Latin and Greek in order to secure an international audience continued up into the eighteenth century.The perspective that Latin and Greek were the languages of the educated accounts for the fact that practically any term we use connected with knowledge or any of the arts, or with religion, science, or education, is of Latin and Greek origin.

EVEN ANGLO-SAXON WORDS WERE INFLUENCED BY LATIN



The terse simple words in English, referring to the "home", the "family", or the "farm" are mostly from the Anglo-Saxon, but even here there is an important Latin influence.We must remember that the Romans were in Britain for nearly 400 years and left a strong influence on the local speech, so that the Anglo-Saxons, when they arrived, also picked up and incorporated a great many Latin words into their own language.An everyday Anglo-Saxon-sounding word; such as, plum comes from the Anglo-Saxon pluma; but pluma is merely an Anglo-Saxon mispronunciation of the Latin pruna (plum) from Greek, prounon, a later form of proumnon; which, by the way, comes to us also, through the French, in the form prune.Again, take the familiar word bishop which is derived from the Anglo-Saxon biscop; but biscop in its turn is only an amputated form of the Latin episcopus (overseer, superintendent), and when we want to form an adjective from bishop we have to go straight to Latin for episcopal; which comes from the Greek word episcopos (watcher, overseer) from the Greek elements, epi-, "over" and -scope, "watcher, examiner". Many other examples of this kind may be cited ad infinitum.

THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH WAS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY FRENCH

Not only did Latin come into English directly and through the medium of Anglo-Saxon, but it also came in a copious stream through French.When William the Conqueror defeated the English at Senlac, in 1066, and established a Norman aristocracy in England; French became the language of the court and of the landed proprietors and of the upper classes in general, and French was itself a language of almost pure Latin origin.Above all, it must not be forgotten that Latin was the language of churchmen and of the services of the Church from the ninth century to the sixteenth century.As a result of this continued influence of Latin (as well as Greek elements) from so many directions, English vocabulary is simply saturated with both of these classical sources.

THE IMPORTANCE OF LATIN AND GREEK ETYMOLOGIES IN ENGLISH WORDS

For speakers of English, Greek has been traditionally perceived as remote, esoteric, and yet worth a great deal of respect.Greek word-forming patterns, words, and word elements were adopted and adapted into Latin over 1,500 years, and passed through Latin into many European and other languages, being used in the main for scholarly and technical purposes.The flow into English was at first limited and largely religious. The significant Ma. Angélica González RecabarrenPágina 6


influx was in the late Middle ages and the renaissance.The spelling of Greek words in English was shaped by the orthographics of Latin and French: Greek kaligraphia bacame Latin calligraphia, French calligraphie, and English calligraphy.Occasionally, a more Greek look survives; as with, kaleidoscope, not calidoscope, and kinetic, not cinetic.

CLASSICAL GREEK CONTRIBUTIONS IN ENGLISH

The word-creating capacity of Greek, while prodigious, is not unique; nor has it usually had a direct channel into the Western European languages; as a result, even the most rigorous scientific terminologies are hybrid.One example includes the names of the geological eras, created in English as an ad-hoc system unlikely to have been a classical Greek scholar's choice.The Greeks were the first Europeans to use an alphabet, to theorize about language, and to frame language categories.Most of the literary genres of the western world were invented or formalized by the Greeks and many of the names they used have passed with only minor adaptation to many successor languages.Key literary words in English that are of Greek origin include: anachronism, anthology, archetype, biography, catharsis, comedy, criticism, elegy, epic, euphemism, hubris, irony, lyric, metaphor, mythology, poetics, rhetoric, sarcasm, symbolism, and tragedy.As a result of the continued influence of Greek elements from so many directions, the English language is simply saturated with this classical source.It is fair to say that without some knowledge of the Latin and Greek elements in English, users of English cannot be certain of the accuracy of their spellings or of the correctness of many of the simple and more complex words used in English which are the results of Latin and Greek sources. Students’ Opinion:As we may learn, Latin has been a great influence in many aspect. Language as a way of developing cultures, also has been influenced by Latin. Anglo-Saxon incorporated many words due to the Romans ruled for 400 years. It is not surprising that English contains many words rooted from Latin, and also from Greek. It can be said that many languages have been influenced by these two civilizations making languages richer and resourceful of words and concepts.

POETRY

Poetry has enriched the language in many cultures providing to poets to express their inner feeling and expose their opinions about different matters orally and written. Poetry has been used since ancient time.



Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a Summer’s day?

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade

Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

Students’ Opinion: Poetry has not been one of my favorite areas. I have not explore at all the power of poetry in learning English. However, I may say that many people like to express their feeling through this.

ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA

Lingua Franca A language widely adopted for communication between two speakers whose native languages are different from each other’s and where one or both speakers are using it as a second language.

The world of Lingua Franca

Inner CircleEnglish is spoken as a first language.Outer CircleEnglish is spoken as a second or significant language.Expanding CircleEnglish has acquired commercial or cultural importance.

Student’s Opinion: As an English student – teacher, I think that English will



continue being as Lingua Franca because there are many factor that have contributed to it. First of all, One of the powerful country and economy, the United State of America, has spread its economical system, culture and language. Many countries has been forced to use the language to start doing business to make it successful. Having the same language, it allows to communicate easily and clear to make good commercial treats. Keeping using the same language guarantees the success of business. Secondly, the American culture has been so powerful that has affected cultures like Japanese ancient one. Nowadays, Japan doesn’t have an identity and they have become as an Asian- American culture using most of the model broadcasted by America through its culture. Its culture aspects appear everywhere like certain famous brand like McDonald’s, Ford, Kentucky Fried Chicken, among others. The clothing style is similar to American. Thus, they look like American but with Asian features.Thirdly, Technology , specially computing, has been developed so rapidly all over the world using as a common language English. Manuals and instructions for installing software are in English. Most people use English- computer language without being translated using concepts and even new verbs. This has helped also to develop what is today the most common means of communication: the networks and chatting. These tools have spread out worldwide and have also contribute to communicate with other people in other cultures.Finally, most people listen music in English and they see movies in English, though there are some countries which have started to promote and distribute their music and films trying to offer to the rest of the world a wider view about music and other realities. All these reason make me think that English will be considered for a long time as Lingua Franca even though some people don’t like it.

APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR EVERYDAY LIFE

10 TIPS TO FOLLOW

I . GET MOTIVATED Introduce New elements in your lifeVary the routineLearn new thinks to hence your knowledgeSet different task to create a new routineReward yourself when you do something

II. IMPROVE YOUR LEADERSHIP Offer Clear Guidance to someone Possible Solutions must be given Reward Creativity from people Ma. Angélica González RecabarrenPágina 9


III. BECOME A BETTER COMMUNICATOR Eye Contact may be used Non Verbal Signal is also a way to communicate tone of Voice should vary to get the attention of people

IV. LEARN BETTER TO UNDERSTAND OTHERS Assess emotional Reaction when you have them Record in a Journal all what happen to you Another’s person Perspective , consider other’s opinions

V. MAKE MORE ACCURATE DECISIONS Six thinking hats Cost and Benefits must be evaluated Analysis Technique to considerate your decisions

VI. IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY Focus on Information, don’t get distracted Rehearse your learning Eliminate distraction



VII. MAKE WISER FINANCIAL DECISIONS Invest in savings Portions for Retirement must be separated from your waves Aware of poor choices

VIII. GET BETTER GRADESCement your learning Repeated test Self-Test Frequently

IX. BECOME MORE PRODUCTIVE Avoid Multitasking Focus on task at hand Eliminate Distraction

X. BE HEALTHIER Seasonal Affecting Disorder Exercising for depression Risk of unhealthier behavior



Students’ Opinion: As a student – teacher, working with different people may be overwhelming. To be better person, it is necessary to use certain resources to improve your life and the relationship between you and your students. Applying some tips to your daily life may help to release stress and become a happier person.

LINGUISTIC AND NEURO- LINGUISTIC FIRST LANGUAGE LEARNING VS SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING DEFINITIONS

A first language is considered the language in which a person has used it from an early age in a specific place. This first language has been learned in childhood and is still spoken. However, a person’s first language may not be the dominant one. DIFFERENCES

For some researchers, the difference between in L1 and L2 is the age of the person who is learning the language. For achieving a native like proficiency a learner must be around the age of six. After that age, the learner could be a near-native-like-ness. But in this sense, researchers have found out that before puberty , the brain is still in a chemical process. During puberty, teenagers’ ability become greater due to their social and communicative abilities.When we acquire a second language, it could be done for the rest of our life as a constant process without succeeding the stage of being a fully native speaker. This process is systematic and it is done in stages . During this process , we may think that correction is an important aspect to be consider. However, it has nothing to do with the learning. The depth of what children know about how to construct the language goes beyond the input they have received. It can also be said the success of learning a language is not guarantee, especially for a second language learner. There is also a distinction that must be set: the difference between language acquisition and learning a language. Acquiring is related to a natural process. This a taken into a natural communicative situation; learning is related a conscious one. In this one, error correction is present.Student’s Opinion: As a conclusion, it can be said that L1 learners acquire Ma. Angélica González RecabarrenPágina 12


language in different settings and contexts in which they receive a lot of exposure. On the contrary, L2 learn a language without a lot of exposure. They learn the language at different stages of mental and social maturity. But this latter matter is also a quest. Adult learners have developed mental and social maturity, but they are not fully keen to learn a L2.

SOCIAL MEDIA

Student’s Opinion: As soon as you hear about social media, the first thing that comes to my mind is Facebook. Though Facebook is the most popular means of social communication, my first reaction is being overwhelmed. Many people and friends get into your life all of a sudden. Many of my school friends and college friends can be found in this social network. However, the fact of getting in this site exhausts me . The amount of information spread in the page is too much. Sometimes, I don’t know where to start. Messages from here and there bomb me.My classmates love this site. They spend a lot of time in there. They are very creative and sociable through this social media interacting with others, though they can be next to them. They find this exiting. I don’t find it even exiting but boring.Personally, I don’t have a good relationship with this site. It is useful, but I definitely don’t like it. MY DIARY AND RELATIONSHIP WITH MEDIA My Saturdays are normally busy. I start early morning by doing class with my students from tourism. After checking my planning, I give my students the instructions to be followed. While my students are doing their tasks, I check my job email box, I send some instructions to my students, and if a particular situation required an assignment, I send an email to the whole class. This task can be sent, done, or organized by them. Probably, this day is just a sample of the rest of the days. As I have 9 sections or classes, the use of computer take an important role in my life. I have digital books, presentations, and the descriptions of my subjects. Though I don’t like using computers, my job requires the use of it. It has become an important tool to develop and organize my classes. From my own perspective, I consider the use of technology , computers, and internet a tool to accomplish effectively my work. I just have practical reasons. Late in the evening, I check facebook to make sure our informatic’s teacher has send us instructions, solutions, or suggestions to browse for more interesting tools to be used. In 2008, I created my facebook account, and I felt happy because I may establish contact with my school friends. As soon as I created it, many messages and people started to send me. This overwhelmed me. I felt suffocated by the fact of having lot of information at the same time. So the use of facebook is just for checking my teacher’s messages.My last Sunday was completely different. I didn’t use the computer at all. Actually , I feel free when I don’t use it. I could go out and had lunch with my parents. We went to the beach, and sunbathed. We ate some ‘nalcas’, and we got back home. I did some gardening and then I decided to check some test, and watch a movie. I rested and worked with tests the whole afternoon. I



consider myself complete and absolutely independent of the use of computer. I can work, live, and have a normal old fashion life without a computer. In fact, I refuse to attach my lifestyle to a computer. I was born under a non technological society.

DEBATE

DEBATE TECHNIQUES

Debate is an argument exposed by someone. This argument has to be strong enough to convince an audience without necessarily agreeing with it. In a debate, there are two positions that can be taken : Against and For. Either there is an agreement about the topic or not, this argument is aimed to convince completely the audience target.There are some structures that can be followed in a debate: Resolution: the main argument always stated in the positive. Affirmative: argues the resolution tries to prove it correct. Negative: argues against the resolution tries to prove it incorrect. Constructive Phase: each side will have 2 chances to construct their arguments. Cross-examination: each side will have a chance to question the other side after each constructive argument has been made. Rebuttal Phase: each side will have 2 chances to rebut the statements made by the other side and clear up any confusion surrounding their own arguments. It can also be used a timeline debate:Phase: Time Allowance:

Affirmative Constructive #1 2 min.

Cross Examination 1 min.

Negative Constructive #1 2 min.


Affirmative Constructive #2 2 min.


Negative Constructive #2 2 min.


Team Conference:Structure Rebuttal Arguments

3 min.



Negative Rebuttal #1 2 min.

Affirmative Rebuttal #1 2 min.

Negative Rebuttal #2 2 min.

Affirmative Rebuttal #2 2 min.

VOICE PROJECTION

It is the act of using your voice strongly and clearly. Some people use their natural booming voice that project it for long distance. However, not everybody is born with this condition. Strong voice projection is related to air pressure and your vocal cord opening rate. It is not related to how much air your exhale. In order to develop stronger voice projection, you must first strengthen the muscles inside the voice box. The voice box uses your vocal cords when you sing, and improved projective power and volume can be achieved by strengthening these muscles. A more muscular and robust voice box will allow you to create a higher air pressure, which produces louder notes. BREATHING

Breath technique is essential for proper voice projection. Whereas in normal talking one may use air from the top of the lungs, a properly projected voice uses air properly flowing from the expansion of the diaphragm. READING ALOUD

A reading aloud exercise can be used to improve students’ reading strategies and comprehension skills. But, it can also improve the use of the voice.There are many factors that may involve this process. By selecting engaging books to encourage students to read providing opportunities. Reading may foster students’ critical thinking. Using reading aloud can complement the curriculum and help students make connections between their knowledge, the textbook and their own questions. This also can introduce new concepts, introduce a lesson, among others. Student’s Opinion: Whenever you participate in a debate, there are some aspect that need to be covered. An argument well structured must be the best weapon. However, using techniques to use better your voice ill also affect the audience final decision. All these things can be learned and used not only in a debate, but also as a teacher when we lecture. The use of the voice is essential for engaging students. And most of all, they will listen to you. Ma. Angélica González RecabarrenPágina 15

http://www.myvoiceexercises.com/the-five-components-of-vocal-production-every-singer-should-know/






http://breath

http://articulation

http://articulation

http://lungs

http://diaphragm


LINKGRAPHY

1. http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/templates/student_resources/

0534600085_spielvogel/VolumeIIto1550.html

2. http://wordinfo.info/unit/4197/ip:8

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_projection

4. http://www.esiponline.org/classroom/foundations/reading/readalouds.html

5. http://www.actdu.org.au/archives/actein_site/basicskills.html


http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/templates/student_resources/0534600085_spielvogel/VolumeIIto1550.html
























http://wordinfo.info/unit/4197/ip:8










http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_projection













http://www.esiponline.org/classroom/foundations/reading/readalouds.html

















language and society portfolio

Documents

entire near east

ancient civilizations

problems of organized

egyptian civilizations

literate civilizations

later peoples

organized societies

nature of human relationships