landscapes of russia - chuvash and tatarstan

7/25/2019 Landscapes of Russia - Chuvash and Tatarstan

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Report on Chuvash and Tatarstan regionsof the Russian Federation

Joshua LevyM.Sc. in Science Technology and Innovation

,


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Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3

Chuvash Region ......................................................................................................................... 3

Origins of Chuvashia ................................................................................................................. 4

Chuvashia: Coat of Arms and Flag ............................................................................................ 6

Natural Features ......................................................................................................................... 8

Culture........................................................................................................................................ 9

Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 10

Economy and Demographics ................................................................................................... 11

Tatarstan Region ...................................................................................................................... 13

Origins of Tatarstan ................................................................................................................. 14

Tatarstan: Coat of Arms & Flag............................................................................................... 15

Climate & Geography .............................................................................................................. 16

Culture...................................................................................................................................... 18

Economics ................................................................................................................................ 20

Political situation in Tatarstan & Chuvashia ........................................................................... 22

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 25


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Introduction

This report attempts to highlight, compare and contrast the two prominent regions of the

Russian Federation, namely, the Chuvash and Tatarstan regions with respect to demographics,

natural features, whilst highlighting social and economic issues together with opportunities

they provide. Before describing the above regions, it is vital to understand the two separate

parts of the Russian Federation.

European part of Russia spans across the Dagestan region upwards, from St. Petersburg up to

the Murmansk region vertically. The horizontal area cover starts from Belgorod to Komia

region, just shy of the Ural Mountain chain. According to the latest statistical figures, this part

of Russia has the most population with respect to the whole country.

Chuvash Region

The Chuvash region, is the Federal subject of Russia and is located within the central

European part of the country, situated within the central

Volga region; according to the archive portal (Vasilieva,

N. 2015),1with Cheboksary as its capital. Other notable

cities according to Russiatrek2 are Novocheboksarsk,

Alatyr and Shumerlya.

As of 2014, The Federal State Statistical Service (FSSS)3

reports that the total population is 1.24 million with

approximately 746,200 of them living within urban locations and 493,800 living in rural

1N Vasilieva, The Chuvash History and Language, accessed March 13, 2015,http://www.myimperia.com/arhiv-saita/en/mychuv.htm.2Chuvashia Republic, Russia (Chuvash), accessed March 3, 2015, http://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republic.3Federal State Statistical Service: Chuvashia: Population: Beginning of theYear, 2014,

http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/8edf4f004ecc683189e0bb9dd5046e95/240314%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf.

Figure 1 the map of the Chuvash Region


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conditions. Recently FSSS4 figures published in January 2015, within which it has been

reported that the birth rate dipped to 12.9%, amounting to 187 people as compared to 2014.

However, the region witnessed a 3.2% rise in mortality rate, amounting to 44 individuals.

Based on the figures relating to 2013, there has been a slight decline in population by

approximately 34,000 whilst the number of people living in rural conditions decreased from

499,800 to 493,800 representing an increase of 3000 individuals. Predominantly, the

population consists of Chuvash, Russians, Tatars and Moldavians.

Origins of Chuvashia

In conjunction with the State Historical

Archives of the Chuvash Republic5,

(Smirnov. A, 1948)6, Surskiezori7 and

Russiatrek8, the origins of Chuvashia can be

tracked back eighty thousand years, starting

from the Palaeolithic age. The first

confirmed entry seems to be dating back to

2200-1100 BC when the first tribes of Balanovskaya culture began to settle along the plains of

the Volga river. The Bulgar and Suvar tribe, coming from Indian-Iranian civilisation, were

mainly nomadic in nature with agriculture as their mainstay; hence, it was called the Volga-

Bulgaria region. Additionally, recent archaeological excavations have uncovered settlements

near Shorkin, Tohmeevo, Pikshiki have confirmed such settlements to reaffirm the claims

4Demographic Situation in the Chuvash Republic in January 2015, 2015.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdf.5The Origins of Chuvash Republic, 2013.http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133.6Smirnov, A.P. The Ancient History of the Chuvash People. Edited by A.V. Artsikhovsky, 1948.http://suvar.org/books/smirnov_a._p._dryevnyaya_istoriya_chuvashskogo_naroda.pdf.7

Chuvashia: History and Culture. Accessed March 13, 2015.http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htm.8Chuvashia Republic, Russia (Chuvash). Accessed March 3, 2015.http://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republic.

Figure 2: The historical Chuvashia
http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133


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above. As the tribes continued to settle and create their livelihood over the centuries, other

tribes and races of settlers began to establish their presence within the region. In the beginning

of the 660 BC, the rise of Khazars was observed and consequently they established a kingdom.

Originally, the Khazars are semi-nomadic people with Turkish roots, and emerged during the

Byzantine Empire. As the settlers were primarily agriculturally focused, the development of

the same was observed, together with animal husbandry. This led to an increase in handicraft

and small trade industries.

Subsequently, in year 922, the Prince of Bulgaria, Prince Almas visited the region and having

observed the lifestyle of the people together with the natural landscape of the region, it began

to akin to his liking towards the region. Finally, in 965AD with the war between Bulgaria and

the Khazars, the Bulgarian Kingdom was established, whilst forming a feudal state. In the first

have of the 13thcentury, Batu Khan of Mongolia invaded the region and razed the region to the

ground, cities Bilyar, Zhukotin amongst others saw unforeseen destruction, with scores of

people killed. This event was later reconfirmed during the excavations in the early part of the

1900s using the archaeological data. Moving forwards, towards the middle of the 1500s the

people of Chuvash were fighting the Khazars, asked the Russian military to intervene in the

conflict in defeating them. Subsequently, in 1551 the first Russian city within region called,

Sviyazhsk was established; this in effect marked the entry of the Chuvash region to the Russian

Federation.

Coming to the onset the 19th century, the region began to operate its economy based on

capitalism, which saw a rapid development of factories and heavy industries such as oil. This

in effect created a demand for jobs, with a reported six thousand people being employed whilst

contributing to the overall population, it increased to a little over half a million in late 1800s.

As the region grew demographically and economically stronger; In June 24, 1920, the


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autonomous region of Chuvashia was officially established and later on 21stApril 1925, the

Republic of Chuvashia was established.

Additionally, it has been reported that during the late 1950s the annual production and

manufacturing of industries exceed most of the Russian Federation

Chuvashia: Coat of Arms and Flag

The flag representing the Chuvash Republic, was initially

designed by Elli Yurev Mikhailovich (,

) and approved in the year 1992, following

cessation of the USSR and was subsequently entered into

the Heraldic division of the Russian Federation number 208. The flag has a rectangular design,

having an aspect ratio of 5:8 or 62.5% of the total area, symbolising the tree of life and three

suns. The flag consists of two primary colours, with the first being yellow, and the second

being red sandalwood, with top four fifths of the area covered by yellow, representing the

people of Chuvashia and the bottom one fifth areas in red sandalwood denoting the land of

Chuvashia. The yellow colour () has been highly acclaimed within the folklores of the

Chuvash people, with being dazzling and glistening, and therefore subsequently occupies the

majority of the flag. Additionally, the colour is a symbolic representation of Gold, denoting

richness, benevolence, steadfastness and trustworthiness. The second colour, being red

sandalwood, is considered the most popular colour amongst the people of Chuvashia, which

denotes character, omnipotence, gallantry and tenacity.

Figure 3 Flag of the Republic of Chuvashia


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The element is the tree of life, covers three fifths of the flag that consists of an oak tree,

having symmetrical three leaves on either side. The tree takes inspirational values from the red

sandalwood, whilst having gallantry and tenacity in common, withstanding the weather with

steadfastness. Additionally, the tree yearns to evoke synchronous harmony within themselves

and the connected environment. The tree also shows unity amongst the inhabitants of the

region. The second element of the flag denotes the land of Chuvashia,

upon which the tree is rooted, which has two horizontal stripes consisting

of varied degree of thickness, representing the disbandment of the

Chuvash people. The upper thinner part represents the native inhabitants

of the Republic of Chuvash, with the lower thicker part representing the non-native residents

of the region. The final element of the flag consists of three sun, which are in effect three point

eight-ending stars, shining above the oak tree. Deriving its energy

from the Sun, the trio represent sunlight, prosperity and promoting life. While, the coat of

arms, representing the Republic of Chuvashia, bears resemblance and takes inspiration from

the flag, the thee sun are placed in horizontal position with each other9, as opposed to a

varying degree in the flag. Additionally, the three sun represent the past, present and future of

the region. The heraldic shield is inscribed with the name of the Republic, both in Russian on

the right and Chuvashian on the left whilst ending with 3 golden leaves on either ending of the

shield.

9Government of Chuvashia. History of Chuvashia. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104.

Figure 7 Coat of Arms of the

Republic of Chuvashia
http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104


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Natural Features

Chuvashia is region located in the middle plateau of

the Volga River, ranging from 175-227 meters above

the sea level10. According to the Government of

Chuvashia,11the territory occupied by the region could

be similar to that of Kuwait with the longitudinal

boundary being 190 Km and latitudinal boundary being 160 Km. Therefore the total area

covered by the region is 7.5m acre or 3.04 1042. The natural landscape of Chuvashia is

a myriad of lakes and natural offshoot tributaries in conjunction with hilly landforms created

by centuries of erosion due to river delta. Due to its close proximity to the river, the majority

of the land is fertile which approximately constitutes 50% of the land mass, with 30% forested

with mostly oak trees. This additionally, reflects the reasoning behind its mentioning within

the regional emblem. In contrast, the region plays host to various flora and fauna including

animals

12

. It has been estimated around 60 various types of animals, such as wild boar, fox,

lynx amongst others. Additionally there are two hundred and fifty, fowl species, with 40

different fishes within the region, thereby playing an essential role within the food chain and

creating sustainable wildlife.

10Balandinsky, N. Geography Chuvashia. Chuvash Republic. http://www.geografia.ru/. Accessed March 16,2015.http://www.geografia.ru/chuv.html.11Government of Chuvashia. History of Chuvashia. Accessed March 16, 2015.

http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104.12Government of Chuvashia. Territory, Natural Resources, Climate. Territory, Natural Resources, Climate.Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753.

Figure 11: Landscape of Chuvashia
http://www.geografia.ru/chuv.htmlhttp://www.geografia.ru/chuv.htmlhttp://www.geografia.ru/chuv.htmlhttp://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://www.geografia.ru/chuv.html


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Culture

Based on the rich ancestry, the Chuvash region contains a myriad of regional

dialects, national customs and ethnicity. The Chuvash language derives its

roots from Turkish language13, and additionally, has traces of Persian and

ancient Mongolian language. The modern Chuvash language consists of 37

Russian letters but additionally, contains four extra Chuvash language letters,

which denote specific sounds, with eight vowels14. Currently, there estimated

1.1 million speakers of this language. The national costume of women before the 20 thcentury

consisted mainly of embroidered canvas shirts, having striped patterns with bright colours. The

lower garment consisted of ethnically styled clothing. In addition, women wore a bib (apron)

having an embroidered lace pattern. In line with rich heritage, the regions cuisine equally

reflects the same. Some famous cuisine include15but not limited to Shirtan16, a crusty dish

which is a traditional stuffed lamb cooked with garlic and baked at 100C with sheep stomach

and Tsar Fish Soup, commonly known as ()17which is cooked in mainly with river fish

such as trout. Chuvash region is also famous for beer18, Russia Today reports that the region

has a long history of brewing and claims to have the first beer museum in the country. The

Govt. of Chuvashia19reports that region actively encourages arts and cultural activities, and

boasts as one of the foremost regions to research innovative means of leisure and rural

13Chuvashia: History and Culture. Accessed March 13, 2015.http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htm.14Chuvash.org. About Chuvash Alphabets. Accessed March 18, 2015.http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5.15Cheboksary European Athletic Team Championships. Traditional Foods of Chuvash Region, 2014.http://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htm.16. . Accessed March 18, 2015.http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D.17. . Accessed March 18, 2015.http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0.18Chuvashia: Where Beer Is Not Just a Drink. Accessed March 18, 2015.http://rt.com/art-and-

culture/chuvashia-beer/.19Government of Chuvashia. General Information about the Chuvash Republic. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htm.

Figure 15 Chuvash

Culture
http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htmhttp://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htmhttp://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9Dhttp://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9Dhttp://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9Dhttp://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htmhttp://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htm


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recreational facilities. There are six professional theatres, specialising in ballet, opera,

dramatics, fringe theatre and puppet shows, additionally, the region has its own philharmonic

orchestra, academic choir and dance troupe. Within the region there are approximately 655

Federal and local monuments, including 346 architectural museums dealing with history and

arts.

Climate

Based on the statistical data obtained

from multiple sources2021 it can be

inferred that the region enjoyed a

moderate continental climate with a

historical 10-year average starting

2002 to 2012, with the peak season

being May to August having temperatures ranging from 15 to 18 degrees Celsius. The lows

range from -11 to zero during the winter months of January to March, with the snow term

lasting 5 months. Additionally, it has been observed that the region gets a fair amount of rainfall

each year. The figures suggest on an average of 450 to 700 millimetres of rainfall. In

Cheboksary,22June and July are the rainiest months during the year. In addition, the region

enjoys 180 days of sun, along with half-year favourable season for agriculture.

20Weatherspark. Average Weather For Cheboksary, Russian Federation - WeatherSpark. Accessed March 16,2015.https://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federation.21WorldWeatherOnline. Chuvash Burnayevo, Russia Weather Averages | Monthly Average High and LowTemperature | Average Precipitation and Rainfall Days | World Weather Online. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspx.22

WorldWeatherOnline. Cheboksary, Russia Weather Averages | Monthly Average High and LowTemperature | Average Precipitation and Rainfall Days | World Weather Online. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspx.

Figure 19 Historical average temperature
https://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federationhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federationhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federationhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspxhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federation


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Economy and Demographics

As it was briefly mentioned, the demographics of the population23consist of Chuvash making

up 67.7% with Russians 26.5% and the remaining minority being Tatars 2.7% and Mordvinians

1.2%. It has been estimated that 97 nationalities comprising of nine multi ethnic groups inhabit

within the region. Based on the demographic data collected by the Federal State Statistical

Service (FSSS)24on 1stJanuary 2015, collected during January 2013 and December 2014, the

net migration has decreased slightly i.e. by 1872 persons. The data suggests, 37,535 person

arrived within the region, in contrast with 40,167 emigrated elsewhere, this represents a net

emigration of 2,602 persons. In 2013, 35, 739 persons arrived within the region, in contrast

with 40,213 emigrated elsewhere, this represents a net emigration of 4,474 persons, this implies

that the economy has progressed within the year gap specified, which in fact increased the

standards of living within the region. The data according FSSS25as of January 1st2014 informs

that, more than sixty percent of the population is living within developed areas of the region,

with the remaining, thirty-nine percent living under agricultural regions. Inevitably, the

demographics and population statistics are intrinsically linked to the economy of the region.

The economy of the Chuvash region is primarily based on heavy industries and a well

developed building construction26 sector, having over two thousand companies, employing

over forty thousand workers. Over the years, as the region has progressed, the Govt. position

on the region has been largely optimistic whilst having a positive outlook towards the future.

Additionally, the professionalism and working ethics of the region has also improved as a

23Government of Chuvashia. General Information about the Chuvash Republic. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htm.24Demographic Situation in the Chuvash Republic in January 2015, 2015.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdf.25Urban Population of Chuvashia: 2014, 2014.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/6fbf15804eccf3ad9c20be9dd5046e95/201

4+03+24+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB.pdf.26Government of Chuvashia. General Information about the Chuvash Republic. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htm.
http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/6fbf15804eccf3ad9c20be9dd5046e95/2014+03+24+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/6fbf15804eccf3ad9c20be9dd5046e95/2014+03+24+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/6fbf15804eccf3ad9c20be9dd5046e95/2014+03+24+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB.pdfhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/6fbf15804eccf3ad9c20be9dd5046e95/2014+03+24+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/6fbf15804eccf3ad9c20be9dd5046e95/2014+03+24+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdfhttp://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdfhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htm


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Tatarstan Region

Tatarstan is a federal administrative region

(Volga Federal District) and is located within

the European part of the Russian Federation29

at the intersection of two rivers, Volga and

Kama30 with a total area of 68,000 km,

having Kazan as its capital. The maximum

longitudinal distance is 290 km with

latitudinal distance being 460 km. Apart from being known as the Eastern Capital of Russia,

the region is divided into 43 administrative regions and 2 urban regions, which are the biggest

cities (Kazan & Naberezhnye Chelny). The land borders of the region are shared with Republic

of Chuvashia, towards the west, Samarskaya Oblast in the south, Republic of Bashkortostan

on the east and Republic of Udmurtia on the north. Additionally, the region is known to cohabit

multi faiths that include Islam, Russian Orthodox and Polish Roman Catholics. The city is also

known to have numerous mosques and has its own fortress, the Kazan Kremlin, which was put

on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2002. Additionally, as the region resides within the

intersection of rivers, it contains numerous lakes, colloquially called Kaban Lakes. The region

also has its island on which the ancient city of Sviyazhsk, established in May 155131. The town

also has an active monastery, and is a major tourist attraction in the region.

29Tatarstan Official Portal. Geography and Climate, 2014.http://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htm.30

Tatarstan Republic, Russia (Tatar). Accessed March 18, 2015.http://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republic.31Ministry of youth affairs and sport of the Republic of Tatarstan. Sviyazhsk, 2014.http://mdms.tatarstan.ru/eng/sviyazhsk-205089.htm.

Figure 23 Map of Tatarstan
http://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htmhttp://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htmhttp://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htmhttp://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republichttp://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republichttp://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republichttp://mdms.tatarstan.ru/eng/sviyazhsk-205089.htmhttp://mdms.tatarstan.ru/eng/sviyazhsk-205089.htmhttp://mdms.tatarstan.ru/eng/sviyazhsk-205089.htmhttp://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republichttp://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htm


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Origins of Tatarstan

As compared to the Chuvash Republic, Tatarstans history

goes back even further to 100,000 years32. Whilst having a

similar troubled past as that of Chuvash, the origins began

in Palaeolithic age when the first recorded settlers, who

were primarily Bulgars settled in 8thcentury BC, along the

Volga rivers, thereby establishing the state of Volga Bulgar

from 700-1238 AD33, whilst the state was resisting occupation from Khazars, which is similar

to that of Chuvash. As time progressed, in 922 AD peace treaty was signed between the two

forces, with Islam being established as the official state religion. Moving forwards, around

1230 AD, the Mongol price Batu, who was the grandson of Genghis Khan34invaded the region,

as he previously did with Chuvash region. Subsequently, the internal resistance of occupation

was ever present and the fight for independence eventually succeeded around 1440 AD with

the state of Kazan, representing the Kazan Khanate was established. However, the state had a

short-lived freedom, with the Russian Tsar Ivan IV, colloquially known as Ivan: The Terrible

conquered the region in 1552. As the Tsar himself was an Orthodox Christian, subsequently,

numerous cathedrals and churches were built within the region, whilst banning the construction

of mosques in the region. This ban was eventually lifted during the reign of Catherine the

Great in 1770 AD. In the 20thcentury during the SSR (Soviet Social Republic) was established

with 1992, being the year when Tatar region started the referendum for independence, which

was eventually gained in 1994 with the Republic of Tatarstan being established.

32Travel.ru. Regions of Russia: Tatarstan, 2014.http://guide.travel.ru/russia/tatarstan/.33

Tatarstan Republic, Russia (Tatar). Accessed March 18, 2015.http://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republic.34Kozin, S, and A Grachov. The Beginning of Kazan Khanate - Competitor of Moscow Russia, 2012.http://aboutkazan.com/kazan-rival-russian-moscow.shtml.

Figure 27 Origin of Tatarstan
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Tatarstan: Coat of Arms & Flag

The official flag representing the Republic of Tatarstan has been

designed by Russian designer TG Khaziakhmetov35. The flag has a

rectangular feature, containing three primary colours, green, white

and red36, whilst the first primary colour having a coverage ratio of

1:2, symbolises the official state religion i.e. Islam, together with spring, growth and revival.

The white symbolises purity and peacefulness and finally, the red symbolises power, energy

and forcefulness in addition it matches the colours of Russia. The three colours additionally,

encompass the traditional folk costume theme. The overall design and representation of the

flag exudes unity amongst the people inhabiting the region, consisting of various religions,

cultures, traditions and ethnicity.

The coat of arms is the official state symbol, which contains a

rounded armour, whilst sharing the same colours as that of the flag.

The centrepiece of the shield contains a white leopard, embossed

with the red disc in the centre with seven wings curled upwards in

upright position. The red disc is considered the sun within the Tatar

region, which signifies power, grace, happiness and wealth. The

legend has it37 the leopard was considered a sacred animal, which was worshipped, and

additionally, thought to be the defender of children. Recent archaeological finds shown the

connection to be intrinsic within the society, with jewellery and coins having embossment of

the animal. The right raised paw of the leopard denotes movement in the right direction

towards prosperity and revival. The raised tail of the leopard additionally denotes jovial

35Tatarstan Official Portal. Tatarstan Symbols, 2014.http://tatarstan.ru/about/symbols.htm.36E-education in the Republic of Tatarstan. Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2013.

https://edu.tatar.ru/upload/images/files/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%20%D0%A0%D0%A2.docx.37National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. The State Coat of Arms of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2013.http://kitaphane.tatarstan.ru/state_symbols/gerb.htm.

Figure 31 Flag of the Republic

of Tatarstan

Figure 35 Coat of Arms

Tatarstan
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character of the animal. It can also be observed that the smaller rounded shield is affixed on

the torso of the leopard. This shield comprises of eight-pealed flower this represents longevity

with eternal source of life. At the topmost centre of the armour, a small petal flower can be

seen, acting like a tiara or crown piece, which represents the new awakening. To conclude, the

only extra colour being gold is being used within the coat of arms, which denotes elegance,

wealth and beauty of the land.

Climate & Geography

As the region resides within the European part of

Russian in conjunction with two rivers, the region

enjoys a similar climate to that of the Chuvash

region i.e. continental climate whilst having warm

summers but extremely cold winters. Based on the

statistical data collected by various governmental

organisation and meteorological centres383940 the summers begin starting June to August

having a peak average of 19C whilst having the lowest temperature being -20C. Over the past

5-year average, the average temperature of the region continues to rise gradually due to global

warming. Additionally, the region moderate humidity with the highest rainfall perception in

August and the lowest in March, whilst having an almost uniform distribution, ranging from

460-540mm. In addition, the region gets approximately 6.5 hours of sunlight, which is

38WorldWeatherOnline. Tatarstan Monthly Climate Average, Russia, 2013.http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Tatarstan-weather-averages/Khabarovsk/RU.aspx.39Weatherspark. Average Weather For Kazan, Russian Federation, 2013.https://weatherspark.com/averages/33898/Kazan-Republic-of-Tatarstan-Russian-Federation.40

"Department for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of the Republic of Tatarstan. ClimaticCharacteristics of Kazan, 2014.http://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.html.

Figure 39 Average temperature of Tatarstan
http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Tatarstan-weather-averages/Khabarovsk/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Tatarstan-weather-averages/Khabarovsk/RU.aspxhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33898/Kazan-Republic-of-Tatarstan-Russian-Federationhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33898/Kazan-Republic-of-Tatarstan-Russian-Federationhttp://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.htmlhttp://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.htmlhttp://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.htmlhttp://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.htmlhttp://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.htmlhttp://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.htmlhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33898/Kazan-Republic-of-Tatarstan-Russian-Federationhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Tatarstan-weather-averages/Khabarovsk/RU.aspx


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beneficial for agricultural reasons and as such reflected within the official symbols of the

region.

The region of Tatarstan contains both river plains,

plateaus and mountainous regions, which is in stark

contrast with Chuvash region. The rivers Volga and

Kama run a total length of 3119 km, with Kama

being the longest serving river having a total length

of 1805 km. additionally, the rivers divide the region

into three territories, called Pre-Volga, Pre-Kama Trans-Kama41. The Pre-Volga territory is

situated the right of the river Volga42 which is part of the Volga Upland, contains the

mountainous terrain which the highest peak being 276m above sea level. The pre-kama

territory, which spans across the left embankment of Volga, is slightly less mountainous with

height up to 243m above sea level. In contrast, the trans-kama region features a contrasting

landscape, having a peak of 364m, this being the highest within the Tatarstan region along with

the lowest being 200m above sea level.

The region largely forested in nature, with 17% of total area occupied by forests, with trees

consisting of oak, birch amongst others, thus sharing a similar feature with the Chuvash region.

As the region is quite mountainous with several rivers, the soil composition varying from grey

podzol to black earth texture in the southern regions citing its close proximity to the river. Due

to the forest being delicious in nature, the region has a number of nature reserves and parks,

which brings the subject of flora and fauna. The region flourishes with dense flora and fauna.

It has been estimated that over four hundred vertebrae, including foxes, lynx, hedgehog etc...

41

Tatarstan Official Portal. Geography and Climate, 2014.http://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htm.42Republic of Tatatstan unofficial page. Geography and Climate. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://www.tatarstanrsp.ru/geography/.

Figure 43 Forests of Tatarstan
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together with two hundred and seventy fouls inhabit the region4344when compared to Chuvash

region; it is significantly more diverse and dense. In addition, there is a total 650 variety of

plants constituting the various national parks within the region.

Culture

Tatarstan has a long and rich history, whilst similar to

Chuvash region; it shares multi-ethnic and diverse

community of inhabitants. Russia Infocentre45informs that

the total population consists of over seventy multi-ethnic

groups, mainly of Tatars, Russians and Chuvash origins,

followed by, Ukrainians and Bashkirs, in that order46. The region has an influence of Turkish,

Russian-Slavic and Finno-Urgic culture47with Islam being the main religion of the republic.

Their traditional costume equally reflects their true heritage, with the women and men wearing

embroidered suit. Womens suit consists of predominately-silver jewellery with beads and

crown outer shells and coins4849. Additionally, the men wear long sleeve shirts, called

(kulmak) and wide trousers with skullcap consisting of various shapes, which is made of felt

in the summer and fur in the winter. Whilst women wear, embroidered cap made of velvet in

addition to scarf. The traditional shoes made of embroidered leather boots

43 . , 2007.http://./article.php?nid=15320.44Denmuhametov, R.R., I.T. Gysin, and O.V. Zyablova. Nature of Tatarstan. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://tatarile.org/ru/node/80.45Russia Infocentre. Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), 2012.http://russia-ic.com/regions/2925.46Tatarstan Official Portal. Population, 2012.http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/population.htm.47Tatarstan Official Portal. History, Culture, Religion. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/human.htm.48

Zhuravskiy, A.V., and V.A. Tishkov. Tatars. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://nazaccent.ru/geo/tatar/.49tatrkitap.ru. The Culture of the Tatar People Briefly. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://tatarkitap.ru/tatars/tatkult.aspx.

Figure 47 Tatar women in costume
http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=15320http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=15320http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=15320http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=15320http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=15320http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=15320http://tatarile.org/ru/node/80http://tatarile.org/ru/node/80http://russia-ic.com/regions/2925http://russia-ic.com/regions/2925http://russia-ic.com/regions/2925http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/population.htmhttp://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/population.htmhttp://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/population.htmhttp://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/human.htmhttp://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/human.htmhttp://nazaccent.ru/geo/tatar/http://nazaccent.ru/geo/tatar/http://nazaccent.ru/geo/tatar/http://tatarkitap.ru/tatars/tatkult.aspxhttp://tatarkitap.ru/tatars/tatkult.aspxhttp://tatarkitap.ru/tatars/tatkult.aspxhttp://nazaccent.ru/geo/tatar/http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/human.htmhttp://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/population.htmhttp://russia-ic.com/regions/2925http://tatarile.org/ru/node/80http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php?nid=15320


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The Tatar language is traditionally belongs to Turkish group of

languages50 known as the Kipchak group51, sharing the same

alphabets. The origins of the language can be traced back to 9th

Century BC, whilst orkhon alphabets which is a variant of Arabic

alphabets until 1920. Between 1920 and 1937, the language used

Latin alphabets, and since 1937, under the orders of Stalin, it began to use Cyrillic alphabets.

However, in 2001, the Tatarstan Government decided to introduce a Latin variant of alphabets,

which is still being used today. It has been estimated that seven million people within Tatarstan

and the neighbouring CIS countries communicate using this language.

Tatar Cuisine shares commonality with Chuvash region concerning soups, such as Shulpa and

Tokmakh is considered the staple diet of the Tatar people. In addition, of being influenced by

the Volgar-Bulgars52the cuisine has a Mediterranean cooking style. During the reign of Tsar

Nicholas the first, potatoes were integrated as a part of the staple diet, which led to creation of

the dish: Echpochmak. This is a mincemeat dish consisting of peppers, onions and potatoes.

During the course of the years, another dish: Belesh, which is stuffed loaf of bread has become

popular with the Tatar people and is cooked with a massive pot and decorated lid known as

korovai. It is served with broth together with meat. The dessert consists of baked pasty balls

soaked in honey called chak chak, and traditionally eaten during weddings.

50Tatar Language (tatara / Tatarcha / ) | Encyclopedia of Languages. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/.51Encyclopedia Krugosvet. Tatar Language. Accessed March 20, 2015.

http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/TATARSKI_YAZIK.html.52Hertiage of Tatarstan, ed. National Cuisine, 2012.http://www.tatarstanheritage.ru/en/objects/national_kitchen/.

Figure 51 Tatar Alphabet
http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/TATARSKI_YAZIK.htmlhttp://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/TATARSKI_YAZIK.htmlhttp://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/TATARSKI_YAZIK.htmlhttp://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/


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Economics

The economy of Tatarstan is mainly an industrially based economy, which shares similar

characteristics to that of Chuvash region however, it is considered the most well developed

economy structure within the Russian Federation53. Tatarstan is well connected in terms of

land, air and sea and additionally has its own international airport in Kazan. As the region is

located at the confluence of Volga and Kama, it is abundant in natural resources and is rich in

oil and mineral deposits.

The output of the region is based on oil and gas together with construction and automobile

production. Therefore, with the exception of oil and gas, the two regions have similar

production outputs, whilst Chuvash region focusing on automobile repair. The total GRP of

the region comprises of 44% construction industry in conjunction with single digit

telecommunications, logistics and agriculture.

The region produces 32 million tonnes of oil each year. Furthermore, over 24% of tractors are

produced within the region in combination of 40% synthetic rubber, which are used in

production of tyres. The government has actively promoted foreign investment and stimulated

innovation drive for technological advancement.

This has led to creation of techno park which are R&D centres within the SEZ (Special

Economic Zone) which have a lower tax rate of 13.5% as compared to 20%, with exemption

of transportation tax, property tax and land tax for 10 years starting from the date of registration

within the region. While comparing economic drivers, the Gross Regional Product according

53Tatarstan Official Portal. Economy: General Information. Accessed March 20, 2015.http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/economy.htm.
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to the latest figures published by the FSSS54totalled 1.547 million Rubles55, which is an overall

rise 7.6% from 2013; however, the Chuvash region had lower GRP of 224,448,000 Rubles.

The per capita income of the region was analysed which includes income from employment

income, self-employment, pensions, social benefits, amongst other. In year 2013, it stood at

26,101 rules per person, when compared to Chuvash region, whose income was 15,264

Rubles56; it was substantially higher.

Finally, the life expectancy levels were compared, with Tatarstan having an average life

expectancy of 77.2 years, which was almost similar to Chuvash, having 76.2 years as of 201157.

According to FSSS58the total population of Tatarstan as of 2014 is 3.8 million, additionally

FSSS59reported an annual decrease of 8860 persons from 2013-2014 as the number of births

decreased by 520, whilst the mortality rate increased by 483 persons. Having compared the

statistics with Chuvash region60(-870), Tatarstan has a slower population decline.

54Federal State Statstical Service. The Volume and the Change in Gross Regional Product at Basic Prices inthe Republic of Tatarstan. Accessed March 20, 2015.55Knoema Data Service. Tatarstan, Republic of - Gross Regional Product (GRP) at Current Prices (MillionRubles). Knoema Data Service, 2015.http://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Gross-regional-product?compareTo=RU_CU.56Knoema Data Service. Tatarstan, Republic of - Per Capita Monthly Money Income (Rubles). Knoema DataService. Accessed March 20, 2015.http://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Personal-income?compareTo=RU_CU.57Knoema Data Service. Tatarstan, Republic of - Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Population (Years). KnoemaData Service. Accessed March 20, 2015.http://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Life-expectancy?compareTo=RU_CU.58

Federal State Statstical Service. Distribution of the Population of the Republic of Tatarstan by Sex and AgeGroup on 1 January 2014, 01/0/12014.http://tatstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/tatstat/resources/177c630040ff18c78957ef367ccd0f13/%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+2014%D0%B3.pdf.59Federal State Statstical Service. Demographics of Tatarstan, January 1, 2015.http://tatstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/tatstat/resources/1a5d980043e5539ea8c9ebd92111eac8/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf.60Federal State Statstical Service. Births, Deaths and Natural Increase (decrease) of the Population, 2014.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/395a05004ffd3214b406fdd8c740ec4f/020714_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%2C+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82

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Political situation in Tatarstan & Chuvashia

Both regions share a similar political past, which transcends from within the USSR and after

the post break up. (Gorenburg, D. 1999)61the power struggle started at the penultimate year of

the USSR, with a growing resentment towards the centralised political structure of the Soviet

Union, which was particularly observed within the Tatarstan region, who were striving for

independence owing to their unique culture, heritage and social values. In 1991, Mintimer

Shaimiev who the thrusting force of the region became the president of Tatarstan. Additionally,

it has been noted that the region has enjoyed political calm without significant power struggles.

Having concluded the same, it does come at a price. Recently due to almost even population

amongst the Muslims and Christians, the region is experiencing unrest between the ethnic

groups62, as the region demographically shifts towards ethnic Tatars. .

In 2012, clashes between radical Muslims and Christians have been observed in connection

with car bombing of a moderate Muslim cleric Mufti63, which led the FSB (Federal Migration

Bureau) to dismantle a terrorist camp within the region. In addition, the region has a long

political struggle with the Federal Government in Moscow, with the President of the Russian

Federation passing the Federal law in 200564, which states that regional heads to be appointed

by the President, whilst Tatarstan attempted to elect its own regional leader through popular

elections. The independent newspaper Radio Free Europe65reported that Tatarstan republics

political structure needs a radical overhaul, with a pressing need for openness. According to

Rafail Khakimov, a former advisor to Shaimiev, additionally, being the director of Kazans

61Gorenburg, D., 1999. Regional Separatism in Russia: Ethnic Mobilisation or Power Grab? HarvardUniversity.62Jacobson, C., 2010. Tatarstan. The School of Russian and Asian Studies.63Muslim leaders targeted in twin attacks in Russias Tartarstan (VIDEO) [WWW Document], n.d. URLhttp://rt.com/news/leaders-tatarstan-bomb-attack-561/ (accessed 3.22.15).64

, 2005. [WWW Document].URL http://www.rg.ru/2005/05/24/vybory-doc.html (accessed 3.22.15).65Tatar Politician: Tatarstan Should Push For More Sovereignty, 2011. . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.


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history institute reinstated his position to strengthen the republics sovereignty in lieu of the

political unrest recently owing to numerious federal issues. In contrast, the Chuvash region has

a troublesome past, with significant changes within the political sphere. In the previous article

cited by Harvard University, it was observed during the during the period 1991-1994, numerous

political persons have attempted to grab power, which have included A. M. Leontiev, who was

the former chairman of the Soviet Union and was subsequently ousted in 1991, replaced by

Eduard Kubarev, with the current regional head being Mikhail Ignatiev.

As compared to Tatarstan, the region is relevantly calm and is considered stable. Since his rise

to power, Mr. Ignatiev has attempted to improve the economic and social problems with the

region. In 2014, the leader met with the President Vladimir Putin 66 to discuss and alleviate

social issue e.g. minimising waiting times for kindergarten and obtain regional support for

younger families. This has improved his popularity amongst the locals. The regional

newspaper Grani67that leader reaffirms his position within the region, stating that the people

entrust him with regional decisions. In similarity to Tatarstan, the media broadcast containing

criticism of the leader is frowned upon. In connection with the earlier statement, in January

2015,68it has been suggested to curb the broadcasting content of the media, thereby restricting

independent reporting. Both Tatarstan and Chuvash regions have been assessed by various

credit monitoring organisations e.g. Moodys and Fitch but have suffered decrease in credit

rating due to political situations within the regions.

66The Kremlin, 2014. Working meeting with Vladimir Putin head of the Chuvash Republic Mikhail Ignatiev |Putin today.67 : [WWW Document], n.d. URLhttp://www.grani21.ru/pub/glava-chuvashii-mihail-ignatev-chuvstvuju-doverie-naroda (accessed 3.22.15).68

? , 2015. [WWW Document].? . URL http://cheboksar.net/negativ/2979-glava-chuvashii-mihail-ignatev-predlagaet-uzhestochit-otvetstvennost-smi.html (accessed 3.22.15).


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In 2014, Fitch gave Chuvash region a credit rating of BB+ citing improved economic climate

and improved regional key performance indicators69. However owing to worsening political

situation, the rating has been slightly reduced in 201570. Tatarstan region has also suffered a

similar fate71, with Moodys reviewing the long-term credit rating of BAA3 with a view to

downgrade citing political instability. In comparing, the recent data obtained by RAEX72gave

a rating of A+ for overall region rating with 3B1 for investment, citing medium potential for

investment whilst having moderate risk. In contrast73, Tatarstan obtained an investment rating

of 2A, which is higher than Chuvash region, in terms of risk and investment.

69Fitch Affirms Chuvash Republic at BB+; Outlook Stable [WWW Document], n.d. URLhttp://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/25/fitch-affirms-chuvash-republic-at-bb-out-idUKFit70954820140725(accessed 3.22.15).70 - : :REGNUM [WWW Document], 2015.. REGNUM. URL http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1887702.html(accessed 3.22.15).71Global Credit Research, 2014. Moodys places Tatarstans Baa3 rating on review for downgrade [WWWDocument]. Moodys.com. URL https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-places-Tatarstans-Baa3-rating-on-

review-for-downgrade--PR_315548 (accessed 3.22.15).72RAEX, 2014. Chuvash Republic. Ratings are appropriated to the region.73RAEX, 2014. Tatarstan Republic. Ratings are appropriated to the region.


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landscapes of russia - chuvash and tatarstan

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