landscape ecology worldwide: key questions – key...

WSL felix kienast wsl - landscape ecology

Landscape Ecology worldwide: key questions – key impacts

Felix Kienast Past President IALE International

Landscape Ecology ETHZ/WSL CH-8903 Birmensdorf

Switzerland


Problem-solving perspective

Scientific output Historical perspective

Looking for trends in a discipline


1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Some (historical) drivers of landscape ecology


1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Landscape Architecture (1828, Olmsted); Physical Geography, e.g. Humboldt“



1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Landscape History

Landscape Ecology, 1930‘s, Troll




Landscape Inventories

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Landscape History





Landscape Models, remote sensing/GIS boom


1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Landscape History





The social aspects of landscapes



1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Landscape History








1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Landscape History



? Landscape Genetics, Landscape services






1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Landscape History



? Landscape Genetics, Landscape services

Patterns & processes Functions/ Design



Landscape Ecology

Current topics in landscape research



keyword counts from Landscape Ecology, Landscape and Urban Planning and IALE conferences 2010-13


Landscape Ecology Landscape and Urban Planning


bold = links to connectivity

faded out = no overlap



International Association for Landscape Ecology

China 2011: world congress IALE

Portland 2015: world congress IALE


Kienast et al. 2015

The concept of space and place

Hunziker, Buchecker, Hartig 2007 Frick 2012

Bio-physical space Place

Evolutionary determined landscape perception

Are things complex, coherent?

Culturally determined landscape perception

Are things special, authentic,

fascinating? Why are they there?

Land use Bio-physical space What is here?






Kienast et al. 2015



Kienast et al. 2015





% Area with complete night darkness





How well does our field respond to pressing landscape issues?


Trends with landscape relevance


•Food security, Biodiversity & forest management



•Food security, Biodiversity & forest management •Land grabbing & missing land titles



•Food security, Biodiversity & forest management •Land grabbing & missing land titles •„Landscapes for a mobile society“: Placelessness of people and capital widely differing landscape needs and visions (refugees (war & climate), „cosmopolitans“)




• „Dr. Landscape“: Health aspects, outdoor adventure, recreation





•Urban growth and green space





•Urban growth and green space •Decarbonization: actual land-use in conflict with renewable energy production





•Urban growth and green space •Decarbonization: actual land-use in conflict with energy production

Ecosystem service trade-offs





•Urban growth and green space •Decarbonization: actual land-use in conflict with energy production


Landscape (Termorshuizen and Opdam 2007)





•Urban growth and green space •Decarbonization: actual land-use in conflict with renewable energy production



Landscape (Termorshuizen and Opdam 2007)


Food security, Biodiversity & Forest management



From land-use management to landscape service management well-informed people



Fagerholm & Käyhkö


The absence of land title absolutely hurts the poorest of the poor... You can't start an economy without ownership not being in question. Herman Chinery-Hesse

Land grabbing & missing land titles



2011


Cadastral maps and land titles


Landscapes for a mobile society

„Landscapes for a mobile society“: Placelessness of people

and capital widely differing landscape needs and visions

(refugees (war & climate), „cosmopolitans“)

Landscape perception research: identify places that

generate (to a certain degree) place attachment

Landscape design (landscape architecture): build these

places


2012

Landscapes for a mobile society


• Preferred landscapes: highly structured ideal for "early humans"

• Also modern humans prefer such landscapes.

• Inter-culturally and temporally "constant"

Habitat Theories (space) – Place Theories

Basics of landscape perception


Habitat Theories (space) – Place Theories

• "Constant" within social groups, but varying between social groups and over time

• Preferred landscapes include socially meaningful landscape elements (culture, economy)

Basics of landscape perception


after Hunziker, Felber, Gehring, Buchecker, Bauer, Kienast, 2008, Mountain Res. and Develop.

Identification of conflicting views


Identification of conflicting views

after Hunziker, Felber, Gehring, Buchecker, Bauer, Kienast, 2008, Mountain Res. and Develop.


„Dr. Landscape“

How many million $ in health related costs could we save with high quality landscapes?


„Dr. Landscape“

Degenhardt (2012)


„Dr. Landscape“

*

St. Gallen, all user groups Langenthal 61-80 years Langenthal 18-40 years Reported occurrence

* adj. D2 = 0.54 adj. D2 = 0.51 adj. D2 = 0.62

Predicted occurrence

Predictive modeling

Kienast et al. (2012)

Predictor Correlation (Dependent on social group)

Distance to home +++

Rivers and creeks ++

Border of lakes ++

Wetlands +

Landmarks, castles +

Forest +

Trails ++

Trails leading to a vista +++

Hills +

Settlements +

Large streets -

Diversity of land +


De-carbonization: Land-use conflicts

http://www.addaxbioenergy.com


Renewable energies: Solving landscape conflicts

www.africansolardesign.com

www.myclimate.org

Madagascar (up to 2013) 17000 solar stoves – 132 jobs – 40‘000 families – 400‘000 t wood saved


De-carbonization: Land-use conflicts


• Physical

• National inventories (binding)

• National inventories (negotiable)

• Distance to settlement

• Accessibility

• Military use

• Cantonal protection

• Sites in forests excluded

Landscape conflict prevention

Kienast et al. submitted


„Landscape negotiators“

Kienast et al. submitted

Energy type Nutrition (Biomass), Materials (Biomass)

Aesthetic (aspects of landscapes)

Physical and experiential interactions (Tourism, recreation)

Lifecycle mainte-nance, habitat and gene pool protection

Wind Co-existence -25% -60% -60%

Solar on roofs Co-existence Co-existence

Co-existence

Co-existence

Solar on abandonned openlands

-5% -20% -40% -20%

Switzerland: ca. 20 TWh on low conflict sites


„Landscape negotiators“

after Grêt-Regamey, 2012ff

Virtual reality labs

Participatory GIS after Fagerholm et al.

www.esri.com

www.intercontinentalcry.org


Take home message

• Landscape is a very powerful communication instrument (globally applicable; touches people in the everyday life – planning-relevant)

• Propagate landscape concept in conflict-solving and health issues

• Propagate landscape concept to fight placelessness of modern societies

• „Landscape negotiators“


Thank you!

landscape ecology worldwide: key questions – key...

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