10/2/2011

1

Dr. Syartinilia WijayaDepartemen Arsitektur Lanskap, FAPERTA-IPB5 April 2011

1. What is at ? (Pertanyaan Locational)

2. Where is it ? Where can I find Eagle ?Where is the suitable habitat ?

(Pertanyaan Locational)

3. How has it changed ? How is the impact of ? (Pertanyaan Conditional)

4. What if vegetation change ? What if I develop new road ?(Pertanyaan Conditional)

5. What is habitat requirement/environmental requirement for their habitat?

GIS Application

Spatial modelling on habitat species distribution:Habitat distributions model of the Javan Hawk-Eagle

(Spizaetus bartelsi) in Java Island, Indonesia

Analysis of landscape characteristics on wintering areaSpatial distribution and habitat of Oriental Honey-buzzards

( Pernis ptylorinchus) wintering in Borneo based on satellite tracking

“Spizaetus bartelsi”

“Javan Hawk-Eagle”

“Elang Jawa”

RS /GIS technologies, spatial analysis, modeling approaches

Endemic raptor The Javan Hawk-Eagle

(Spizaetus bartelsi)“Endangered status”

Such models offer the possibility of being able to minimize field work and GIS-

based models are easily updated as new information becomes available.

Since it is not feasible to conduct complete field surveys for a landscape-scale

However, to be effective in the long term, JHE habitat management should not be

confined only to the local and regional scale, but must also address the

landscape-scale, i.e. the scale at which population processes occur.

Focal/Umbrella species

The objective of this study is to extrapolate the predicted

probability model of JHE habitat distribution from the

local-scale model to landscape-scale model in order to

generate map of potential and present habitat suitability

for JHE in the entire landscape.

Subsequently, population number of JHE will be estimated.

10/2/2011

2

Local-scale:TNGP

Regional-scale:

Southern part of West Java

Landscape-scale: Java Island

Model Creation

Model Validation

Model Extrapolation

Preliminary predictive habitat models were developed using logistic and autologistic regression (Syartinilia and Tsuyuki, 2008) Landscape-scale: Java Island

Study Area

West Java

Local-scale Regional-scale

Methods

Landscape-scale: Java

Island

Regional-scale: Southern part of West Java

Nest-site scale: TNGP and its surrounding areas

New nest

Old nest

Nest-site in Gunung Baud (GB)

Nest tree species: Quercus teysmannii

Nest-site in Cugenang (CG)

Nest tree species: Quercus teysmannii

Photo source: field observation, 2005-2006

Male of JHE when perching on the tree in Gunung BaudJuvenile of JHE in front and back position

Groundtruth check

Bird data sets Bird Life International (2001); modified using some references and field survey.

GIS data sets GeoCover Landsat mosaic, S-48-05_2000, S-49-05_2000.

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) NDVI 16-day, 250m of 2002 (MOD13Q1, Tile 28 & 29)

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital terrain elevation data, 90m, 2000 (E105-E114; S5-S9)

Digital map of protected areas boundary in Java

Data

The best predicted probability model of JHE distribution

Threshold probability value at 0.5

Habitat suitability model

Model Accuracy

Identification of habitat patches

Population estimation

Flowchart of this study

8592.68063.190189.00070.02371.0exp1

1

AUTOCOVNDVIELVSLPiP

Historical localities record after 1980

Probability value ≥ 0.5

Area > 20 km2

Dividing the area of presumed suitable habitat by assumed home-range size

Source: Syartinilia & Tsuyuki, 2008

10/2/2011

3

SLOPE (SLP) ELEVATION (ELV) Normalize Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) AUTOCOVARIATE by 6*6 window size (AUTOCOV)

8592.68063.190189.00070.02371.0exp1

1

AUTOCOVNDVIELVSLPiP

The best predicted probability model

Autologistic regression model using 1,500 m neighborhood size :

The best predicted probability model of JHE distribution

Threshold probability value at 0.5

Habitat suitability model

Model Accuracy

Identification of habitat patches

Population estimation

Flowchart of this study

8592.68063.190189.00070.02371.0exp1

1

AUTOCOVNDVIELVSLPiP

Historical localities record after 1980

Probability value ≥ 0.5

Area > 20 km2

Dividing the area of presumed suitable habitat by assumed home-range size

Source: Syartinilia & Tsuyuki, 2008

Predicted probability of JHE habitat distribution

ResultsSuitable habitat of JHE based on threshold at 0.5

Totally 3,107 km² of suitable habitat of JHE in Java Island

41 locations (85%) of 49 historical localities record correctly predicted

7 locations (15%) omission error similar threats

Suitable habitat

Administrative boundary

Historical localities record after 1980

Omission error location

Suitable habitat

Administrative boundary

Historical localities record after 1980

Omission error location

Distribution of habitat patches of JHE in Java Island

Proportion area of

habitat patches

which located inside

and outside

protected area

network:

60.4% existed inside

the protected area

network

Population estimation

Patch

number

Location Province Area

(km2)

Edge

(km)

Estimated population

(pair)

Minimum

homerange

Maximum

homerange

1 Mt. Gede-Pangrango West Java 95 128 24 5

2 Mt. Cireme West Java 56 73 14 3

3 Mt. Simpang-Mt.Tilu West Java 75 180 19 4

4 Mts. Dieng (Mt. Kemulan) West Java 167 218 42 8

5 Mt. Papandayan West Java 100 108 25 5

6 Mt. Slamet Central Java 112 137 28 6

7 Mts Dieng (Mt. Sumbing) Central Java 54 62 14 3

8 Mts Dieng (Mt. Sindoro) Central Java 55 55 14 3

9 Mts Merapi-Merbabu Central Java 55 54 14 3

10 Mt. Lawu Central Java 127 165 32 6

11 Mt. Arjuno-Welirang East Java 212 312 53 11

12 Mt. Liman-Wilis East Java 117 193 29 6

13 Mt. Kawi East Java 81 89 20 4

14 Yang highlands East Java 336 666 84 17

15Mts. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

East Java 401 577 100 20

16 Mt. Raung East Java 123 168 31 6

Sum 2166 3185 542 108

Mean 135

Median 325

The number of breeding pairs of JHE has been estimated by dividing the area

of presumed suitable habitat by assumed home range size.

Minimum home range size = 400 ha Syartinilia & Tsuyuki (2008)

Maximum home range size = 2,000 ha several researchers had been used

10/2/2011

4

Discussions

Habitat suitability model of JHE in Java island obtained in this study may be the most useful in the conservation planning process to help identify “hot spots” that are most likely to harbor JHE

60.4% of habitat patches were existed inside the protected areas and the remaining area extends far outside protected areas. The role of this area for the expansion of the JHE population is likely important.

This evidence should be paid more attention from the several agencies (i.e. ministries, national parks, NGOs) to formulate a JHE conservation plan and to identify urgent conservation actions.

SourceEstimated population

Pairs Median

ALR_50 model (this study) 108-542 325

Gjershaug et al. (2004) 270-600 435

van Balen et al. (1999, 2000, 2001) 137-188 -

Sözer and Nijman (1995) 81-108 -

van Balen and Meyburg (1994) 67-81 -

Meyburg et al. (1989) 60 -

The apparent discrepancy between this estimated population and others, which might

not suggest as increase in present JHE

increased accessibility to formerly unexplored habitat and more recent satellite

imageries and GIS techniques application used in estimation of suitable habitat of JHE.

The landscape-scale models based on extrapolation of the nest-site scale model using GIS/RS-based data could provide spatial explicit assessment of the potential and present habitat suitability at the scales of the greatest practical needs

Strategy 1 requires that conservation management for the remnant habitat patches should be integrated by means of a conservation management network

Strategy 2 proposes to maintain and/or restore large and structurally complex patches of forest.

Strategy 3 proposes that all unprotected habitat areas to be given Wildlife Reserve status based on Government Regulation (PP. No.68/1998)

Strategy 4 proposes to maintain and/or establish connectivity between remnant habitat patches

Strategy 5 proposes to maintain and/or restore a landscape matrix that is structurally similar to forest

Strategy 6 proposes that future surveys should be focused on the unoccupied patches that are likely to be occupied by JHE and have not yet been surveyed

Strategy 7 proposes that stakeholders living nearby JHE habitats shall be organized for effective conservation management.

Implications for conservation

Syartinilia and Tsuyuki, S. GIS-based Modeling of Javan Hawk-Eagle Distribution Using Logistic and Autologistic Regression Models. Biological conservation, Vol.141:756-769 (2008).

Syartinilia, Tsuyuki, S., Lee, J.S. GIS-based habitat model of Java Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi)using inductive approach in Java Island, Indonesia in Wildlife: Destruction, Conservation and Biodiversity. Eds. John D. Harris and Paul L Brown. Nova Science Publishers, New York (pp 301-312). ISBN: 978-1-60692-974-2. (2009)

Satelit tracking pada hewan dimulai pada awal tahun 1970an 5-11 kg dengan akurasi 5 km pada hewan mamalia besar.

Sejak tahun 1980an sudah digunakan teknologi satellite based tracking untuk memantau burung

US Army menginisiasi penggunaan PTTs (Platform Transmitter Terminals) untuk ditrack menggunakan satelit ARGOS milik Perancis.

Saat ini GPS sudah dapat digabungkan dengan PTT.

10/2/2011

5

Mechanisms of satellite tracking with the

ARGOS

system. (reprinted from Higuchi (1994) with

permission from Yomiuri Shinbun, drawn by

M. Shigehara.)

Berat PTT Kurang dari 4% berat tubuh

Argos platform transmitter terminals, left to right: Early solar-powered PPT(APL), 30- and

20-g Nano PPTs (Microwave Telemetry, Inc.), and prototye solar-powered GPS/PPT (Microwave

Telemetry, Inc.).

Dengan adanya paket PTT dan GPS memberikan akurasi yang lebih tinggi daripada hanya dengan PTT saja.

Data dari satelit traking dipadukan dengan kemajuan teknologi di bidang Sistem Informasi Geografis dan Penginderaan jauh (GIS & Remote Sensing) maka dapat dilakukan analisis spasial dan pemodelan Monitoring, Konservasi, dll.

Kiri-Kanan:

Commercially available satellite PTTs for

birds.

22 gram PTT,

32 gram PTT,

80 gram PTT,

and 120 gram GPS/PTT.

Power output ranges from 125 mW to

400mW, depending on

the size of the unit (and

the battery)

Data dari satelit traking memiliki kelas nilai akurasi yang dibagi menjadi 7 kelas yaitu: 3, 2, 1, 0, A, B dan Z.

3 akurasi lokasi dalam 150 m 2 akurasi lokasi antara 150 m – 350 m 1 akurasi lokasi dalam 1000 m 0 akurasi lokasi >1000 m A, B tidak ada pendugaan nilai akurasi

(unspecified) Z invalid.

Lokasi dengan tingkat akurasi A dan B masih mungking digunakan seandainya lokasinya berdekatan dengan kelas-kelas akurasi lainnya

Burung mati PTT terlepas Daya tahan baterai habis daya tahan

baterai energi matahari adalah 3 tahun.

Satellite-tracked 49 Oriental Honey-buzzards (OHB) since 2003.

The wintering sites were distributed to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Timor Leste.

About 47% of individuals tracked have used Borneo as their wintering sites.

Borneo became the focal study area to initiate the study about the wintering habitat characteristics of the species

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Wintering Habitat

OHB number Percentage

10/2/2011

6

To create the spatial distribution map of OHB wintering habitat

To determine wintering habitat size and core habitat

To find out environmental variables which is characterized the landscape of wintering habitat used

Wintering Sites

The wintering site is defined as

an area where an OHB stayed

within an area less than 30 km in

diameter for at least 24 h

(Higuchi et al, 2005)

We used satellite tracking data

of 23 adult OHBs since 2006

11 females and 12 males

Of the 23 OHBs, 5 birds were

wearing transmitters with a GPS

unit.

3193 locations that are included

in wintering sites

Satellite tracking data of OHB

(2003-2010)

Breeding area Stop over area Wintering area

Spatial distribution

Initial step to generate presence and absence data of OHB

Presence and absence data

Habitat size

Determining habitat size and core habitat

General pattern & characteristics

Initial assumption of environmental variables which is characterized the wintering

habitat used

Selected environmental variables

Probability model of wintering habitat distribution of OHB

Platform number 66552:-Jantan, Dewasa-Breeding habitat: Nagano Prefecture,

Japan-Wintering habitat: Tabalong, Kalsel

10/2/2011

7

No Data Abbreviation Type Source

1. Elevation ELV Raster ; Continue DEM SRTM

2. Slope SLP Raster ; Continue Generated from DEM SRTM

3. Annual Precipitation PRE Raster ; Continue Hijmans et.al., 2005

4. Distance to the nearest Lowland Dipterocarp forest

DLDF Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Landcover map

5. Distance to the nearest Degraded forest and regrowth

DDFR Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Landcover map

6. Distance to the nearest Cultivation forest mosaic

DCFM Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Landcover map

7. Distance to the nearest Upper Dipterocarp forest

DUDF Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Landcover map

8. Distance to the nearest Peat Swamp Forest

DPSF Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Landcover map

9. Distance to the nearest Mountain Forest DMF Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Landcover map

10. Distance to the nearest Dry/wet bare soil, Grasslands, and Agriculture

DDGA Euclidean Distance raster ; Continue

Landcover map

10/2/2011

8

Spatial Distribution Analysis Methods:

Three methods for measuring wintering habitat size: Minimum Convex Polygon MCP Fixed Kernel 95% FK_95 Fixed Kernel 50% FK_50

This analysis was done using Hawths tools extension in ArcGIS 9.3.1.

When the estimated wintering habitat areas of the OHBs were overlapped, we remove the overlapped area and merged them together. Then, the spatial distribution map of the wintering habitat was obtained.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Biplot analysis were used for integrating several environmental variables for characterizing the landscape characteristics of a wintering habitat used by OHBs.

For extracting the environmental variables value for each wintering point, we use the extract point to value menu in ArcGIS software.

Then, the extracted environmental variables value from 3196 points were analyzed by PCA in Microsoft Excel with the XLStat menu.

Pixel size analysis in 250 m x 250 m

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Are

a (k

m s

qu

are)

OHB platform number

MCP FK_95 FK_50

MCP FK_95 FK_50Mean ± S.E. 11609 km² ± 2117 S.E 7481 km² ± 1737 S.E 1214 km² ± 329 S.EMinimum 536.2 224.3 14.7Maximum 30037.4 26054.5 5820.1

MethodsTotal area

(km²)% area of Borneo

MCP 215386.7 29.1

FK_95 153463.4 20.7

FK_50 27528.3 3.7

Total habitat size of all marked

OHBs after removing the

overlapped area estimated

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6

ELV 0.855 0.165 -0.062 -0.034 -0.172 -0.278

SLP 0.537 -0.048 -0.348 -0.083 -0.311 -0.353

PRE -0.056 0.097 -0.104 -0.094 0.947 -0.029

DDFR 0.274 0.860 0.093 0.039 0.013 -0.105

DCFM -0.016 0.877 -0.243 -0.101 0.114 -0.050

DDGA -0.013 -0.048 -0.024 0.985 -0.085 -0.078

DPSF 0.896 0.135 -0.004 0.042 0.123 -0.162

DLDF -0.082 -0.113 0.943 -0.032 -0.108 0.013

DMF -0.246 0.005 -0.164 -0.084 0.008 0.915

DUDF -0.266 -0.216 0.254 -0.035 -0.046 0.850

Eigenvalue 3.33 1.68 1.05 1.02 0.97 0.70

Variability (%) 20.39 16.28 11.84 10.10 10.73 18.08

Cumulative % 20.39 36.67 48.51 58.61 69.34 87.42

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

10/2/2011

9

1) PC1 terrain characteristics and distance to the nearest peat swamp forest a low elevation with an average of 246 m flat area where average slope is 4DPSF is an average of 16.8 km

2) PC2 the distance to the nearest forest with high human disturbances

DDFR & DCFM are averaging 1.5 km and 4.5 km, respectively.

3) PC3 the distance to the nearest lowland dipterocarp forest averaging 2.4 km

4) PC4 the distance to the nearest human activities DDGA is averaging 7.5 km

5) PC5 the annual precipitation averaging 3277 mm

6) PC6 the distance to the nearest forest which is located in a high altitude DMF & DUDF are averaging 47 km and 19 km, respectively.

PC2 to PC4 the proximity to the foraging sites, degraded and forest re-growth, cultivated forest mosaic, lowland dipterocarp forest, and dry/wet bare soil, grasslands and agriculture.

All of these land cover types have the high human intervention, so it seems that OHBs were not so avoid that area as long as food abundance was available there.

Highly threatened by Illegal hunting

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Are

a (

km

sq

uare

)

MCP FK_95 FK_50

In this study, we characterized the habitat components occurred in the area where was frequently used by the OHB wintered in Borneo. By examining the relationship between the PCs and the incidence or frequency of locations, we will determine the habitat selection of the OHBs in winter season in the near future.

Investigation the habitat characteristic differences between “core” and “edge” wintering habitat will be interesting to observed.