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Landscape Ecology & Ecosystem Management

Photo of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania from Wikimedia Commons

The study of the causes & consequences of landscape-level (i.e., intermediate- to large-scale) ecological patterns

Landscape Ecology

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park

An area in which at least one landscape element is spatially heterogeneous and in which the elements form a

dynamic mosaic of interacting ecosystems

Landscape

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

E.g., forest stands, bogs, meadows, lakes, streams, etc.

Landscape Elements

E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

The kinds & relative proportions of elements or patches in a landscape

Landscape Composition

E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

The physical configuration of landscape elements,e.g., patch size distributions, patch dispersion, patch shapes,

patch connectivity / isolation, etc.

Landscape Structure

E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.6, after Turner et al. (2001)

E.g., landscape elements in Yellowstone National Park

Grain – the size of the smallest homogeneous unit;determines resolution

Scale

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.6, after Turner et al. (2001)

Extent – the area (or time period) encompassed by a study

Scale

E.g., landscape elements in Yellowstone National Park

E.g., Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project(Manaus, Brazil)

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

Photo of a forest fragment, surrounded by newly created cattle pasture in Brazil

NASA false-color remotely sensed image of the confluence of Río Negro & Río Solimões (Amazon)

E.g., Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project(Manaus, Brazil)

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

NASA false-color remotely sensed image of BDFFP

E.g., Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project(Manaus, Brazil)

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

Edge effects – negative effects of a habitat edge

on interior conditions

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.15

Figure from Laurance et al. (2006) PNAS

Some species can only inhabit the interior or core, and some are

specifically attracted to the edge

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

Edge effects – negative effects of a habitat edge

on interior conditions

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

Edge effects – negative effects of a habitat edge

on interior conditions

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. Analyzing Data 24.1, after Laurance et al. (2002) Conservation Biology

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.12

Loss & fragmentation of U. S. old-growth forests; note how fragmentation

increases the ratio of edge:core

Design Principles for Protected Areas

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.17, after Diamond (1975) & Williams et al. (2005)

Design Principles for Protected Areas

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.19, after Tewksbury et al. (2002) PNAS

Corridors facilitated movement between patches

Corridors facilitated pollination between patches

Adaptive Ecosystem Management or Restoration

Management treated as an experiment

Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.21