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Landscape Design Principles, Elements and Process
Lisa T. Sanderson
Virginia Cooperative Extension
Agriculture and Natural Resources-Horticulture
Henrico County
Why design your landscape?
Personal Benefits
Shade
Privacy
Reduce wind
Reduce odor
Pollution control
Conservation Benefits
Erosion control
Water Quality
Slope stabilization
Temperature
Economic Benefits
Increase property market value
and home salability
Attractive landscape
can increase value of
home by average of
7.5% and reduces time
on market by 5-6 weeks
Aesthetic Benefits
Attractive landscapes make people feel better
HGTV
HGTV
HGTV
What is landscape design?
Elements and Principles of Design
•Elements
–Color
–Line
–Texture
–Form
•Principles
–Unity
–Balance
–Transition
–Proportion
–Rhythm
–Repetition
–Scale
–Simplicity
Elements of Art
Color •Primary
•Secondary
•Tertiary
•Analogous
•Monochromatic
•Complementary
•Tint
•Shade
•Warm
•Cool
P
P
P
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
T
T
Elements of Art
Color in the Landscape
Monochromatic
Complementary
Complementary
Analogous
Analogous
Elements of Art
•Line
–Related to eye
movement or flow
•Straight lines
–forceful, structural
stable – direct the eye
•Curved lines
–smooth, graceful,
gentle, relaxing,
natural
–Energy with contrast
between horizontal
and vertical lines
Elements of Art
Texture
•Surface quality of an object that can be
seen or felt
–Can apply to plants or hardscapes
Examples of Texture
Elements of Art
Form
•Closely related to line but more
encompassing
•Shape and structure of a plant or
plantings
Examples of form
Principles of Design
Unity
• Obtained by the effective use of
components in a design to
express a main idea through
consistent style
• All parts of design go together
– Mass planting
– Repetition
Examples of Unity
Principles of Design
Balance
Examples of Balance
Principles of Design
•Transition – gradual change (3 dimensional
perspective, not just flat or facial view)
–Color (radially on a color wheel)
–Texture (from course to medium)
–Form (from upright to horizontal)
–Size
Principles of Design
•Proportion – relationship of parts of
design to each other
Principles of Design
•Rhythm – achieved when elements of
design create feeling of motion which
leads viewer’s eye
Principles of Design
Repetition – repeated use of
features (color, patterns, materials)
Principles of Design
•Scale
–Size of an object or objects in relation
to surroundings
Examples of Scale
Principles of Design
•Simplicity – hand in hand with repetition
– achieved by eliminating unnecessary
detail
Principles of Design
•Simplicity – hand in hand with repetition
– achieved by eliminating unnecessary
detail
vs.
Landscape Design
Steps in Design
SCALE
Engineer’s Scale
Landscape Drawing Tools
Develop a Plot Plan
Start with your survey
Steps in Design
Conduct a site
analysis
•Sun/Shade patterns
•Wind
•Soils
•Views in and Out
•Existing Plants
•Utilities
•Climate and microclimates
•Slope changes
•Smells
Locating Landscape Features
• One method to accurately locate landscape items (trees, etc.) on your landscape plan.
Residence
25’ 22’ Triangulation
Tools of Measurement
Steps in Design
The Site Analysis drafted…
Use Color!!
Steps in Design
Develop the Program •Assess Family Needs and Desires
❏ Annual flowers ❏ Perennial
flowers ❏ Ornamental grasses
❏ Prairie garden ❏ Butterfly
garden ❏ Vegetable garden ❏
Fruit Trees ❏ Entry Garden ❏
Ornamental or flowering trees
❏ Evergreen Shrubs ❏
Deciduous shrubs ❏
Flowering shrubs ❏
Driveway/Car turn around ❏
Walks/paths ❏ Deck ❏ Stairs
❏ Retaining walls ❏ Fencing
❏Outdoor Lighting ❏ Children’
s Play area ❏ Dog Kennel
Steps in Design
Bubble Diagram
The Preliminary Plan
• In the preliminary plan, materials are identified (pavers, stone, mulch)
• Plant function is identified, but not specific genus
– Screening evergreen shrubs
– Specimen tree
– Shade tree
– Spring flowering shrubs
– Mixed shade perennials
Steps in Design – Final Plan
•Final Plan Includes
–Material
identification and
list
–Plant list, including
size, quantity
–May include details
for construction
Other Design Considerations
Tread-Riser Ratio
2R+T=26-27”
*7.5”Rx2+12”T=27”