landscape design - pmgv.orglandscape design . steps in design scale engineer’s scale. landscape...
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Landscape Design Principles, Elements and Process
Lisa T. Sanderson
Virginia Cooperative Extension
Agriculture and Natural Resources-Horticulture
Henrico County
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Why design your landscape?
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Personal Benefits
Shade
Privacy
Reduce wind
Reduce odor
Pollution control
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Conservation Benefits
Erosion control
Water Quality
Slope stabilization
Temperature
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Economic Benefits
Increase property market value
and home salability
Attractive landscape
can increase value of
home by average of
7.5% and reduces time
on market by 5-6 weeks
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Aesthetic Benefits
Attractive landscapes make people feel better
HGTV
HGTV
HGTV
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What is landscape design?
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Elements and Principles of Design
•Elements
–Color
–Line
–Texture
–Form
•Principles
–Unity
–Balance
–Transition
–Proportion
–Rhythm
–Repetition
–Scale
–Simplicity
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Elements of Art
Color •Primary
•Secondary
•Tertiary
•Analogous
•Monochromatic
•Complementary
•Tint
•Shade
•Warm
•Cool
P
P
P
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
T
T
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Elements of Art
Color in the Landscape
Monochromatic
Complementary
Complementary
Analogous
Analogous
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Elements of Art
•Line
–Related to eye
movement or flow
•Straight lines
–forceful, structural
stable – direct the eye
•Curved lines
–smooth, graceful,
gentle, relaxing,
natural
–Energy with contrast
between horizontal
and vertical lines
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Elements of Art
Texture
•Surface quality of an object that can be
seen or felt
–Can apply to plants or hardscapes
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Examples of Texture
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Elements of Art
Form
•Closely related to line but more
encompassing
•Shape and structure of a plant or
plantings
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Examples of form
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Principles of Design
Unity
• Obtained by the effective use of
components in a design to
express a main idea through
consistent style
• All parts of design go together
– Mass planting
– Repetition
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Examples of Unity
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Principles of Design
Balance
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Examples of Balance
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Principles of Design
•Transition – gradual change (3 dimensional
perspective, not just flat or facial view)
–Color (radially on a color wheel)
–Texture (from course to medium)
–Form (from upright to horizontal)
–Size
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Principles of Design
•Proportion – relationship of parts of
design to each other
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Principles of Design
•Rhythm – achieved when elements of
design create feeling of motion which
leads viewer’s eye
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Principles of Design
Repetition – repeated use of
features (color, patterns, materials)
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Principles of Design
•Scale
–Size of an object or objects in relation
to surroundings
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Examples of Scale
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Principles of Design
•Simplicity – hand in hand with repetition
– achieved by eliminating unnecessary
detail
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Principles of Design
•Simplicity – hand in hand with repetition
– achieved by eliminating unnecessary
detail
vs.
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Landscape Design
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Steps in Design
SCALE
Engineer’s Scale
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Develop a Plot Plan
Start with your survey
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Steps in Design
Conduct a site
analysis
•Sun/Shade patterns
•Wind
•Soils
•Views in and Out
•Existing Plants
•Utilities
•Climate and microclimates
•Slope changes
•Smells
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Locating Landscape Features
• One method to accurately locate landscape items (trees, etc.) on your landscape plan.
Residence
25’ 22’ Triangulation
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Tools of Measurement
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Steps in Design
The Site Analysis drafted…
Use Color!!
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Steps in Design
Develop the Program •Assess Family Needs and Desires
❏ Annual flowers ❏ Perennial
flowers ❏ Ornamental grasses
❏ Prairie garden ❏ Butterfly
garden ❏ Vegetable garden ❏
Fruit Trees ❏ Entry Garden ❏
Ornamental or flowering trees
❏ Evergreen Shrubs ❏
Deciduous shrubs ❏
Flowering shrubs ❏
Driveway/Car turn around ❏
Walks/paths ❏ Deck ❏ Stairs
❏ Retaining walls ❏ Fencing
❏Outdoor Lighting ❏ Children’
s Play area ❏ Dog Kennel
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Steps in Design
Bubble Diagram
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The Preliminary Plan
• In the preliminary plan, materials are identified (pavers, stone, mulch)
• Plant function is identified, but not specific genus
– Screening evergreen shrubs
– Specimen tree
– Shade tree
– Spring flowering shrubs
– Mixed shade perennials
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Steps in Design – Final Plan
•Final Plan Includes
–Material
identification and
list
–Plant list, including
size, quantity
–May include details
for construction
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Other Design Considerations
Tread-Riser Ratio
2R+T=26-27”
*7.5”Rx2+12”T=27”