landscape architecture spatial organisation lecture 3

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Space can be defined as : An area of land enclosed, defined or adopted by people for human purposes..A medium and concept of landscape architecture.A place for outdoor activiies.An enclosure.The opposite of form or mass.(source : Form and Fabric in Landscape Architecture Catherine Dee)It may also be defined as captured, enclosed or molded and organized by solid elements of mass. (source : Form, Space and Order D.K. Ching)Space can be defined in three dimensions by :The base or the ground planeWall or vertical planesSky or the overhead plane(source : Form and Fabric in Landscape Architecture Catherine Dee)

For a Horizontal plane to be seen , there must be a perceptible change in texture or color between its surface and the plane upon which it lies.(source : Form, Space and Order D.K. Ching)Wall planes may consist of vegetation that is coarsely textured and merges from the ground to an overhead plane.Overhead plane consists of the sky or the ceiling formed by the trees and their canopy. (source : Form and Fabric in Landscape Architecture Catherine Dee)

SPACE:HOW SPACE IS FORMED:1

Fig: Base plane Space definitionFig: Sunken Base planeFig: Elevated Base planeFig: Vertical planeFig: Overhead plane- SkyFig: Overhead plane- BuiltFig: Overhead plane- Vegetation

COMPARITIVE STUDY OF PUBLIC PARKS

SPATIAL ORGANISATIONBineet ChhajerCOMPARITIVE STUDY OF PUBLIC PARKS

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The essence of a volume is its quality of implied containment. A space : It may be static. It may direct and concentrate interest and vision inward.It may open out. It may direct attention to its frame and beyond. It may fall away or seem to expand.It may be flowing and undulating, suggesting directional movement. It may dominate an object or it may be dominated by an object.It may have orientation inward, outward, upward, downward, radial, or tangential.It may be so designed as to stimulate a prescribed emotional reaction or to produce a predetermined sequence of such responses.(source : Landscape Architecture J.O Simonds)

SPATIAL QUALITY:2SPATIAL ORGANISATION:

The spaces can be organized in many ways:Centralized: a central, dominant space about which a number of secondary spaces are grouped.Linear: a linear sequence of repetitive spacesRadial: a central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner.Clustered: Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship.Grid: Spaces organized within the field of a structural or other three dimensional grid.(source : Form, Space and Order D.K. Ching)

Fig: CentralizedFig: LinearFig: RadialFig: ClusteredFig: GridFig: Enclosure created by landform and the vegetationFig: Loose Enclosure created by landformFig: Enclosure created by the built formFig: visual continuity in the spaceFig: visual continuity in the space ground planeFig: visual discontinuity in the space eye levelFig: visual continuity in the space ceiling levelFig: Space formed by vertical elements directionality to the spaceFig: Claustrophobic environment created by the vertical elements


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3BIRKENHEAD PARK, England,1847:Birkenhead became the first town to react to the new concept for the provision of public open space.Free flowing undulating space was created out of swampy low lying land which is seen as 20meters in a fairly uniform slope.The space intended here was the picturesque pastoral meadows defined by the presence of clumps of trees.The landform also defines the space and it facilitated the creation of rolling meadow like parkland but was changed around the lakes and mounds and irregular berms were created which enclosed the space and guided the view.There are various vantage points from where the site can be seen. There is no one definite axis from where the landscape can be experienced.

First Public Park: 125 acre of open space enclosed by residential areaEnclosure accentuated by earth mounds andClump of trees above it.

Mass of vegetation defining the space whilethere is no visible organizing lines

Grand entrance: an object in the space defining the access to the park


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4LEGEND:1.Park Road North2.Boothby Ground3.Grand lodge4.Ashville Road5.Carriage Road6.Upper lake7.Boat house8.Lower lake9.Swiss bridge10. Upper park11.Lower park12.Castellated lodge13.Park Road West14.Park Road south15.Italian Lodge16.Gothic lodge17.Park Road EastBIRKENHEAD PARK, England:

N100 metres

Vegetation defining the various enclosure in the park7.Boat house


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100 metresN


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6Fig: Plan of the Birkenhead Park showing the spatial organization


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7CENTRAL PARK, Manhattan, New York, 1873:

Aerial view of the central ParkVast meadow enclosed by clumps of treesLandscape Architect:Frederick Law OlmsteadArchitect: Calvert VauxArea: 840 acreFig: Google image of the Central park


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8CENTRAL PARK, Manhattan, New York :The space here has been defined by the massive usage of vegetation as a means to enclose, guide view and create experiences.This is an inward looking space and the city is kept out of the park by means of the vegetation- thick boundary plantation. Thus creating a natural setting in the park. The spatial organization was such that it compliments the landform of the site and views were guided.

NorthPart plan of Central park


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9CENTRAL PARK, Manhattan, New York :There is a hierarchy of spaces and a sequence and flow in the views.The space has been physically divided into two halves by the large reservoir in the middle of the site, yet maintaining the visual unity of the spaces. The space here is enclosed by the vertical mass of vegetation.The space is flowing and the views changes along the curvilinear path.Various vantage points have been reinforced by the presence of a focal point e.g. the Angel of waters fountain.

Part plan of Central park


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Lake10

Fig: Section through the Central ParkFig: Section through the Central ParkFig: Section through the Central ParkCENTRAL PARK, Manhattan, New York :

Transverse Road No 1the

The MallVantage Point

Enclosure

Vantage

Belvederes CastleTransverse Road No 2

Transverse Road No 2Belvederes CastleThe great lawnThe reservoirTransverse Road No 3Transverse Road No 4

Transverse Road No 4North MeadowGreat hillCliff


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HYDE PARK, Central London, England:11

The space intended here was a hunting ground for the king. So it was designed in way to facilitate the same purpose.The space here is defined by the avenues that have been created along the movement spines.Many enclosures are created by means of the clumps or groups of trees.There is a directional quality in the space design.There are various axes that cross each other. The space overflows to the Kensington Gardens.

Fig: Google image of the Hyde parkSpace created by means of enclosure provided by the treesSpace defined by the boundary between water and landLandscape Architect:JOSEPH PAXTONArea:350 acre


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Fig: Plan of the Hyde park showing the spatial organization

12HYDE PARK, Central London, England:Experience created along the lakeSpace defined by the lakeDirectionality given Fig: Aerial view of the park


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Regents Park, London:Fig: Google image of the Regents parkAerial view of the parkEnclosure given by the vegetationSpace definition by means of the vegetationFocal point in LandscapeFocal point in LandscapeThe three of the principal physical elements of the layout are : the broad walk the inner circle the boating lake

The three of the principal physical elements of the layout are : the broad walk the inner circle the boating lake


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Regents Park, London:Fig: Plan of the Regents park showing the spatial organization 14Landscape Architect:JOHN NASHArea: 265 acre


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Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York:

Fig: Google image of the Prospect park15Landscape Architect:Frederick Law OlmsteadArchitect: Calvert VauxArea:585 acreTop Hill enclosure given by the vegetationSpace definition by the vegetation


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Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York:Fig: Plan of the Prospect park showing the spatial organization

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Park Buttes Chaumont, Paris:

Fig: Google image of the Buttes Chaumont park17Landscape Architect:EDOUARD FRANCOIS ANDRE Area:61 acreDirectionality provided by the vegetationEnclosure provided by the vegetation


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Park Buttes Chaumont, Paris:

Fig: Plan of the Buttes Chaumont park showing the spatial organization 18


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Park De la Villette, Paris:

Fig: Google image of the Park De La Villete19Landscape Architect:BERNARD TSHUMIArea:86 acrePoint in Landscape space


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Park De la Villette, Paris:

Fig: Plan of the Park de La Villette park showing the spatial organization

Fig: Showing the various layers of the design of the Park20


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The Lodi Garden has an irregular polygonal plan having undulating landform.

The Tombs are situated at the higher elevation with gradually sloping landform and acts as a central stage to control entire system.

An axes is laid from the entrance to the tomb and it is further strengthen by the mass of avenue plantation which creates directional space.

The monumental scale remains dominant throughout the design in order to accentuate the setting of the Tomb in the picturesque landscape. LODI GARDENCentralized spacesaround monumentsEnclosed byRow of Palmtrees Spaces defined byClumps of trees Spaces were organized in a way that Tombs got the central stage to control entire system

Directional space

Centralized spaceSpatial volume under the canopy of a tree

Vertical forms are more instrumental inDefining spatial volume and providingsense of enclosureSunken plane with water provides depthto the object in the space

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Raj Ghat is completely enclosed by built edges.The samadhi is placed in the centre of the courtyard and the terrace (viewing gallery) merges with the gradually sloping landform creating unity with sky. In the main sanctum area of Shakti Sthal is enclosed by the wooded landforms.

The wooded landform opens up in a large meandering lake which creates continuity to the adjacent space.

Birbhumi is enclosed by vertical walls and it was organised as a object in space.

SAMADHI AREA:

Elevated horizontal plane separates the viewing gallery from the surroundings and creates a domain with larger spatial contextCompletely enclosed spaceSunken base defines SpaceClumps of tree defines SpaceObject in spaceVertical mass defines spaceCombination of elevated and sunken base plane to accentuate the enclosure quality Symbolizes ridge and valley feeling

Fig: Plan of the Samadhi Area22


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landscape architecture spatial organisation lecture 3

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