landform drawings chapter 20. 2 technical drawing 13 th edition giesecke, mitchell, spencer, hill...
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Landform Drawings
Chapter 20
2Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives
• Read and draw a plat, topographic contour map, street contour map, and highway plan and profile
• Read the elevation of a tract of land using contour lines
• Identify the scale and compass orientation of a topographic map
3Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives (cont.)
• Read and notate property boundaries on a land survey map
• Create a profile map from contour lines
4Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Plat• A map of a small area, plotted from a
land survey• Does not ordinarily show elevations• Drawn to calculate areas, locate
property lines, locate building projects and facilities
5Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Land Survey Plat
6Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Definitions
• Traverse• Consists of a series of intersecting
straight lines of accurately measured lengths
• At the points of intersection, the deflection angles between adjacent lines are measured and recorded
7Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Elevations• Elevations are vertical distances
above a common datum, reference plane, or point
• Commonly, elevations are referenced to mean sea level
8Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Profile• A line contained in a vertical plane
and it depicts the relative elevations of various points along the line
• If a vertical section were to be cut into the Earth, the top line of this section would represent the ground profile
9Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Contours• Contours are lines drawn on a map to
locate, in the plan view, points of equal ground elevation
• On a single contour line, all points have the same elevation
10Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Contours
11Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Hatchures• Short, parallel, or slightly divergent
lines drawn in the direction of the slope
• They are closely spaced on steep slopes and converge toward the tops of ridges and hills
12Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Monuments• Special installations of stone or concrete
to mark the locations of points accurately determined by precise surveying
• Monuments are intended to be permanent
• Cartography• Cartography is the science or art of map
making
13Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Topographic maps depict:• Water• Relief or elevations• Culture or human constructions
14Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Topographic Maps
15Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Definitions
• Hydrographic Maps• These maps convey information
concerning bodies of water• Cadastral maps
• Accurately drawn maps of cities and towns showing property lines and other features that control property ownership
16Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Military maps• Contain information of military
importance• Nautical maps
• Maps and charts showing navigational features and aids
• Aeronautical maps• Maps and charts showing prominent
landmarks used for air navigators
17Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
• Engineering maps• Made for special projects as an aid to
locations and construction• Landscape maps
• Used in planning installations of trees, shrubbery, drives, and other garden features
18Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Getting Information for Maps• Several surveying methods are used
to obtain the information necessary to make a map including:• Electronic survey instruments• Geographic positioning system (GPS)
receivers• Photogrammetry and satellites imagery
19Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Getting Information for Maps• (cont.)
• Laser distance meters• Optical mechanical systems• Steel tape• Scaled measurements
20Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Symbols
21Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Bearings
• The bearing of a line is its angle from magnetic north
• Bearings are listed by referencing the angle the line makes departing from either the North or South toward either the East or West
22Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Bearings
23Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Elevation
• If GPS is not used to provide elevation, an optical instrument called a level, equipped with a telescope for sighting long distances can be used to determine differences in elevation
• This process is called differential leveling
24Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Contours
• Contours are map lines showing points of equal ground elevation
• A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours
• It is customary to show every fifth contour with a heavier line
25Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
City Maps
26Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Subdivision Plats
27Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Landscape Drawings
28Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Structure Location Plans
• These maps are used to plan construction projects to locate construction features so they fit the topography of the area
29Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Structure Location Plans
30Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Highway Plans
• Before highway construction starts, it is necessary to plan the horizontal and vertical location and alignments
• Commonly both the plan view and profile are drawn on the same sheet
31Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Highway Plans
32Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
United States Maps
• Maps of the United States prepared by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey are excellent examples of topographic mapping
• Maps at large scales, such as 1:62,500, can only show the main features of terrain
33Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
United States Maps